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World Fisheries Congress 2012 Presentation
1. 6th World Fisheries Congress
Edinburgh, 10th May 2012
Marine renewables in the North of Scotland:
using a hydrodynamic model to examine risks
to migratory fish
Andrew Guerin and Peter Bowyer
Environmental Research Institute
Centre for Energy and the Environment
Thurso
3. Background
Scottish Government target:
“to meet an equivalent of 100% demand for electricity from
renewable energy by 2020”
2020 Routemap for Renewable Energy in Scotland
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2011/08/04110353/0
4. Marine Renewables
Technologies:
• Offshore wind
• Wave power
• Tidal stream power
New Industry: varied approaches (especially for wave)
Environmental implications are uncertain:
•
•
•
•
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Impacts on seabirds
Impacts on marine mammals
Impacts on benthic habitats
Impacts on regional biodiversity
Impacts on fish, including migratory fish
5. Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar
Anadromous fish
• Hatch in freshwater, resident for 1-3 years
• Migrate to marine feeding grounds in the North
Atlantic for 1-5 years
• Return to natal rivers to spawn
Under threat from anthropogenic impacts
•
•
•
•
Pollution of freshwater habitats
Hydropower (rivers) and dams
Marine fisheries
Climate change
6. Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar
Anadromous fish
• Hatch in freshwater, resident for 1-3 years
• Migrate to marine feeding grounds in the North
Atlantic for 1-5 years
• Return to natal rivers to spawn
Under threat from anthropogenic impacts
•
•
•
•
Pollution of freshwater habitats
Hydropower (rivers) and dams
Marine fisheries
Climate change
Returning fish numbers and condition are declining
14. Understanding the risks to adult S. salar
passing through the Pentland Firth
Continental level
?
15. Understanding the risks to adult S. salar
passing through the Pentland Firth
Development area level
BLUE: Wave energy sites
RED: tidal stream energy sites
Orkney Islands
Pentland Firth
Mainland Scotland
16. Understanding the risks to adult S. salar
passing through the Pentland Firth
Device level
?
?
17. Understanding the risks to adult S. salar
passing through the Pentland Firth
Development area level
BLUE: Wave energy sites
RED: tidal stream energy sites
Orkney Islands
Pentland Firth
Mainland Scotland
18. Hydrodynamic Model
2D formulation of Princeton Ocean Model (POM)
• Variable resolution (< 200m in Pentland Firth)
• Boundary conditions from calibrated shelf model
Tracer particles released from 10km2 boxes at:
• 58.65°N
• 58.7°N
• 58.75°N
• 58.8°N
• 58.85°N
(all at 3.5°W)
Five particle ‘behaviours’
• Passive
• 0.1, 0.3 or 1ms-1 to the Southeast
• 0.2ms-1 to the East
19. Model results
‘Fish’ deemed to have escaped Pentland Firth once
they reached a pre-defined latitude (58.2°N) or
longitude (2.5°W)
22. Interactions with arrays
Four hypothetical tidal arrays corresponding to lease locations:
•
•
•
•
ARRAY 1: Inner Sound of Stroma
ARRAY 2: Cantick Head
ARRAY 3: Brough Ness
ARRAY 4: Ness of Duncansby
Simple linear fence (10 devices)
Interactions between devices and
individual particles recorded
29. Conclusions
1. Location of device arrays may influence their potential to
impact migratory fish
2. Behaviour of migratory fish will also influence their risk of
encountering device arrays (swimming speed, direction, and
point of entry into tidal systems)
3. Demonstration of potential utility of modelling approach to
assess relative impacts of future proposed arrays
4. Allied to approaches at other spatial scales, could improve
understanding of overall impact of marine renewables
5. Approach not limited to returning Atlantic Salmon
•
Outmigrating smolts
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Sea trout
•
Eels!
30. But….
Model limitations
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•
•
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2-dimensional
Particular problem with coastal behaviour
Fixed vector swimming – oversimplification
Model doesn’t account for flow modification by arrays
Need data from the real world
• Model validation
• Swimming behaviour of S. salar in Scottish coastal waters
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•
•
•
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Swimming speeds
Swimming depths
Swimming vectors
Responses to encountering coastline
Responses to tidal regime
31. Acknowledgements
Alan Youngson
All ERI research and support staff – especially Matt Easton
Projects
Marine Renewable Energy and the Environment (MaREE)
Advancing Marine Renewable Energy research Capacity in Scotland (AMRECS) –
Strategic Research Development Grant
Funders
Scottish Funding Council
Highlands and Islands Enterprise
European Regional Development Fund
References
Malcolm, I.A., Godfrey, J. & Youngson, A.F. (2010) Review of migratory routes and behaviour of Atlantic salmon, Sea trout and European eel in
Scotland’s coastal environment: implications for the development of marine renewables. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science, Volume 1 No
14. Marine Scotland-Science