This document provides an overview of chemistry concepts including the four states of matter, atomic structure, chemical bonds, and chemical reactions. Some key points: - Matter exists in four states - solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. The document describes the particle behavior and energy levels in each state. - Atomic structure is explained, including the components of atoms (protons, neutrons, electrons) and how they are arranged. Chemical bonds form as atoms gain or share electrons to achieve stable electron configurations. - Chemical reactions occur when bonds between atoms are broken and new bonds are formed, creating different substances. Factors like temperature, concentration and catalysts affect reaction rates. - Chemical equations are used to

1. Chemistry!

7. Four States of Matter:

15. You must be able to describe all phase changes! Do they require addition or release of heat? Phase Changes

16. Phase Changes of Water

19. Part Two: Atomic Structure

26. Must know Facts about Atoms!!!

34. Must know Facts about Atoms!!! Atomic Number Symbol Atomic Mass

36. Must know Facts about Atoms!!! Simple Carbon Atom + 4e- 2e-

37. A Visual Representation Notice that the same elements can combine in a variety of ways to form new, unique substances that have different chemical properties!

49. The Periodic Table

50. Look at this page:

51. Elements and the Periodic Table: 1. PERIODIC TABLE : a chart which organizes elements by their _________. Atomic #

52. Elements and the Periodic Table: 2. METALLOIDS : elements that are located along the ________. They have properties of ________ metals and non-metals. staircase both

53. Elements & the Periodic Table: 3. A NON-METAL : an element located to the _____ of the staircase elements which is usually ____, ________ and a ______ conductor or energy. ________________ right dull brittle (or they are a gas) poor

54. Elements & the Periodic Table: 4. A METAL : is located to the ______ of the staircase. Metals are usually _______ and good _________ of energy. left shiny conductors

56. Elements & the Periodic Table: 5. NOBLE GASES: belong in group ___ . They are _______, which means they ________ react with any other elements. They’re SNOBS!!! 18 inert DO NOT

58. Elements & the Periodic Table: Use your periodic table to complete the information in the chart.

59. Part Three: Chemical Reactions

62. Sodium (Na) P=___ N=___ 11 12 2e- Valence Electrons 8e- 1e-

63. Chlorine (Cl) P=___ N=___ 17 18 2e- Valence Electrons 8e- 7e-

76. Oxygen (8) P=___ N=___ 8 8 2e- Valence Electrons 6e-

77. Hydrogen (1) P=___ N=___ 1 0 Valence Electrons 1e-

83. Clues that would indicate a chemical reaction: 1. A SPONTANEOUS ________ change. I’m not talking about painting a house! It’s a change that happens on its own like a apple that turns brown in the air color

84. Clues that would indicate a chemical reaction: 2. A SPONTANEOUS production of energy such as _______ or ____. If you mix two substances without Adding or Removing heat and you notice a temp change or light. Bingo!!! Heat Light

85. Clues that would indicate a chemical reaction: 3. The production of a ____________! This is when you mix two liquids and get the formation of a solid substance. This is seldom in everyday life! Precipitate

86. Clues that would indicate a chemical reaction: 4. The formation of a _____. Bubbles and fizzing indicate the formation of new substance. Bubbles during boiling do not count! Phase changes are physical changes! Gas

87. Do now: What do call these two atoms? (hint compare the nucleus) Protons Neutrons Isotopes!!

88. Label the following: positive ion, negative ion, neutral atom Protons Neutrons Electrons Negative Ion, because there are more electrons than protons!

89. Label the following: positive ion, negative ion, neutral atom Protons Neutrons Electrons Positive Ion, because there are more protons than electrons!

90. Label the following: positive ion, negative ion, neutral atom Protons Neutrons Electrons Neutral Atom, because the electrons equal the protons!

91. Writing Chemical Equations: A CHEMICAL EQUATION is a ______________ way of showing showing what’s happening during a chemical reaction. Short- hand

92. Writing Chemical Equations: Scientist are busy!!! They can’t write out everything! Its just like how you text message your friends… TTYL… LOL… J/K… Please read the box…

94. Helpful Terms: 1. REACTANT: a __________ material. Reactants are written BEFORE the arrow starting

95. Helpful Terms: 2. PRODUCT: an ________ material. Products are written after the arrow. ending

96. Helpful Terms: 3. COEFFICIENT: A number placed __________ an atom or molecule to show the amount of each atom or molecule. ( Doesn’t jump the plus sign) in front of

97. Helpful Terms: 4. SUBSCRIPT: A small number placed in the lower______ of a chemical symbol to show the number of atoms of the element. It only applies to the element to the left of it! right

98. Helpful Terms: 5. A BALANCED EQUATION: When writing a chemical equation the number of atoms on the reactant side MUST _____ the number on the product side? Why? equal

99. Law of Conservation of Mass: (same for mass) Mass/ NRG ____________ Mass/ NRG ______________ Mass/ Energy can only __________ Can’t be made Can’t be destroyed Change form!!!

100. Law of Conservation of Mass: (same for mass) CH 4 + 2O 2 CO 2 + 2H 2 0 C=1 C=1 H=4 = H=4 O=4 O=4 The equation demonstrates the law of conservation of mass.

101. Classwork!!! Determine the number of atoms in the following chemical formulas.

103. Reaction Rates What factors affect how quickly or slowly a reaction takes place? Factor #1 _____________________ Factor #2 _____________________ Factor #3 _____________________ Factor #4 _____________________ Catalysts / Inhibitors Concentration Surface Area Temperature

104. Reaction Rates How do these factors affect the rate (speed) of a chemical reaction? 1. TEMPERATURE is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. The higher the temperature, the faster the particles move.

106. Reaction Rates How do these factors affect the rate (speed) of a chemical reaction? 2. SURFACE AREA: is the amount of an object that is exposed to the environment. The smaller the particles in a sample the greater the surface area

107. Reaction Rates How do these factors affect the rate (speed) of a chemical reaction? 2. Surface Area: The greater the surface area the _________ the reaction time. greater Surface area reaction rate slow fast

108. Reaction Rates How do these factors affect the rate (speed) of a chemical reaction? 3. CONCENTRATION: refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent. The more stuff dissolved in a given volume of solvent the more concentrated the solution

109. Reaction Rates How do these factors affect the rate (speed) of a chemical reaction? 3. Concentration: The greater the concentration the _________ the reaction time. faster Concentration reaction rate slow fast

115. Mixtures Review!!!

130. Do Now: Use this Cartoon to make a Acid Vs Bases Chart

136. Characteristics of Acids and Bases: pH paper (numerical scale) The juice of Red Cabbage Hydrogen (H+) bitter red blue below above Red Green/blue Slippery sour Hydroxide ion (OH-) Acids Bases Donates ______________ to a solution Donates _______________ to a solution May taste ____ May taste ________ Turns Litmus ____ Turns Litmus _________ Has a pH value _______ 7 Has a pH value _________ 7 Turns Cabbage juice _____ Turns cabbage juice _____________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Usually feels _______

142. Acids and Bases: Two Types of Solutions