SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 21
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
Marxism, Cultural Hegemony
      ...and the Media
Revision
    Dominant Ideology and the media
An ideology is a belief system
that is constructed and then
embedded in the public
consciousness by the media.
Media texts represent the
world usually in order to
support a dominant ideology.
For example, newspapers
often promote the dominant
ideology of patriotism
through their representation
of race and nationality.
Some dominant ideologies
Capitalism. The production of capital
and consumption of surplus value as
a life goal.

                                   Patriotism. To love, support and
                                   protect one’s country and its
                                   people.

 Marriage and family. The “right
 way” to live is to marry an
 opposite-sex partner and have
 children.
                                   Male superiority. Men are more
                                   suited to positions of power, and
                                   more suited to decision-making at
                                   work and at home.
Marxism
                      Marxism is an economic and
                      socio-political world view that
                      contains within it a political
                      ideology for how to change and
                      improve society by
                      implementing socialism.
                      It was originally developed in
                      the early to mid nineteenth
     Karl Marx
                      century by two German émigrés
                      living in Britain, Karl Marx and
                      Friedrich Engels. Marxism is
                      based upon a materialist
                      interpretation of history – social
                      groups are driven by creating
Friedrich Engels      and maintaining wealth.
Class struggle
Marx and Engels believed that
social change occurs because of
the struggle between different
classes within society who are
constantly competing to
improve their conditions.
The Marxist analysis leads to
the conclusion that                                Workers
capitalism, the currently                          (Proletariat)
dominant form of economic
management, leads to the
oppression of the proletariat
who not only make up the
majority of the world's
populace but who also spend
their lives working for the        ‘Fat Cats’
benefit of the bourgeoisie, the    (Bourgeoisie)

wealthy ruling class in society.
To correct this inequality between the
bourgeoisie, who are the wealthy
minority, and the proletariat, who are the
poorer majority, Marxism advocates, and
believes in the historical inevitability, of a
proletarian revolution, when the
proletariat take control of
government, and then implement reforms
to benefit their class, namely the
confiscation of private property which is
then taken under state control and run for
the benefit of the people rather than for
the interests of private profit.
Such a system is socialism, although
Marxists believe that eventually a socialist
society would develop into an entirely
classless system, which is known as
communism in Marxist terminology.
Marxism
Marx died in 1883 but his ideas still have a
resonance today. Marx was an economist and
philosopher and wrote his Communist Manifesto
in1848. In it he advocated workers across the
world should unite against their oppressors, the
ruling classes, who were also their employers.

He wrote: ‘Workers of all lands unite, you have
nothing to lose but your chains’.

His ideas led to the development of Communist
political systems around the world. In Eastern
Europe these lasted until 1989. In this year the
Berlin Wall was pulled down and communism
here was abandoned as the dominant political
philosophy, although it still exists in countries
such as China, North Korea and Cuba.
Marx and Capitalism
Although Marx was alive long before the
mass media we know today, his ideas help
us to understand media theory.
 In Marx’s view, all social and cultural
institutions such as the family, the
education system and the legal system as
well as the mass media (which in his day
would have been primarily the newspaper)
are shaped by the economic basis of
society. Therefore an understanding of the
economic sphere is essential to any
understanding of the role played by the
mass media in society.
This means we need to know something
about capitalism...
The two social classes in a capitalist
              society
In capitalist economies, one group of people (the
ruling class or bourgeoisie) own the capital (money)
to invest in factories, offices, machinery, new
technology and land; in other words in almost all
those things necessary to produce wealth.


                                                          The one thing this group does not own is sufficient
                                                          labour to create profitable products and services.
                                                          Labour is owned by the second and much larger group
                                                          in society, the working classes (proletariat) who sell
                                                          this labour in order to survive. This labour may be
                                                          manual or intellectual.


However much or little workers are paid for their
labour, there must always be a ‘profit margin’ so
that the true value of the workers’ labour is not
returned to them. This is why Marxists see a conflict
in the material interests of the two classes; the
capitalist class wants to pay as little as possible for
labour, while it is in the interests of the working
class to have full value for their labour.
False Consciousness
Social institutions like the mass
media play a key role in ensuring
that the working class remain happy
with their situation despite the
inherent unfairness of the system.

Marx described the situation in
which members of the subordinate
classes cannot see that they are
being duped as ‘false consciousness’.

In Marxist terms, ideology can
ultimately be identified as the
lies, deceptions and misinformation
given to the working classes in order
to maintain the state of ‘false
consciousness’.
Applying Marx to the mass media today
   When Marxists apply this ideology
   to the mass media they will argue:

• The institutions of the mass media
  are owned by the ruling classes
  (e.g. Rupert Murdoch, Richard
  Branson)
• These institutions are used to
  indoctrinate the masses into
  believing capitalism is good for all
• Media industry workers are
  exploited just as other workers
• …therefore the mass media exists
  to serve the ideological interests
  of the ruling class.
Applying Marx to the mass media
            today
                    Marx argued that as an
                    outcome of capitalist
                    ideology was the alienation
                    of workers from the means
                    of production - a
                    disconnection between the
                    maker and what is made.
                    This is certainly true of the
                    media where the focus is on
                    the writers, directors and
                    actors/presenters.
                    Individualism and hierarchy
                    are emphasised over
                    collectivism. The wider
                    production team almost
                    never receive star billing!
Marxism beyond Marx
Marx, then, regarded capitalism as
fundamentally unfair and a corrupt
way to organise society. He also
abhorred nationalism and religious
fundamentalism.


                               ‘Marxism’ does not just
                               refer, however, to the ideas
                               generated by Marx himself, but
                               to a huge body of work created
                               by numerous
                               academics, scholars and
                               revolutionaries who have
                               adopted Marx’s ideas...
Antonio Gramsci
One example of this is
Antonio Gramsci (1891 –
1937). He was an Italian
political theorist. A
founding member and
onetime leader of the
Communist Party of
Italy, he was imprisoned
by Mussolini's Fascist
regime.
He is renowned for his
concept of cultural
hegemony as a means of
maintaining the state in a           Antonio Gramsci
capitalist society.
Hegemony
Hegemony is the way in
which those in power
maintain their control.
Dominant ideologies
are considered
hegemonic; power in
society is maintained by
constructing ideologies
which are usually
promoted by the mass
media.
Gramsci and Hegemony

             In "advanced" industrial
             societies hegemonic
             cultural innovations
             such as compulsory
             schooling, the mass
             media, and popular
             culture have
             indoctrinated workers
             to a false
             consciousness.
Cultural hegemony
Cultural hegemony is the
philosophic and sociological
concept that a culturally-diverse
society can be ruled or
dominated by one of its social
classes.

It is the dominance of one social
group over another, e.g. the
ruling class over all other classes.

The theory claims that the ideas
of the ruling class come to be
seen as the norm; they are seen
as universal
ideologies, perceived to benefit
everyone whilst only really
benefiting the ruling class.
Hegemony... in more detail
Hegemony dates to the Greek verb hegeisthai which translates to “to lead.” Early
leaders who were able to exert a great deal of control and influence over a group of
people might be referred to as hegemons. A hegemon had to have a great deal of
support from at least one dominating class, in order to keep the people of the state
from rebelling against the leadership.
Not only money, but also other forms of dominance can influence the hegemony of
one group. For example, control of the media, up until recently, has influenced things
like what shows get aired, what shows get cancelled, and the degree to which a
television station must censor news or television shows.
Hegemony... in more detail
However, this hegemony of the publishing industry is in considerable flux
given the many independent websites like YouTube.




Many musicians and actors are avoiding the media by self-publishing their
music and videos on sites accessible to all. As the public decides to self-
publish artistic works, or blogs, hegemony begins to shift to the people.

The people now arguably hold hegemony instead of the broadcasting
companies. However, traditional broadcasting companies are attempting
to regain hegemony by using these new technologies.
Hegemony in more detail
Hegemony tends to more often refer to the power of a single
group in a society to essentially lead and dictate the other
groups of the society. This may be done through
communications, through influence of voters or of
government leaders.
A single country may also be considered a hegemony if it has
enough power to influence the way other countries behave.
States that are hegemonies, like the British Empire in the
mid-19th century, had extraordinary influence on many
other countries. Their partial or total control of other
countries was either obtained through a show of military
force, and through control of trade industries.
Hegemony that exists in a single country means the
dominant and most influential group often influences policy
so that the greatest advantage accrues to the dominant
group. For example, some consider the wealthy have
hegemony in the US when it comes to tax laws.
Home Learning assignment
We would describe our society as liberal pluralist. This is a very different
ideological stand point from Marxism.

Activity
Research the term ‘liberal pluralist’ and then draft notes for a speech about liberal
pluralism. You might start with the words:

      In our society we believe ...


Some of you might like to deliver your speech
next lesson (but there will be no requirement
to do this.)

Please have work to show on 5/6th December.

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Marxism and Hegemony
Marxism and HegemonyMarxism and Hegemony
Marxism and Hegemony
 
Marxism, Gramsci and Hegemony
Marxism, Gramsci and HegemonyMarxism, Gramsci and Hegemony
Marxism, Gramsci and Hegemony
 
AS Lesson 11 marxism and hegemony
AS Lesson 11   marxism and hegemonyAS Lesson 11   marxism and hegemony
AS Lesson 11 marxism and hegemony
 
Introduction to Marxism
Introduction to MarxismIntroduction to Marxism
Introduction to Marxism
 
Frankfurt school theory
Frankfurt school theoryFrankfurt school theory
Frankfurt school theory
 
Marxism by Rameez Ahmed
Marxism by Rameez AhmedMarxism by Rameez Ahmed
Marxism by Rameez Ahmed
 
Feminism Theory
Feminism TheoryFeminism Theory
Feminism Theory
 
Hegemony
HegemonyHegemony
Hegemony
 
Marx's theory
Marx's theoryMarx's theory
Marx's theory
 
Frankfurt School
Frankfurt SchoolFrankfurt School
Frankfurt School
 
Jurgen Habermas
Jurgen HabermasJurgen Habermas
Jurgen Habermas
 
Gramsci's theory of cultural hegemony
Gramsci's theory of cultural hegemonyGramsci's theory of cultural hegemony
Gramsci's theory of cultural hegemony
 
Lesson 8 - Marxism, cultural hegemony and the effects theory
Lesson 8 - Marxism, cultural hegemony and the effects theoryLesson 8 - Marxism, cultural hegemony and the effects theory
Lesson 8 - Marxism, cultural hegemony and the effects theory
 
Critical theory basics
Critical theory basicsCritical theory basics
Critical theory basics
 
Marxism (Part 1)
Marxism (Part 1)Marxism (Part 1)
Marxism (Part 1)
 
Theory of mass society
Theory of mass society Theory of mass society
Theory of mass society
 
Hegemony
HegemonyHegemony
Hegemony
 
Marxism
MarxismMarxism
Marxism
 
Jurgen habermas discourse
Jurgen habermas discourseJurgen habermas discourse
Jurgen habermas discourse
 
Marxism
Marxism Marxism
Marxism
 

Ähnlich wie Marxism and hegemony

Analysis of Karl Marx and Marxism - By Prajwal Bhattarai ( Nepal )
Analysis of Karl Marx and Marxism - By Prajwal Bhattarai ( Nepal )Analysis of Karl Marx and Marxism - By Prajwal Bhattarai ( Nepal )
Analysis of Karl Marx and Marxism - By Prajwal Bhattarai ( Nepal )Prajwal Bhattarai
 
Marxism and hegemony
Marxism and hegemonyMarxism and hegemony
Marxism and hegemonyFran Orton
 
Powerpoint
PowerpointPowerpoint
Powerpointchrilee
 
How Did The Collapse Of Capitalism
How Did The Collapse Of CapitalismHow Did The Collapse Of Capitalism
How Did The Collapse Of CapitalismTracy Clark
 
The Nature Of The Good Life
The Nature Of The Good LifeThe Nature Of The Good Life
The Nature Of The Good LifeCheryl Brown
 
Lesson 10 marxism & hegemony
Lesson 10   marxism & hegemonyLesson 10   marxism & hegemony
Lesson 10 marxism & hegemonyElle Sullivan
 

Ähnlich wie Marxism and hegemony (20)

Marxism and hegemony
Marxism and hegemony Marxism and hegemony
Marxism and hegemony
 
Analysis of Karl Marx and Marxism - By Prajwal Bhattarai ( Nepal )
Analysis of Karl Marx and Marxism - By Prajwal Bhattarai ( Nepal )Analysis of Karl Marx and Marxism - By Prajwal Bhattarai ( Nepal )
Analysis of Karl Marx and Marxism - By Prajwal Bhattarai ( Nepal )
 
Marxism and hegemony
Marxism and hegemonyMarxism and hegemony
Marxism and hegemony
 
Essay On Karl Marx And Marxism
Essay On Karl Marx And MarxismEssay On Karl Marx And Marxism
Essay On Karl Marx And Marxism
 
Neo Marxist Perspective On Mass Media
Neo Marxist Perspective On Mass MediaNeo Marxist Perspective On Mass Media
Neo Marxist Perspective On Mass Media
 
Karl marx
Karl marxKarl marx
Karl marx
 
Powerpoint
PowerpointPowerpoint
Powerpoint
 
Classical Sociological Theory
Classical Sociological TheoryClassical Sociological Theory
Classical Sociological Theory
 
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared ResourceSociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
 
Marxism & Business
Marxism & BusinessMarxism & Business
Marxism & Business
 
How Did The Collapse Of Capitalism
How Did The Collapse Of CapitalismHow Did The Collapse Of Capitalism
How Did The Collapse Of Capitalism
 
MARXISM.pptx
MARXISM.pptxMARXISM.pptx
MARXISM.pptx
 
Essay On Marxism
Essay On MarxismEssay On Marxism
Essay On Marxism
 
Essay On The Nature Of Marxism
Essay On  The Nature Of MarxismEssay On  The Nature Of Marxism
Essay On The Nature Of Marxism
 
Karl Marx And Marxism
Karl Marx And MarxismKarl Marx And Marxism
Karl Marx And Marxism
 
The Nature Of The Good Life
The Nature Of The Good LifeThe Nature Of The Good Life
The Nature Of The Good Life
 
Main Ideas Of The Communist Manifesto
Main Ideas Of The Communist ManifestoMain Ideas Of The Communist Manifesto
Main Ideas Of The Communist Manifesto
 
Lesson 10 marxism & hegemony
Lesson 10   marxism & hegemonyLesson 10   marxism & hegemony
Lesson 10 marxism & hegemony
 
Marxist Theory
Marxist TheoryMarxist Theory
Marxist Theory
 
Theory of class conflict
Theory of class conflictTheory of class conflict
Theory of class conflict
 

Mehr von Andy Wallis

Music videos: Technical codes and intertextuality
Music videos: Technical codes and intertextualityMusic videos: Technical codes and intertextuality
Music videos: Technical codes and intertextualityAndy Wallis
 
Sexual harassment presentation
Sexual harassment presentationSexual harassment presentation
Sexual harassment presentationAndy Wallis
 
Ideology in film noir
Ideology in film noirIdeology in film noir
Ideology in film noirAndy Wallis
 
Gender in pop music videos: femininity
Gender in pop music videos: femininityGender in pop music videos: femininity
Gender in pop music videos: femininityAndy Wallis
 
Codes and conventions of horror websites
Codes and conventions of horror websites Codes and conventions of horror websites
Codes and conventions of horror websites Andy Wallis
 
Representation of women in film - very basic overview 2015 update
Representation of women in film - very basic overview 2015 updateRepresentation of women in film - very basic overview 2015 update
Representation of women in film - very basic overview 2015 updateAndy Wallis
 
Year 9 options evening
Year 9 options eveningYear 9 options evening
Year 9 options eveningAndy Wallis
 
A2 Media Studies Revision Pack
A2 Media Studies Revision PackA2 Media Studies Revision Pack
A2 Media Studies Revision PackAndy Wallis
 
A2 Media - Music Video Preproduction checklist
A2 Media - Music Video Preproduction checklistA2 Media - Music Video Preproduction checklist
A2 Media - Music Video Preproduction checklistAndy Wallis
 
BFI presentation July 2014
BFI presentation July 2014BFI presentation July 2014
BFI presentation July 2014Andy Wallis
 
Representation of women in film - very basic overview
Representation of women in film - very basic overviewRepresentation of women in film - very basic overview
Representation of women in film - very basic overviewAndy Wallis
 
Media terminology
Media terminologyMedia terminology
Media terminologyAndy Wallis
 
Quick representation and narrative revision
Quick representation and narrative revisionQuick representation and narrative revision
Quick representation and narrative revisionAndy Wallis
 
Quotations for genre
Quotations for genreQuotations for genre
Quotations for genreAndy Wallis
 
Revision of classic media theorists
Revision of classic media theoristsRevision of classic media theorists
Revision of classic media theoristsAndy Wallis
 
Terminology quiz
Terminology quizTerminology quiz
Terminology quizAndy Wallis
 
Effective blogging for A Level Media
Effective blogging for A Level MediaEffective blogging for A Level Media
Effective blogging for A Level MediaAndy Wallis
 
3rd #mediaedchat
3rd #mediaedchat3rd #mediaedchat
3rd #mediaedchatAndy Wallis
 
Planning an A2 Media Studies answer
Planning an A2 Media Studies answerPlanning an A2 Media Studies answer
Planning an A2 Media Studies answerAndy Wallis
 

Mehr von Andy Wallis (20)

Music videos: Technical codes and intertextuality
Music videos: Technical codes and intertextualityMusic videos: Technical codes and intertextuality
Music videos: Technical codes and intertextuality
 
Sexual harassment presentation
Sexual harassment presentationSexual harassment presentation
Sexual harassment presentation
 
Ideology in film noir
Ideology in film noirIdeology in film noir
Ideology in film noir
 
Gender in pop music videos: femininity
Gender in pop music videos: femininityGender in pop music videos: femininity
Gender in pop music videos: femininity
 
Codes and conventions of horror websites
Codes and conventions of horror websites Codes and conventions of horror websites
Codes and conventions of horror websites
 
Representation of women in film - very basic overview 2015 update
Representation of women in film - very basic overview 2015 updateRepresentation of women in film - very basic overview 2015 update
Representation of women in film - very basic overview 2015 update
 
Year 9 options evening
Year 9 options eveningYear 9 options evening
Year 9 options evening
 
A2 Media Studies Revision Pack
A2 Media Studies Revision PackA2 Media Studies Revision Pack
A2 Media Studies Revision Pack
 
A2 Media - Music Video Preproduction checklist
A2 Media - Music Video Preproduction checklistA2 Media - Music Video Preproduction checklist
A2 Media - Music Video Preproduction checklist
 
BFI presentation July 2014
BFI presentation July 2014BFI presentation July 2014
BFI presentation July 2014
 
Representation of women in film - very basic overview
Representation of women in film - very basic overviewRepresentation of women in film - very basic overview
Representation of women in film - very basic overview
 
Queer theory
Queer theoryQueer theory
Queer theory
 
Media terminology
Media terminologyMedia terminology
Media terminology
 
Quick representation and narrative revision
Quick representation and narrative revisionQuick representation and narrative revision
Quick representation and narrative revision
 
Quotations for genre
Quotations for genreQuotations for genre
Quotations for genre
 
Revision of classic media theorists
Revision of classic media theoristsRevision of classic media theorists
Revision of classic media theorists
 
Terminology quiz
Terminology quizTerminology quiz
Terminology quiz
 
Effective blogging for A Level Media
Effective blogging for A Level MediaEffective blogging for A Level Media
Effective blogging for A Level Media
 
3rd #mediaedchat
3rd #mediaedchat3rd #mediaedchat
3rd #mediaedchat
 
Planning an A2 Media Studies answer
Planning an A2 Media Studies answerPlanning an A2 Media Studies answer
Planning an A2 Media Studies answer
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfTechSoup
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxEduSkills OECD
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
 

Marxism and hegemony

  • 1. Marxism, Cultural Hegemony ...and the Media
  • 2. Revision Dominant Ideology and the media An ideology is a belief system that is constructed and then embedded in the public consciousness by the media. Media texts represent the world usually in order to support a dominant ideology. For example, newspapers often promote the dominant ideology of patriotism through their representation of race and nationality.
  • 3. Some dominant ideologies Capitalism. The production of capital and consumption of surplus value as a life goal. Patriotism. To love, support and protect one’s country and its people. Marriage and family. The “right way” to live is to marry an opposite-sex partner and have children. Male superiority. Men are more suited to positions of power, and more suited to decision-making at work and at home.
  • 4. Marxism Marxism is an economic and socio-political world view that contains within it a political ideology for how to change and improve society by implementing socialism. It was originally developed in the early to mid nineteenth Karl Marx century by two German émigrés living in Britain, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism is based upon a materialist interpretation of history – social groups are driven by creating Friedrich Engels and maintaining wealth.
  • 5. Class struggle Marx and Engels believed that social change occurs because of the struggle between different classes within society who are constantly competing to improve their conditions. The Marxist analysis leads to the conclusion that Workers capitalism, the currently (Proletariat) dominant form of economic management, leads to the oppression of the proletariat who not only make up the majority of the world's populace but who also spend their lives working for the ‘Fat Cats’ benefit of the bourgeoisie, the (Bourgeoisie) wealthy ruling class in society.
  • 6. To correct this inequality between the bourgeoisie, who are the wealthy minority, and the proletariat, who are the poorer majority, Marxism advocates, and believes in the historical inevitability, of a proletarian revolution, when the proletariat take control of government, and then implement reforms to benefit their class, namely the confiscation of private property which is then taken under state control and run for the benefit of the people rather than for the interests of private profit. Such a system is socialism, although Marxists believe that eventually a socialist society would develop into an entirely classless system, which is known as communism in Marxist terminology.
  • 7. Marxism Marx died in 1883 but his ideas still have a resonance today. Marx was an economist and philosopher and wrote his Communist Manifesto in1848. In it he advocated workers across the world should unite against their oppressors, the ruling classes, who were also their employers. He wrote: ‘Workers of all lands unite, you have nothing to lose but your chains’. His ideas led to the development of Communist political systems around the world. In Eastern Europe these lasted until 1989. In this year the Berlin Wall was pulled down and communism here was abandoned as the dominant political philosophy, although it still exists in countries such as China, North Korea and Cuba.
  • 8. Marx and Capitalism Although Marx was alive long before the mass media we know today, his ideas help us to understand media theory. In Marx’s view, all social and cultural institutions such as the family, the education system and the legal system as well as the mass media (which in his day would have been primarily the newspaper) are shaped by the economic basis of society. Therefore an understanding of the economic sphere is essential to any understanding of the role played by the mass media in society. This means we need to know something about capitalism...
  • 9. The two social classes in a capitalist society In capitalist economies, one group of people (the ruling class or bourgeoisie) own the capital (money) to invest in factories, offices, machinery, new technology and land; in other words in almost all those things necessary to produce wealth. The one thing this group does not own is sufficient labour to create profitable products and services. Labour is owned by the second and much larger group in society, the working classes (proletariat) who sell this labour in order to survive. This labour may be manual or intellectual. However much or little workers are paid for their labour, there must always be a ‘profit margin’ so that the true value of the workers’ labour is not returned to them. This is why Marxists see a conflict in the material interests of the two classes; the capitalist class wants to pay as little as possible for labour, while it is in the interests of the working class to have full value for their labour.
  • 10. False Consciousness Social institutions like the mass media play a key role in ensuring that the working class remain happy with their situation despite the inherent unfairness of the system. Marx described the situation in which members of the subordinate classes cannot see that they are being duped as ‘false consciousness’. In Marxist terms, ideology can ultimately be identified as the lies, deceptions and misinformation given to the working classes in order to maintain the state of ‘false consciousness’.
  • 11. Applying Marx to the mass media today When Marxists apply this ideology to the mass media they will argue: • The institutions of the mass media are owned by the ruling classes (e.g. Rupert Murdoch, Richard Branson) • These institutions are used to indoctrinate the masses into believing capitalism is good for all • Media industry workers are exploited just as other workers • …therefore the mass media exists to serve the ideological interests of the ruling class.
  • 12. Applying Marx to the mass media today Marx argued that as an outcome of capitalist ideology was the alienation of workers from the means of production - a disconnection between the maker and what is made. This is certainly true of the media where the focus is on the writers, directors and actors/presenters. Individualism and hierarchy are emphasised over collectivism. The wider production team almost never receive star billing!
  • 13. Marxism beyond Marx Marx, then, regarded capitalism as fundamentally unfair and a corrupt way to organise society. He also abhorred nationalism and religious fundamentalism. ‘Marxism’ does not just refer, however, to the ideas generated by Marx himself, but to a huge body of work created by numerous academics, scholars and revolutionaries who have adopted Marx’s ideas...
  • 14. Antonio Gramsci One example of this is Antonio Gramsci (1891 – 1937). He was an Italian political theorist. A founding member and onetime leader of the Communist Party of Italy, he was imprisoned by Mussolini's Fascist regime. He is renowned for his concept of cultural hegemony as a means of maintaining the state in a Antonio Gramsci capitalist society.
  • 15. Hegemony Hegemony is the way in which those in power maintain their control. Dominant ideologies are considered hegemonic; power in society is maintained by constructing ideologies which are usually promoted by the mass media.
  • 16. Gramsci and Hegemony In "advanced" industrial societies hegemonic cultural innovations such as compulsory schooling, the mass media, and popular culture have indoctrinated workers to a false consciousness.
  • 17. Cultural hegemony Cultural hegemony is the philosophic and sociological concept that a culturally-diverse society can be ruled or dominated by one of its social classes. It is the dominance of one social group over another, e.g. the ruling class over all other classes. The theory claims that the ideas of the ruling class come to be seen as the norm; they are seen as universal ideologies, perceived to benefit everyone whilst only really benefiting the ruling class.
  • 18. Hegemony... in more detail Hegemony dates to the Greek verb hegeisthai which translates to “to lead.” Early leaders who were able to exert a great deal of control and influence over a group of people might be referred to as hegemons. A hegemon had to have a great deal of support from at least one dominating class, in order to keep the people of the state from rebelling against the leadership. Not only money, but also other forms of dominance can influence the hegemony of one group. For example, control of the media, up until recently, has influenced things like what shows get aired, what shows get cancelled, and the degree to which a television station must censor news or television shows.
  • 19. Hegemony... in more detail However, this hegemony of the publishing industry is in considerable flux given the many independent websites like YouTube. Many musicians and actors are avoiding the media by self-publishing their music and videos on sites accessible to all. As the public decides to self- publish artistic works, or blogs, hegemony begins to shift to the people. The people now arguably hold hegemony instead of the broadcasting companies. However, traditional broadcasting companies are attempting to regain hegemony by using these new technologies.
  • 20. Hegemony in more detail Hegemony tends to more often refer to the power of a single group in a society to essentially lead and dictate the other groups of the society. This may be done through communications, through influence of voters or of government leaders. A single country may also be considered a hegemony if it has enough power to influence the way other countries behave. States that are hegemonies, like the British Empire in the mid-19th century, had extraordinary influence on many other countries. Their partial or total control of other countries was either obtained through a show of military force, and through control of trade industries. Hegemony that exists in a single country means the dominant and most influential group often influences policy so that the greatest advantage accrues to the dominant group. For example, some consider the wealthy have hegemony in the US when it comes to tax laws.
  • 21. Home Learning assignment We would describe our society as liberal pluralist. This is a very different ideological stand point from Marxism. Activity Research the term ‘liberal pluralist’ and then draft notes for a speech about liberal pluralism. You might start with the words: In our society we believe ... Some of you might like to deliver your speech next lesson (but there will be no requirement to do this.) Please have work to show on 5/6th December.