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Toolchain 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 
All Rights Reserved.
What to Expect? 
W's of a Toolchain 
W's & How's of Cross Toolchain? 
Building a Cross Toolchain 
Testing a Cross Toolchain 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 2 
All Rights Reserved.
What is a Toolchain? 
Collection of Tools 
In Embedded context 
Collection of C Compiler & its Friends 
Categorized under 3 umbrella 
C Compiler (gcc) 
Set of C Libraries (e.g. glibc, uClibc) 
Binary Utilities (binutils) 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 3 
All Rights Reserved.
Check on gcc 
How do you do the following? 
Generate Object Code 
Generate Assembly Code 
Generate Pre-processed Code 
Generate a Shared Library 
Adding Header Path 
Adding Library Path 
Linking a Library 
Excluding standard includes & libraries 
Adding a “#define” 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 4 
All Rights Reserved.
gcc Internals 
.c .i IC (parse trees, ...) .S .o .exe 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 5 
All Rights Reserved. 
Pre 
Processor 
ICG 
(machine 
independent) 
ICG 
(machine 
dependent) 
Assembler 
(as) 
Linker 
(ld) 
gcc core 
gcc wrapper 
gcc -S 
gcc -c 
gcc 
gcc -E
Set of C Libraries 
Generally useful Libraries 
C, Math, Thread, Socket, … 
Various Options 
glibc 
Complete featured but heavy on memory 
Highly standard compatible 
uClibc 
Light-weight with mostly same features 
But not that much standards compatible 
Diet libc 
Similar to uClibc, just that this has been done from scratch 
Emphasis on minimizing size & optimizing performance 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 6 
All Rights Reserved.
Binary Utilities 
as – GNU Assembler 
ld – GNU Linker 
gasp – GNU Assembler Pre-processor 
ar – Creates & Manipulates Archives 
nm – Lists the symbols in an Object file 
objcopy – Copies & Translates Object files 
objdump – Displays info about Content of the Object files 
ranlib – Generates an index to the content of Object files 
readelf – Displays info about an ELF format Object file 
size – Lists the sizes of sections within an Object file 
strings – Prints the strings of printable characters in Object files 
strip – Strips symbols from Object files 
c++filt – Converts low-level, mangled assembly labels resulting from overloaded 
C++ functions to their user-level names 
addr2line – Converts addresses into line numbers within original source files 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 7 
All Rights Reserved.
What is Cross? 
gcc Example: gcc vs cross gcc 
src 
Host 
Native 
gcc 
Target 
Native 
gcc 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 8 
All Rights Reserved. 
Host 
prog 
src 
Host 
exe 
prog 
Target 
Tgt 
exe 
prog 
Cross 
gcc
What is a Cross Toolchain? 
Toolchain which has all “cross” tools 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 9 
All Rights Reserved.
Why we need a Cross 
Toolchain? 
Embedded Systems are constrained 
Toolchain demands heavy memory & 
performance 
May not always have a console interface 
Even if there, may be minimal 
Ease of Development 
Complete accustomed Development 
Environment on the Host 
Favourite Editors, GUIs, … 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 10 
All Rights Reserved.
How to get a Cross Toolchain? 
Get it pre-compiled from vendors 
Popular: Code sourcery 
Local: Requirement specific 
Build your own 
Doing it manually is a complicated process 
Inter Package version compatibility is the biggest 
challenge 
But various automated tools are available 
today to simplify the process 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 11 
All Rights Reserved.
Automated Build Tools 
Crosstool 
crosstool-ng.org 
Buildroot 
buildroot.org 
Ptxdist 
ptxdist.org 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 12 
All Rights Reserved.
Cross Toolchain Building 
Overview 
Build of various GNU Packages involved 
Typical Build Steps for these Packages 
Download & Unpack the source of the Package 
Configure the Package for Cross-Platform Development 
Build the Package (make) 
Install the Package (make install) 
Configuring involves setting up build, host, target 
./configure build=... host=... target=... 
Using Triplet: cpu[-manufacturer][-kernel][-os/obj_file_fmt] 
Examples: i386-pc-linux-gnu, xscale-sun-solaris2.5/elf 
Tool Prefix: Same as the triplet 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 13 
All Rights Reserved.
Cross Toolchain Headers 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 14 
All Rights Reserved. 
Linux 
Kernel 
Headers 
User 
Specific 
Headers 
extract 
C Library 
Headers 
User 
Space 
Headers 
From the 
Kernel 
Sources 
/usr/include
Cross Toolchain Component 
Dependency 
Cross 
Full gcc 
(gcc, g++) 
kernel 
hdrs 
library 
hdrs 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 15 
All Rights Reserved. 
Native 
gcc 
Cross 
binutils 
Cross 
bootstrap 
gcc 
(xgcc) 
Target 
Libraries 
binutils 
gcc 
library 
Source Code 
src
Cross Toolchain Building Steps 
Set up Linux Kernel Headers 
Ideally from the Kernel version being used 
Commands 
make ARCH=<arch> headers_check 
make ARCH=<arch> INSTALL_HDR_PATH=install_dir/ 
headers_install 
Build Binary Utilities 
Build the bootstrap Compiler (The C only Compiler) 
Build the C Library 
Build the full Compiler 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 16 
All Rights Reserved.
Building a Toolchain using 
Crosstool 
Install the Crosstool 
cd cross-tool-ng 
./configure –prefix=/opt/board/ 
make 
make install 
cp ct-ng.comp /etc/bash_completion.d/ 
export PATH=$PATH:/opt/board/bin/ 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 17 
All Rights Reserved.
Building a Toolchain using 
Crosstool 
Build the Toolchain 
mkdir ct-build src 
cd ct-build/ 
mkdir .build 
cp Templates/Toolchain/sources.tgz .build/ 
(available from Downloads section of http://sysplay.in) 
ct-ng menuconfig 
ct-ng build 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 18 
All Rights Reserved.
Testing a Cross Toolchain 
Compile a C program to various stages 
Pre-process only 
Get Assembly 
Get Object 
Get Executable 
Compile a C program with headers 
Compile a C program with linking libraries 
Create a C Program with floating point operations 
Execute & Test the generated target programs 
Toolchain “Self Contained” Test 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 19 
All Rights Reserved.
What all have we learnt? 
W's of a Toolchain 
Compiler 
Binary Utilities 
Set of C Libraries 
W's & How's of Cross Toolchain? 
Building a Cross Toolchain 
Building Steps 
Automated Build Tools 
Testing a Cross Toolchain 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 20 
All Rights Reserved.
Any Queries? 
© 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 21 
All Rights Reserved.

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Toolchain

  • 1. Toolchain © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> All Rights Reserved.
  • 2. What to Expect? W's of a Toolchain W's & How's of Cross Toolchain? Building a Cross Toolchain Testing a Cross Toolchain © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 2 All Rights Reserved.
  • 3. What is a Toolchain? Collection of Tools In Embedded context Collection of C Compiler & its Friends Categorized under 3 umbrella C Compiler (gcc) Set of C Libraries (e.g. glibc, uClibc) Binary Utilities (binutils) © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 3 All Rights Reserved.
  • 4. Check on gcc How do you do the following? Generate Object Code Generate Assembly Code Generate Pre-processed Code Generate a Shared Library Adding Header Path Adding Library Path Linking a Library Excluding standard includes & libraries Adding a “#define” © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 4 All Rights Reserved.
  • 5. gcc Internals .c .i IC (parse trees, ...) .S .o .exe © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 5 All Rights Reserved. Pre Processor ICG (machine independent) ICG (machine dependent) Assembler (as) Linker (ld) gcc core gcc wrapper gcc -S gcc -c gcc gcc -E
  • 6. Set of C Libraries Generally useful Libraries C, Math, Thread, Socket, … Various Options glibc Complete featured but heavy on memory Highly standard compatible uClibc Light-weight with mostly same features But not that much standards compatible Diet libc Similar to uClibc, just that this has been done from scratch Emphasis on minimizing size & optimizing performance © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 6 All Rights Reserved.
  • 7. Binary Utilities as – GNU Assembler ld – GNU Linker gasp – GNU Assembler Pre-processor ar – Creates & Manipulates Archives nm – Lists the symbols in an Object file objcopy – Copies & Translates Object files objdump – Displays info about Content of the Object files ranlib – Generates an index to the content of Object files readelf – Displays info about an ELF format Object file size – Lists the sizes of sections within an Object file strings – Prints the strings of printable characters in Object files strip – Strips symbols from Object files c++filt – Converts low-level, mangled assembly labels resulting from overloaded C++ functions to their user-level names addr2line – Converts addresses into line numbers within original source files © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 7 All Rights Reserved.
  • 8. What is Cross? gcc Example: gcc vs cross gcc src Host Native gcc Target Native gcc © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 8 All Rights Reserved. Host prog src Host exe prog Target Tgt exe prog Cross gcc
  • 9. What is a Cross Toolchain? Toolchain which has all “cross” tools © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 9 All Rights Reserved.
  • 10. Why we need a Cross Toolchain? Embedded Systems are constrained Toolchain demands heavy memory & performance May not always have a console interface Even if there, may be minimal Ease of Development Complete accustomed Development Environment on the Host Favourite Editors, GUIs, … © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 10 All Rights Reserved.
  • 11. How to get a Cross Toolchain? Get it pre-compiled from vendors Popular: Code sourcery Local: Requirement specific Build your own Doing it manually is a complicated process Inter Package version compatibility is the biggest challenge But various automated tools are available today to simplify the process © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 11 All Rights Reserved.
  • 12. Automated Build Tools Crosstool crosstool-ng.org Buildroot buildroot.org Ptxdist ptxdist.org © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 12 All Rights Reserved.
  • 13. Cross Toolchain Building Overview Build of various GNU Packages involved Typical Build Steps for these Packages Download & Unpack the source of the Package Configure the Package for Cross-Platform Development Build the Package (make) Install the Package (make install) Configuring involves setting up build, host, target ./configure build=... host=... target=... Using Triplet: cpu[-manufacturer][-kernel][-os/obj_file_fmt] Examples: i386-pc-linux-gnu, xscale-sun-solaris2.5/elf Tool Prefix: Same as the triplet © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 13 All Rights Reserved.
  • 14. Cross Toolchain Headers © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 14 All Rights Reserved. Linux Kernel Headers User Specific Headers extract C Library Headers User Space Headers From the Kernel Sources /usr/include
  • 15. Cross Toolchain Component Dependency Cross Full gcc (gcc, g++) kernel hdrs library hdrs © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 15 All Rights Reserved. Native gcc Cross binutils Cross bootstrap gcc (xgcc) Target Libraries binutils gcc library Source Code src
  • 16. Cross Toolchain Building Steps Set up Linux Kernel Headers Ideally from the Kernel version being used Commands make ARCH=<arch> headers_check make ARCH=<arch> INSTALL_HDR_PATH=install_dir/ headers_install Build Binary Utilities Build the bootstrap Compiler (The C only Compiler) Build the C Library Build the full Compiler © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 16 All Rights Reserved.
  • 17. Building a Toolchain using Crosstool Install the Crosstool cd cross-tool-ng ./configure –prefix=/opt/board/ make make install cp ct-ng.comp /etc/bash_completion.d/ export PATH=$PATH:/opt/board/bin/ © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 17 All Rights Reserved.
  • 18. Building a Toolchain using Crosstool Build the Toolchain mkdir ct-build src cd ct-build/ mkdir .build cp Templates/Toolchain/sources.tgz .build/ (available from Downloads section of http://sysplay.in) ct-ng menuconfig ct-ng build © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 18 All Rights Reserved.
  • 19. Testing a Cross Toolchain Compile a C program to various stages Pre-process only Get Assembly Get Object Get Executable Compile a C program with headers Compile a C program with linking libraries Create a C Program with floating point operations Execute & Test the generated target programs Toolchain “Self Contained” Test © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 19 All Rights Reserved.
  • 20. What all have we learnt? W's of a Toolchain Compiler Binary Utilities Set of C Libraries W's & How's of Cross Toolchain? Building a Cross Toolchain Building Steps Automated Build Tools Testing a Cross Toolchain © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 20 All Rights Reserved.
  • 21. Any Queries? © 2010-14 SysPlay Workshops <workshop@sysplay.in> 21 All Rights Reserved.