Examines the modern context of migration

1. Migration

2. Migration The movement from one place to another People have always moved Diversity in US a result of movement of peoples over time. Migration strongly influenced by social, economic, military and political developments.

3. What is Migration? Movement of people within a country’s geographical boundaries and across national boundaries. Refugees- migrants, but unable or unwilling to return because, or fear of, persecution Displaced Person- forced to leave home because of violence, conflict, persecution but has not crossed international border

4. Migration Even though Transcontinental migration has increased… Most migration occurs in relatively limited geographical area. Rwandans to Tanzania, Mexicans to US. Africa highest # of migrants (33%), North America (21%), Europe (17%), Asia (15%), Latin America (11%)

5. Migration Men more likely to migrated than women. Often needed for labor Gender roles often restrict women’s mobility Rural-to- rural migration (India-from one farm to another) Rural-to-urban- Urban area provides opportunity; From farm to city Urban-to-rural- Relieve pressures on major urban centers Seasonal migration- People move with seasonal demand for labor; i.e. harvests, tourism

6. Causes of Migration Push Factors: Factors that motivate people to leave homes; human rights violations, violence, instability Pull Factors: Factors that motivate people to leave: employment, higher wages, educational opportunities

7. Push Factors Overpopulation-Threatens resources and causes overcrowding. Natural Disasters, environmental problems, and famines. (Many are manmade problems) Competitive Exclusion- Land taken by large agro-export companies and increase land prices; small subsistence farmers forced to migrate.

8. Forced Migration Act of evicting those who are hostile to the government. Cultural Revolution- Chinese destroyed anything that challenged communism; Detained Tibetan monks, destroyed temples, desecrated Buddhist scriptures, punished those who practiced religion. Chinese encourage migration of Han to Tibet; Tibet is losing culture; Low Humming chants of Tibetan monks now compete with loud Chinese disco music

15. Violence and Conflict Many leave Colombia because of 4 decades of violence; most are young and highly educated. Ethnic conflict & civil wars in Africa=4 million refugees 500,000 Kurds in West Vietnamese to Hong Kong and US 2 million Iraqi refugees in Syria & Jordan; 2 million internally displaced (2008)

16. Palestine Between 1947-1948- 800,000 Palestinians became refugees; Israel says Palestinians leave was voluntary 3.5 million Palestinian refugees; 1 million in refugee camps; many born & raised in camps Palestinians have moved & been expelled in Lebanon, North Africa, Kuwait & Syria. No resolve in sight.

17. Pull Factors Economic Opportunities= greater access to health care, consumer services, modern way of life Rural-Urban migration=move away from agriculture Companies need for inexpensive and reliable labor Also results in human smuggling

18. Impact on Poor Countries Migration deprives region of its valuable human resources Brain Drain- Migration of highly educated and trained people from poor countries to rich countries Brain Overflow- Inability of poor countries to use highly trained individuals Remittance- Money migrant workers send home

19. Impact on Rich Countries Inexpensive labor=economic growth Keep inflation low by keeping wages from rising rapidly Social tensions (France and Muslims) Large # of Latino’s in US (34 million) altering American political and social institutions