1. 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM1,Bangalore

2. Introduction
Alkaloid –containing plants
constitute an extremely varied group
both taxonomically and chemically, a
basic nitrogen being the only unifying
factor for the various classes.
Alkaloids are a group of nitrogen-
containing bases. But few
of them are derived from
purines or pyrimidines,
while the majority of them
are produced from
amino acids .
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM2,Bangalore

3. Alkaloid is term defined from
alkali-like , but this could not be defined
well as these were derivatives from
complex amins , typical alkaloid is
derived from plant source
They are basic
They contain one or
more nitrogen atoms.
Have a marked
physiological action
either on man or on
animal.
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM3,Bangalore

4. The name prototype-alkaloid or
amino alkaloid are applied to
compounds such as hordenine,
ephedrine and colchine which lack one
or more properties of typical alkaloids.
Others which contain synthetic
compounds but are closely related
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM4,Bangalore

5. Position
The position of the nitrogen
atom in the carbon ring varies with
different alkaloids and with different
plant families. In some alkaloids, such as
mescaline, the nitrogen atom is not in a
carbon ring.
Nitrogen
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM5,Bangalore

6. Graphical representation
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM6,Bangalore

7. History
The first isolations of alkaloids
were in the nineteenth centuary.
Prior to approximately 300 years ago the first one
was NICOTINE .Malaria was the scourge of
Europe, likely having been introduced through the
Middle East. To over come the disease cinchona
was used , this was the first breakthrough where in
an alkaloid was isolated from the bark of cinchona
the “QUININE” which is one among the 31
alkaloids obtained from the cinchona bark.
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM7,Bangalore

8. Earliest alkaloids
1. Narcotine-1803 ----Tobacco
2. Morphine-1806 & 816—Opium
3. Strychnin-1817—Strychous
4. Emetine—1817--
5. Brucine-1819---Strychous
6. Piperine– 1819--
7. Caffine 1819--Coffee
8. Quinine 1820--Cinchona
9. Colchine 1820--
10. Coniine -1826-Hemlock
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM8,Bangalore

9. Coniine
Coniine - 1826 was
the first to have its
structure
established .It was
done by Schiff in
1870 and
synthesized by
Ladenburg in 1889
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM9,Bangalore

10. Distribution
The alkaloid chemistry starts about 150 yrs
back, by the mid 1940s there were about 800
Alkaloids isolated, with the new technologies
by the next 50 yrs we have about 10,000
alkaloids isolated at present, there is more
and more demand of the isolated alkaloids
leading to the discovery of about 10
alkaloids per year. There is rare occurece in
the lower plants like fungi but among the
pteridophytes and gymnosperms the
ephedra and taxus alkaloids have medicinal
value.
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM10
,Bangalore

11. Commonly found in the orders of:
• Centrospermae –(Chenopodiaceae)
• Magnoliales (Lauraceae Magnoliaceae)
• Ranuculales (Berberidaceae)
• Papaverales (Papeverace)
• Rosales (Leguminosae)
• Rutales (Rutaceae)
• Gentales (Apocynaceace)
• Tubiflorae (Boraginaceae, Solanceae)
• Campanulales (Campanulaceae)
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM11
,Bangalore

12. Centrospermae –(Chenopodiaceae)
aaaa
Chenopodium ficifolium - Fig-leaved Goosefoot
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM12
,Bangalore

13. Magnoliales (Lauraceae Magnoliaceae)
Magnoliales
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM13
,Bangalore

14. Ranuculales (Berberidaceae)
Berberis trifoliolata
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM14
,Bangalore

15. Properties
• Well defined crystalline substances.
• Unite to acids to form salts
• They may exist in free state or as N-oxides.
• Consists of elements carbon, hydrogen, and
nitrogen .
• Most of them contain oxygen.
But a few of them are oxygen free , hence they
are liquids .They are coniine from hemlock
(Shukraan) and nicotine from tobacco
(Tambaaku)
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM15
,Bangalore

16. Properties
Apart from these there are a
few of exception of colored
alkaloids like.
•Berberine-Yellow
•Sanguinarine-Copper red
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM16
,Bangalore

17. Properties
Solubility
•The alkolidal salts are have good
solubility in water than in a organic
solvent.
•Free bases are more frequently soluble
in organic solvent than water.
•They have their unique solubility
property like—Quinine sulphate is only
soluble in 1: 1000 parts of water.
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM17
,Bangalore

18. Structure and classification
Based on the chemical structures
there are two
broad classifications.
Heterocyclic
or
Non heterocyclic typical alkaloids
or There are 14 types
atypical alkaloids according to their
Protal kaloids Ring structure.
Biological amines
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM18
,Bangalore

19. Types
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM19
,Bangalore

20. Nonhetrocyclic Alkaloids
 Hordenine—germinating
barley
Mesoline --- Lophophora
williamssi (Cateacea)
Ephedrine-Ephedra spp
(Ephedraceae)
Cholachine—Colchium spp
(Liliaceae)
Erythromycin –Streptomyces
erytreus (Bacteriophyta)
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM20
,Bangalore

21. Nonhetrocyclic Alkaloids
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM21
,Bangalore

22. Heterocyclic alkaloids
Pyrrole and pyrolidine –coca spp
(Erythroxylaceae)
Hygrines---Solanceace
Stachydrine- soya bean and other
leguminosae
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM22
,Bangalore

23. Pyrrolizidine
Symphitine, echimidine-----Symphytum spp
Senecionine , seneciphylline , etc/---Senecio spp
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM23
,Bangalore

24. Pyridine and piperidine
 Trigonella----Fenugreek
 Coniine—Conium maculatum
 Arecoline----Araca catechu
 Lobeline---Lobeliaceae
 Pelletierine---Punica grantum
 Nicotine—Nicotiana tabacum
 Anabasine—Nicotiana glauca
 Pipernine---Piper spp
 Ricinine—Ricinus comunis
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM24
,Bangalore

25. Pyridine and piperidine
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM25
,Bangalore

26. Tropane
 Hyoscyamina,atropine---Dhatura
 Calystegines—convolvulus spp, Morus spp
 Cocaine—Cocoa species
 Pseudo pelletierine—Punica grantum
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM26
,Bangalore

27. Quinoline
 Quinine----Cinchona
Cusparine----Angostura or cusparia
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM27
,Bangalore

28. Isoquinoline
 Papaverine,narcenia,narcotine—Papavera spp
 Corydaline--Corydalis
 Hydrastine , berberine—Numerous genera
 Emetine---Cephaaelis spp
 Tubocurarine—Curare
 Morphine—Papavera spp
 Erythraline—Erythrine spp
 Galanthamine—Leucojum aestivum
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM28
,Bangalore

29. Isoquinoline
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM29
,Bangalore

30. Aporphine
 Boldine---Peumus boldus
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM30
,Bangalore

31. Norlupinane
 Sparteine—Lupine alkaloids
Cystine
Lupanine
Laburnine
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM31
,Bangalore

32. Indole or benzopyrrole
 Ergometrine---Claviceps
 Lysergic acid amine—Rivea corymbosa
 Physostigmine--Physstigma
 Ajmalina,serpentine , reserpine-Rauwolfia spp
 Yohimbine, as pidospermine—Aspidosperma spp
 Vimblastine –Catharanthus roseus
 Calabash---Strychnos spp
 Strychnine , brucin-- Strychnos spp
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM32
,Bangalore

33. Indole or benzopyrrole
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM33
,Bangalore

34. Indolizidine
 Castanospermine-castanspermum
Swainsonine—swainsona spp
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM34
,Bangalore

35. Indazole
Pilocarpine—Pilocarpus spp
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM35
,Bangalore

36. Purine
 Caffine—coca spp
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM36
,Bangalore

37. Theobromine Striodal
 Solanidine---Shoots of potato. Spp
 Veratrum alkamina –Veratrum spp
Conessine—Holarrhea spp
Funtumine—Funtumia spp
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM37
,Bangalore

38. Theobromine --Terpinod
 Aconite—Aconitum spp
Atisine—Delphinium spp
Lyctonie
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM38
,Bangalore

39. Pseudo alkaloids
These are those alkaloids which are
not derived from regular amines.
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM39
,Bangalore

40. Extraction of Alkaloids
There are two major methods for
the extraction of alkaloids.
80
70
60
50
Alkaloids
40
Water
30 Mineral
20
10
0
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM40
1st Qtr ,Bangalore

41. Extraction of Alkaloids
Process A Powdered
material
wa
te r
Alkaloids
Lime
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM41
,Bangalore

42. Extraction of Alkaloids
Process B Powdered
material
Water or aqueous alcohol containing dilute acid
Chloroform Alkaloids
Or other
Organic solvents
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM42
,Bangalore

43. Tests for alkaloids
Precipitation tests with reagents
•Mayer’s-potassiomecric iodide
•Hager’s –saturated solution of picric acid
•Wager’s- solution-iodine in potassium iodide
•Dragendroff ’s-solution of potassium bismuth iodide
A few like caffine (a purine derivative ) does not
precipitate with above reagents , hence it is detected by
mixing the alkaloid material with small amount of
Potassium chlorate and a drop of hydrochloric acid
Purple color is obtained after evaporation of ammonia
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM43
,Bangalore

44. Functions of Alkaloids
1. Act as good potassium intake
media.
2. Transport vehicle
3. Enzyme inhibition
4. To produce alkaloid free drug.
5. Foreign alkaloid
6. Plant metabolism
7. To reduce tissue damage.
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM44
,Bangalore

45. Alkaloids
Dr. Hakim Ajmal Khan (1863–December 29, 1927)
was a noted Indian freedom fighter, renowned physician
and educationalist.Hakim Ajmal Khan and opened a
'dawakhana' in lahore which has its branches throughout
Pakistan. It was opened under the name of 'Dawakhana
Hakim Ajmal Khan Private Ltd' and is running ever
since. Dr. Khan's descendants still live in Lahore.
During his reign the alkaloids were discovered and
isolated and as a tribute named after him by the then
director Dr Salimuzaman Siddique (who was the director
of research council). They were Ajmalinine and
Ajmaline These were used for the treatment of aliments
of nerves and brain , especially was a good
Medicine for blood pressure.
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM45 Amina Ather
Dr
,Bangalore

46. Alkaloids
Ajmalinine
Ajmaline
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM46 Amina Ather
Dr
,Bangalore

47. Thank You
Dr Aamina Ather
09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM47
,Bangalore