2. There is no vaccine for HIV – if you get AIDS, you will eventually die from it.

3. Drugs help some infected people live longer, but only a tiny fraction can afford them.

7. Chemical hazards : in air, water, soil, and food.

8. Physical hazards : such as fire, earthquake, volcanic eruption…

9. Cultural hazards : such as smoking, poor diet, unsafe sex, drugs, unsafe working conditions, and poverty.

14. Overuse of antibiotics : A 2000 study found that half of the antibiotics used to treat humans were prescribed unnecessarily.

17. Concentrate on groups in a society that are likely to spread the disease.

18. Provide free HIV testing and pressure people to get tested.

19. Implement educational programs.

20. Provide free or low-cost drugs to slow disease progress.

24. Ecological (or conservation) medicine is devoted to tracking down these connections between wildlife and humans to determine ways to slow and prevent disease spread.

26. Teratogens are chemicals that cause harm or birth defects to a fetus or embryo.

27. Carcinogens are chemicals or types of radiation that can cause or promote cancer.

29. Is explosive

30. An irritant

31. Interferes with oxygen uptake

32. Induce allergic reactions.

34. Nervous system : brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

35. Endocrine system : complex network of glands that release minute amounts of hormones into the bloodstream.

38. 15,000-22,000 people died

39. Indian officials claim that simple upgrades could have prevented the tragedy.

41. The frequency of exposure.

42. The person who is exposed.

43. The effectiveness of the body’s detoxification systems.

44. One’s genetic makeup.

47. Fig. 18-11, p. 431 Water pollutant levels Air pollutant levels Soil/dust levels Food pesticide levels Nutritional health Overall health Mathematical measurements & modeling ? Lifestyle Predicted level of toxicant in people Personal habits Genetic predisposition Metabolism Accumulation Excretion Lung, intestine & skin absorption rates

49. They are exposed to toxins when they put their fingers or other objects in their mouths.

50. Children usually have less well-developed immune systems and detoxification processes than adults.

53. Some health scientists contend that regulators should assume children at a risk 100 times that of adults.

55. Manufacturers contend that wide-spread application of the precautionary principle would make it too expensive to introduce new chemicals and technologies.

57. b. Yes. Preventing the commercialization of harmful chemicals and technologies is better than dealing with the high costs of medical treatments and environmental damage.

59. Fig. 18-12, p. 433 Comparative Risk Analysis Most Serious Ecological and Health Problems High-Risk Health Problems • Indoor air pollution • Outdoor air pollution • Worker chemical exposure • Pollutants in drinking water • Pesticide residues on food • Toxic chemicals in consumer products High-Risk Ecological Problems • Global climate change • Stratospheric ozone depletion • Wildlife habitat alteration & destruction • Species extinction, loss of biodiversity Medium-Risk Ecological Problems • Acid deposition • Pesticides • Airborne toxic chemicals • Toxic chemicals, nutrients, and sediment in surface waters Low-Risk Ecological Problems • Oil spills • Groundwater pollution • Radioactive isotopes • Acid runoff to surface waters • Thermal pollution

63. Fig. 18-13, p. 435 Cause of death Annual deaths Poverty/malnutrition/ disease cycle 11 million (75) Tobacco 5 million (34) Pneumonia and flu 3.2 million (22) Air pollution 3 million (21) HIV/AIDS Malaria 2 million (14) Diarrhea 1.9 million (13) Tuberculosis 1.7 million (12) Car accidents 1.2 million (8) Work-related injury & disease 1.1 million (8) Hepatitis B 1 million (7) Measles 800,000 (5) 3 million (21)

65. Fear of unknown.

66. Whether we voluntarily take the risk.

67. Whether risk is catastrophic.

70. Fig. 18-14, p. 436 Shortens average life span in the U.S. by Hazard Poverty Born male Smoking Overweight (35%) Unmarried 5 years Overweight (15%) 2 years Spouse smoking 1 year Driving 7 months Air pollution 5 months Alcohol 5 months Drug abuse 4 months Flu 4 months AIDS 3 months Drowning 1 month Pesticides 1 month Fire 1 month Natural radiation 8 days Medical X rays 5 days Oral contraceptives 5 days Toxic waste 4 days Flying 1 day Hurricanes, tornadoes 1 day Lifetime near nuclear plant 10 hours 6 years 6 –10 years 7.5 years 7–10 years