5. Infection control
A fine mist of tiny
air-borne particles
that may contain
bacteria, viruses
& fungi.
Dispersed by air
currents, may be
inhaled or
contaminate work
surfaces.
6. Infection control
Vacuum steam steriliser
29 Minute cycle for Wrapped
instruments
7. Infection control
Biofilm
What is it?
Where would it be found in the dental
surgery?
8. Infection control
Biofilm is a naturally occurring slime
producing bacteria and fungi which
form into complex communities on wet
surfaces
Biofilms form in the water mains and
on the walls of small bore plastic
tubing in dental units
12. Infection control
Decontamination is the processes
required to make a re-useable dental
instrument fit for use on another
patient
This will include cleaning, inspection
for cleanliness, sterilisation or
disinfection if sterilisation is not
possible
16. The Heart
The heart and the blood vessels are part of
the ___________ system
Blood _________ carry blood away from the
heart
Veins carry blood to the ______ from the
rest of the body. The blood circulates,
carrying oxygen and nutrients
17. anatomy
The heart and the blood vessels are part of
the CIRCULATORY system
Blood VESSELS carry blood AWAY from
the heart
Veins carry blood TO the HEART from the
rest of the body. The blood circulates,
carrying oxygen and nutrients
19. anatomy
There are _____ separate chambers
in the heart
Two _____ and two ______
20. anatomy
There are FOUR separate chambers
in the heart
Two ATRIA and two VENTRICLES
21. anatomy
How is oxygen
transported around
the body?
What percentage of
oxygen is in an
expired breath?
22. anatomy
Erythrocytes
transport oxygen
around the body
(RED BLOOD
CELLS)
23. anatomy
Constituents of blood are:
RED BLOOD CELLS, ALSO KNOWN
AS…..?
THROMBOCYTES, ALSO KNOWN AS
……?
LEUCOCYTES ALSO KNOWN AS ………?
PLASMA …………..associated with the
defence mechanism, also known as ……..?
24. anatomy
Constituents of blood are:
RED BLOOD CELLS, ALSO
KNOWN AS erythrocytes
THROMBOCYTES, ALSO
KNOWN AS blood platelets
LEUCOCYTES ALSO
KNOWN AS white blood
cells defend against
infection
PLASMA - associated with
the defence mechanism,
also known as BLOOD
CLOTTING AND ANTI BODY
PRODUCTION
25. anatomy
Expired air contains
16% oxygen and
4% carbon dioxide
Inspired air
contains 20%
oxygen required for
metabolism
26. anatomy
The atria receive blood returning to the heart and
the ventricles pump the blood out from the heart.
Each of these chambers has a one way valve to
ensure that the blood flow is always in one
direction.
With each beat, the right ventricle pumps de-
oxygenated blood to the lungs while the left
ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the
body.
This happens approximately every 2.5 BILLION
times in an average life time.
27. Oral diseases –
periodontal disease
This is the second most commonest
disease affecting the oral cavity
The first being dental caries
“periodontal disease” covers a group
of diseases which affect the supporting
structures of the teeth
THE PERIODONTUM
28. Oral diseases –
periodontal disease
The gingivae
The periodontal ligament
The alveolar bone
PERIODONTITIS IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF
TOOTH LOSS IN ADULTS
29. Oral diseases –
periodontal disease
THE SOLE CAUSE OF
PERIODONTAL DISEASE IS THE
PRESENCE AND ACCUMULATION
OF DENTAL PLAQUE AROUND THE
GINGIVAL MARGINS OF THE TEETH
WHAT IS DENTAL PLAQUE?
30. Oral diseases –
periodontal disease
PLAQUE- is a combination of saliva
and oral bacteria which form a sticky
film on the surface of the tooth and
allows food debris to become
incorporated into its structure
It tends to form initially at the gingival
margin because this area is not self-
cleansed by salivary flow or by the
tongue and soft tissue movements
34. Oral diseases –
periodontal disease
Bacteria within plaque use food debris to
nourish themselves and allow the bacteria
to colonise and grow
Bacteria produce TOXIC BY-PRODUCTS
as they digest food
These irritate the gingivae and cause
inflammation
(CHRONIC GINGIVITIS)
35. Oral diseases –
periodontal disease
The inflamed gingivae become red and swell to
form a FALSE POCKET around the neck of the
tooth
False pockets allow more plaque to develop as self
cleansing becomes impossible
Plaque now extends below the gingival margin
The continued action of saliva on plaque allows
inorganic ions to be incorporated into the plaque
structure
CALCULUS is now formed
36. Oral diseases –
periodontal disease
Calculus formation above the gum margin is
called SUPRA GINGIVAL CALCULUS it is
yellow in colour
Calculus formation below the gum margin is
called SUB GINGIVAL CALCULUS it is
brow/black in colour due to the blood
pigments
Its surface is rough allowing more plaque to
form over it and irritating the gingivae further
37. Oral diseases –
periodontal disease
The abrasion of the calculus and the
chemical action of the toxins cause
PAINLESS micro-ulceration of the
gingivae, leading to bleeding to touch
or dental probing
The visible appearance and bleeding
on probing of the gingivae are the
classic diagnostic signs of CHRONIC
GINGIVITIS
38. Events leading to periodontitis
Non-treatment of chronic gingivitis allows TOXINS
to build up and eventually enter the underlying
gingival tissues through the MICRO-ULCERATION
areas
TOXINS destroy the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
TRUE POCKETS form
The attachment is lost from the neck of the tooth
and down the root of the tooth
Further plaque MINERALISES causing irritation and
more toxin infiltration
The tooth is now mobile as the alveolar bone is
destroyed leading to tooth loss.
47. Removable Prosthetics
Saliva – a film of saliva developing between
the denture and the patients soft tissues
A post dam along the back border of the
denture
An accurate design and fit of denture to
allow the film to develop adequately
Use of natural undercuts such as the
alveolar ridges or natural teeth
Use of clasps around natural teeth to
increase retention
49. Removable Prosthetics
denture construction
1st imps – taken in either edendtulous stock
tray or dentate stock tray using alginate
Lab – models cast in plaster, special trays
made from shellac, wax occlusal rims are
made
2nd appt – final imps in special trays using
alginate, bite registration
Lab – final models cast, articulator used to
show movement then construct wax try ins
shade chosen by dental team and patient
50. Removable Prosthetics
denture construction
3rd Appt – try in of accuracy of occlusion, shade and
fit. Any adjustments can be made at this stage,
major adjustment would require a re-try
Lab – try in and models are flasked, wax removed
with boiling water to leave the teeth in position, filled
with acrylic, clasps added at this point if necessary,
clean and polish dent for fit
Fit – inserted & checked for comfort, accuracry and
retention & appearance. Instructions given on their
wear, final adjustments made with straight
handpiece and acrylic trimming bur, articulating
paper, miller forceps
51. List the information required
for the dental technician to
construct a removable
prosthetic at each stage
52. Chrome cobalt partial dentures
Used as the base of the denture
Complicated design & longer to construct
More expensive
Much thinner palatal coverage is possible
allows more tolerance for pts with gag reflex
Less likely to break
Skeleton design gives minimal coverage
hygienic
55. Fixed prosthetics
Heavily restored tooth
Repeated failure of restoration
Root filled tooth tends to become
brittle
Aesthetics
Shape change to make a more
retentive abutment tooth for a
removable prosthetic
59. State the reasons for providing
a temporary crown
Maintain space Prevent over
eruption
Prevent sensitivity
Prevent food
packing
Prevent gingival
overgrowth
Aesthetics
Prevent damage to
prep
73. Name the components of an
intra-oral film packet
Front of plastic envelope
Black paper
X-ray film
Black paper
Lead foil
Back of plastic envelope
74. Intra-oral film
A celluloid film coated with light-sensitive bromide
salts in an emulsion
This is surrounded in black paper to protect it from
unwanted light
Enclosed in a waterproof envelope one side of the
film is a lead foil which prevents the emulsion coat
being exposed twice by absorbing scatter during the
exposure
When exposed the crystals form a hidden image
The film must be processed to develop the image
75. In pairs discuss some faults which
may occur during processing
What temperature should the
chemicals reach to ensure clarity of
the film?
For manual development of x-rays
draw the tanks and label them
76. Temp = 18-22 degrees Celsius
Faults:
Too dark – overdeveloping Faint image – under
Fogged film – developing, temp too low or
Daylight exposure time too short or dev too
Blank film – placement in weak
fixer before developer Blank spot – contamination
Partly blank film – not fully with splashes of fixer
immersed in developer
Brown or green stains –
Scratches or fingerprints –
incomplete fix
bad handling
Black line across film –
being folded during
process
78. In pairs:
Discuss the Discuss the
different types of different types of
LA available in the syringes, needles
dental surgery and injection types
Discuss the nerves
Name the reasons anaesthetised to
for using the carry out treatment
different types througout the
mouth
79. In groups
Compile 15
questions and
answers on specific
topics we have
covered previously
When completed,
deliver to the rest
of the class to
answer