Computer Hardware and Software

1. Computer Systems
Prepared By:
Amanda Nicole G. Potonia
BSN2A

2. COMPUTER HARDWARE

3.  Defined as all of the
physical components of
the machine itself.
 Basic hardware of a
computer includes the
electronic circuits,
microchips and
processors, and the
motherboard.

4. 
Keyboard, mouse, printer, f
ax, and storage
components such as the
hard drive, Universal Serial
Bus (USB) drive, floppy
drives, tape drives.

5. Keyboard
Mouse
Printer

6. Computer
 a machine that uses electronic
components and instructions to the
components to perform calculations and
repetitive and complex
procedures, process text, and manipulate
data and signals.

7. Computer Hardware
Fundamentals

8. 1. Motherboard
 It is a thin, flat sheet made of a
firm, nonconducting material on
which the internal components–
printed circuits, chips, slots of the
computer are mounted.
 It is made of a dialectric or
nonconducting plastic material, and
the electric conductions are etched
or soldered onto the bottom of the
board.

9.  “Brains” of the computer
 Consists of at least one arithmetic
and logic unit, a control unit, and
memory.
 The arithmetic and logic units
control mathematical functions
such as addition and subtraction
and functions that test logic
(boolean) conditions.
2. Central Processing Unit
(CPU)

10.  The control unit carries out the
machine language functions called
fetch, execute, decode, and store.
 Memory includes the locations of the
computer’s internal or main working
storage.
 Memory consists of:
A. Registers
B. RAM (Random Access Memory)
C. Cache

11. • Types of memory in the
Main Memory of a
Computer
1. ROM (Read Only Memory)
2. RAM (Random Access Memory)

12. Input Devices
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Touch screen
 Light pen
 Voice
 Scanner
 Electrodes

13. Output Devices
 Text
 Data
 Files
 Sounds
 Graphics
 Signals
Forms of Output Devices
 Monitor
 Printer

14. Storage Media
 Hard Drive
 Diskettes
 CD-ROM
 USB Disk

15. Classes of Computers
 Analog Computer
 Digital Computer
 Hybrid Computer

16. Types of Computers
 Supercomputers
 Mainframes
 Microcomputers
 Handheld Computers

17. Common Hardware
Peripherals

18.  Keyboard
 Monitor
 Mouse
 Floppy Disks/Diskettes and CD-
ROMs
 Touch Pad and Mouse Button
 Light Pen/Touch Screen
 Optical Character Recognition
 Magnetic- Ink Character
Recognition

19.  Voice Synthesizer
 Imaging
 Digital Versatile Disk
 Printers
 Modems

20. Basics of Computer
Network Hardware

21. Network
 a set of cooperative
interconnected computers for the
purpose of information
interchange.
 The networks of greatest interest
include local area networks
(LANs), wide area networks
(WANs) , and the internet, which
is a network of networks.

22.  a set of interconnected computers
that, through hardware and
software technology, work
cooperatively for the purpose of
information and application
program interchange.
 FUNCTIONS:
a. File transfer
b. Information Availability
c. Resource Sharing
d. Online Transactions

23. e. Provision of a powerful
communication medium among
widely separated employees who
may use different computer platforms
f. Interactive Environment
g. Education and Entertainment
h. E-mail

24. Types of Networks
 Local Area Network (LAN) – is a
data network intended to serve a
single building or a group of
buildings in close proximity to
each other.
 Physical wiring
 “Hard wiring”

25.  Wide Area Network (WAN) – is a
system of connected computers
spanning a large geographical area,
often a continent or country.
 The Internet – is a network of
networks.
- is a collection of thousands of
networks linked by a common set of
technical protocols that make it

26. possible for users of any one of the
networks to communicate with or
use the services located on any of
the other networks.

27. Popular Search Engines:
 Altavista
 Yahoo!
 Google
 37.com
 Go2net

28. • Network Hardware
 role of hardware in a network is
to provide an interconnection
between computers.
 Two pieces:
a. Network adapter or network
interface card
b. Communication Medium

29.  the most important components
of network hardware are the
adapter or interface card, cabling,
and server.
 the most important concepts in
network hardware are architecture
and topology.

30. Computer software and
systems

31. Software
 is the general term applied to the
instructions that direct the
computer’s hardware to perform
work.
 It is distinguished from hardware
by its conceptual rather than
physical nature.

32. Why Software is needed?
 Computers do not directly
understand human language and
software is needed to translate
instructions created in human
language into machine language.
 Packaged or stored software is
needed to make the computer an
economical work tool.

33. Types of Software
 System Software
- “boots up”
- starts up and initiates the
computer system;
- controls input, output, storage;
- controls the operations of the
application software.

34. - Consists of variety of programs
that control the individual
computer and make the user’s
application programs work well
with the hardware.
- - System software helps speed up
the computer’s
processing, expands the power of
the computer by creating cache
memory, reduces the amount of
confusion when multiple

35. programs are running
together, “cleans up” the hard
drive so that the storage is
managed efficiently, and performs
other such system management
tasks.

36.  Application System
- includes the various programs
that users require to perform day-
to-day tasks.
- they are the programs that
support the actual work of the
user.

37. Programming Languages
 a mean of communicating with the
computer.
 divided into five generations, or
sometimes into three levels.
a. Machine Language
b. Assembler Language
c. Third Generation Languages
d. Fourth Generation Languages
e. Fifth Generation Languages

38. A. Machine Language
- True language of the computer.
- consists only of the binary numbers
1 and 0, representing the on and off
electrical impulses.
B. Assembler Language
- Far more English-like language, but it
is still very close to machine
language.

39. C. Third Generation Languages
- Include the procedural languages and
were the beginning of the second
level in programming languages.
- Procedural languages require the
programmer to specify both what the
computer is to do and the procedure
how to do it.
- FORTRAN and COBOL are examples of
early third generation languages.

40. D. Fourth Generation Languages
- Specialized application programs
that require more involvement of the
user in directing the program to do
the necessary work.
- Procedural languages include
programs such as
spreadsheets, statistical analysis
programs, and database query
languages.

41. E. Fifth Generation Languages
- Third level languages
- Natural Language
- In these types of programs, the user
tells the machine what to do in the
user’s own natural language or
through use of a set of very English-
like commands.

42. Common Software Useful
to Nurses
 Chat Rooms
 Electronic Bulletin Boards
 Listservs

43. Computer Programming
 refers to the process of writing a
computer program, which is a
series of instructions written in a
proper sequence to solve a specific
problem.

44. • Five Major Steps in
writing any computer
program:
1. Problem definition (functional
specifications)
2. Program design
3. Writing the code and program
documentation
4. Alpha testing
5. Beta testing and program
documentation

45. Computer Systems
 It is a complex entity, consisting
of an organized set of
interconnected components or
factors that function together as a
unit to accomplish results that one
part alone could not.

46. System Theory
 provides the conceptual basis for
understanding complex entities
(“system”) that consist of multiple
interrelated parts working
together to achieve .

47. System Elements
 Interdependent parts
 Input
 Process
 Output
 Control
 Feedback

48. Classification of System
 Closed Systems
 Open Systems

49. Open Source and Free
Software

50. Common Acronyms:
 OSS – Open Source System
 FS - Free Software
 FOSS – Free and Open Source
Software
 FLOSS – Free/Libre/Open Source
Software
 GNU – GNU is Not a Unix project

51. Free Software
 Free software is a matter of the
users’ freedom to run, copy,
distribute, study, change, and
improve the software.
 Four kinds of freedom for the
users of the software:
1. The freedom to run the program
for any purpose (freedom 0)

52. 2. The freedom to study how the
program works and adapt it to your
needs (freedom 1). Access to the
source code is a precondition for this
3. The freedom to redistribute copies
so you can help your neighbor
(freedom 2)

53. 4. The freedom to improve the
program and release your
improvements to the public so that
the whole community benefits
(freedom 3). Access to the source
code is a precondition for this
 A program is free software if users
have all of these freedoms.

54. Open Source Software
 Open Source Software is any
software that satisfies the open
software initiative’s definition.
 It’s concept is said to promote
software reliability and quality by
supporting independent peer
review and rapid evolution of
source code, as well as making the
source code of software freely
available.

55. Common OSS/FS Licenses:
 GNU GPL (Recommended by FSF for most
software packages)
 GNU Lesser General Public License (GNU
LGPL)
 X11 License
 Modified BSD License
 W3C Software Notice and License
 MySQL database license
 Apache License, version 1.0
 GNU Free Documentation

56. OSS/FS Healthcare
Applications
 OpenEHR
(http://www.openehr.org)
 FreeMED
(http://www.freemed.org)
 OpenEMR
(http://www.openemr.net)
 CARE2X
(http://www.care2x.com)

57. Organizations and
Resources
 Open Source Health Care Alliance
(OSHCA) – oldest of the organizations
 National and International Health
Informatics Organizations – awoken
late to the need to consider the
potential impact of OSS/FS.

58.  International Medical Informatics
Association (IMIA) – established
an Open Source Health
Informatics
 Special Interest Group in Nursing
Informatics of IMIA (IMIA-NI) –
first nursing or NI organization to
establish a group dealing with
OSS/FS issues.

59. Data Processing

60.  DATA – raw uninterrupted facts that
are without meaning.
 Database – an organized collection of
related data.
Sorting
Classifying
Summarizing
Calculating

61. Types of Data
 Computer-Based Data Types –
Alphanumeric data include letters
and numbers in any combination.
However, the numbers in an
alphanumeric field cannot perform
numeric function.
Ex: Social Security Number

62.  Conceptual Data Types – reflect
how users view data. These can be
based on the source of the data. It
can also based on the event that
the data are attempting to
capture.

63. Data Management Systems
 DBMs are computer programs
used to input, store, modify,
process, and access data in a
database.
 Database system design – process
of configuring the database
software.

64. Types of Files
1. Processing Files – Executable
files consists of a computer
program or set of instructions
that, when executed, causes the
computer to open or start a
specific computer program or
function. These are the files that
tell a computer what actions the
computer should perform when
running a program.

65. 2. Data Files – contains data that
have been captured and stored on
a computer using a software
program.

66. Database Models
 A database system provides
access to both the data in the
database and to the
interrelationship within and
between the various data
elements.
 It has 3 views: users’ view,
logical view and physical view.

67. Conceptual Models
 A conceptual model includes a
diagram and narrative description
of data elements, their attributes,
and the relationships between the
data.
 Example: one-to-one relationship,
one-to-many-relationship

68. Structural (Physical) Data
Models
 The physical data model includes
each of the data elements and the
relationship between the data
elements as they will be physically
stored on the computer.
 There are 4 primary approaches to
the development of a physical data
model:
hierarchical, network, relational, a
nd object-oriented.

69. 1. Hierarchical Model – All access to
data starts at the top of the
hierarchy or at the root.
2. Network Model – Developed from
hierarchical models.
3. Relational Database Model –
Consist of a series of files set up as
tables.
4. Object- Oriented Model – It was
developed because the relational
model has a limited ability to deal
with binary large objects or BLOB.

70. Data to Knowledge (D2K)
 Process of extracting
information and knowledge from
large-scale databases has been
referred to as knowledge
discovery and data mining (KDD)
or D2K applications.

71.  D2K uses powerful automated
approaches for the extraction of
hidden predictive information from
large databases. These approaches
make it possible to automate the
prediction of trends and patterns
as well as the discovery of
previously unknown trends.

72. Six Phases:
1. Understanding the business
2. Understanding the data
3. Data preparation
4. Modeling
5. Evaluation
6. Deployment