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Greek Drama
Drama was born in ancient
Greece!
• 600s B.C. - Greeks were giving choral
  performances of dancing and singing
• Performances at festivals honoring
  Dionysus
• Later they held drama
  contests to honor him
Thespis (534 B. C.)
• Defined theater
  – art of acting a part on stage
  – dramatic impersonation of another character
    than yourself
• Uncertain whether he was a playwright, an
  actor, or a priest
• “Thespian” term comes from his name
Description of Greek Theater
• Took place in large hillside amphitheaters
  – held 20, 000 people!!
• Players included a chorus and their leader
• Lines were chanted
• Chorus performed in an “orchestra”, not on
  a raised platform
Greek Theater (continued)
• Masks used to represent characters
• High-soled boots worn to add height
• Both of these limited movement
Greek Theater
Most Important Era (400s B.C.)

• Tragedies performed as part of a
  civic celebration called the City
  Dionysia
• Festival lasted several days
• Prizes given for best tragedy,
  comedy, acting, and choral singing
Theater of Dionysus
• Located on slope below the
  Acropolis in Athens
• Seated 14,000
• Circular acting area called
  orchestra
• Skene (stage house)
Greek Tragedy
• Nearly all surviving tragedies are based on
  myth
• Character’s struggle against hostile forces
  ended in defeat and ultimately in death
• A series of dramatic episodes separated by
  choral odes (mini-songs).
• Episodes performed by a few actors - never
  more than 3 on stage
Greek Drama (continued)
• Wore masks to indicate the nature of the
  characters played.
• Men played women’s roles
• Same actor appeared in several parts.
• Of the hundreds of Greek tragedies written,
  fewer than 35 survive.
Three Playwrights
• Aeschylus

  – Most famous for Oresteia

  – Introduced concept of second actor

  – Expanded possibilities for plot
Sophocles




• Innovation of the third actor
• Most famous for Oedipus Rex
Euripides
• Created the ultimate form of drama
• Far more naturalistic or human approach in
  his works
• Showed interest in psychology through
  portraits of women
Euripides (continued)




• Medea is most famous work
  – Describes how a mother kills her children to
    gain revenge against their father
Roman Theater
• Borrowed extensively from Greeks
• Latin word “ludus” – play
• Chiefly important because it influenced
  Renaissance playwrights
• Works of only one author left – Lucius Annaeus
  Seneca
   – 5 act form     -- Elaborate language
   – Revenge as the main idea of the play
   – Confidant
Roman Comedy
• Typical plot – misunderstandings
  – Mistaken identity
  – Free-spending sons deceiving their fathers

  Gradual decline – actors excommunicated
    -- rising power of church
    -- invasions by barbarian tribes
Medieval Drama
• Death of theater after fall of Roman Empire
• Kept alive only by street players, jugglers,
  acrobats, and animal trainers
Medieval Churches
• Although against theater during Roman
  Empire, churches are most responsible for
  bringing theater back
• Church needed to establish itself in the
  community
  – Began using drama to tell stories about
    religious holidays
Liturgical Drama
• Rebirth of drama through brief plays acted
  by priests as part of the liturgy (worship
  service)
• The Resurrection of Christ was first event
  dramatized
Mystery Plays
• Written in verse and taught Christian
  doctrine
  – Presented Biblical characters as if they lived in
    medieval times
Mystery Plays (continued)
• Setting for play on pageant wagon




• Wagon drawn through city to various
  places
  – Actors performed on platform outside wagon
Miracle Plays




• Based on lives of saints rather than
  scripture
• Became secular after short period of time
Morality Plays
• Relgious performed “speeches”
• Taught meanings of Biblical passages
  other than literal ones
• Changed into plays called interludes
  – Interludes were created strictly for
    entertainment
Renaissance Drama (Italy)
• Strictly applied Aristotle’s rules
• Spectacular musicals
• Intermezzo – music and lively
  entertainment between acts
• 16th century - Opera emerges
• 17th century – Commedia dell’arte
  – Comedy and improv
Renaissance Drama

• Pastoral drama
  – Set in the country
  – Depicted romantic affairs of rustic people,
    usually shepherds and shepherdesses
Renaissance Drama (England)
• Not bound by rules
• Elements of farce, morality, disregard for
  time and place
• Christopher Marlowe
  – Development of blank verse
England Performances
• Began early afternoon; ended just before
  dusk
• Women never on stage; parts played by
  boys
• Attended by all classes of society
• Refreshments sold during performances
• Audience in a “holiday” mood
William Shakespeare
• Father of modern drama
• Creator of the Globe Theater
Shakespeare (Continued)
•   Wrote tragedies, comedies, etc.
•   Unified plot
•   Strong characters and imagery
•   Perfection with verse form and language
    – Captured the spirit of ordinary speech
    – Gave special dignity to characters/situations
The Globe Theater
• One of four major theaters in England – the
  other three – Swan, Rose, Hope
• Open-air octagonal amphitheater
• Seated 3,000
• 3 stories high
• Original burned down; was reconstructed
  before Shakespeare’s death
Congratulations!!!



You have completed the lecture on
the history of theater!!!

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Greek drama powerpoint

  • 2. Drama was born in ancient Greece! • 600s B.C. - Greeks were giving choral performances of dancing and singing • Performances at festivals honoring Dionysus • Later they held drama contests to honor him
  • 3. Thespis (534 B. C.) • Defined theater – art of acting a part on stage – dramatic impersonation of another character than yourself • Uncertain whether he was a playwright, an actor, or a priest • “Thespian” term comes from his name
  • 4. Description of Greek Theater • Took place in large hillside amphitheaters – held 20, 000 people!! • Players included a chorus and their leader • Lines were chanted • Chorus performed in an “orchestra”, not on a raised platform
  • 5. Greek Theater (continued) • Masks used to represent characters • High-soled boots worn to add height • Both of these limited movement
  • 7. Most Important Era (400s B.C.) • Tragedies performed as part of a civic celebration called the City Dionysia • Festival lasted several days • Prizes given for best tragedy, comedy, acting, and choral singing
  • 8. Theater of Dionysus • Located on slope below the Acropolis in Athens • Seated 14,000 • Circular acting area called orchestra • Skene (stage house)
  • 9. Greek Tragedy • Nearly all surviving tragedies are based on myth • Character’s struggle against hostile forces ended in defeat and ultimately in death • A series of dramatic episodes separated by choral odes (mini-songs). • Episodes performed by a few actors - never more than 3 on stage
  • 10. Greek Drama (continued) • Wore masks to indicate the nature of the characters played. • Men played women’s roles • Same actor appeared in several parts. • Of the hundreds of Greek tragedies written, fewer than 35 survive.
  • 11. Three Playwrights • Aeschylus – Most famous for Oresteia – Introduced concept of second actor – Expanded possibilities for plot
  • 12. Sophocles • Innovation of the third actor • Most famous for Oedipus Rex
  • 13. Euripides • Created the ultimate form of drama • Far more naturalistic or human approach in his works • Showed interest in psychology through portraits of women
  • 14. Euripides (continued) • Medea is most famous work – Describes how a mother kills her children to gain revenge against their father
  • 15. Roman Theater • Borrowed extensively from Greeks • Latin word “ludus” – play • Chiefly important because it influenced Renaissance playwrights • Works of only one author left – Lucius Annaeus Seneca – 5 act form -- Elaborate language – Revenge as the main idea of the play – Confidant
  • 16. Roman Comedy • Typical plot – misunderstandings – Mistaken identity – Free-spending sons deceiving their fathers Gradual decline – actors excommunicated -- rising power of church -- invasions by barbarian tribes
  • 17. Medieval Drama • Death of theater after fall of Roman Empire • Kept alive only by street players, jugglers, acrobats, and animal trainers
  • 18. Medieval Churches • Although against theater during Roman Empire, churches are most responsible for bringing theater back • Church needed to establish itself in the community – Began using drama to tell stories about religious holidays
  • 19. Liturgical Drama • Rebirth of drama through brief plays acted by priests as part of the liturgy (worship service) • The Resurrection of Christ was first event dramatized
  • 20. Mystery Plays • Written in verse and taught Christian doctrine – Presented Biblical characters as if they lived in medieval times
  • 21. Mystery Plays (continued) • Setting for play on pageant wagon • Wagon drawn through city to various places – Actors performed on platform outside wagon
  • 22. Miracle Plays • Based on lives of saints rather than scripture • Became secular after short period of time
  • 23. Morality Plays • Relgious performed “speeches” • Taught meanings of Biblical passages other than literal ones • Changed into plays called interludes – Interludes were created strictly for entertainment
  • 24. Renaissance Drama (Italy) • Strictly applied Aristotle’s rules • Spectacular musicals • Intermezzo – music and lively entertainment between acts • 16th century - Opera emerges • 17th century – Commedia dell’arte – Comedy and improv
  • 25. Renaissance Drama • Pastoral drama – Set in the country – Depicted romantic affairs of rustic people, usually shepherds and shepherdesses
  • 26. Renaissance Drama (England) • Not bound by rules • Elements of farce, morality, disregard for time and place • Christopher Marlowe – Development of blank verse
  • 27. England Performances • Began early afternoon; ended just before dusk • Women never on stage; parts played by boys • Attended by all classes of society • Refreshments sold during performances • Audience in a “holiday” mood
  • 28. William Shakespeare • Father of modern drama • Creator of the Globe Theater
  • 29. Shakespeare (Continued) • Wrote tragedies, comedies, etc. • Unified plot • Strong characters and imagery • Perfection with verse form and language – Captured the spirit of ordinary speech – Gave special dignity to characters/situations
  • 30. The Globe Theater • One of four major theaters in England – the other three – Swan, Rose, Hope • Open-air octagonal amphitheater • Seated 3,000 • 3 stories high • Original burned down; was reconstructed before Shakespeare’s death
  • 31. Congratulations!!! You have completed the lecture on the history of theater!!!