3. CNS is a metabolic highly active organ
• ~ 2% of the body weight (3 pounds)
4. CNS is a metabolic highly active organ
• ~ 2% of the body weight (3 pounds)
• ~ 15% of the cardiac output
• ~ 20% of total body O2 consumption
• ~ 25% of total body glucose consumption
5. CNS is a metabolic highly active organ
• ~ 2% of the body weight (3 pounds)
• ~ 15% of the cardiac output
• ~ 20% of total body O2 consumption
• ~ 25% of total body glucose consumption
All biological activity is associated with production of waste products
6. CNS is a metabolic highly active organ
• ~ 2% of the body weight (3 pounds)
• ~ 15% of the cardiac output
• ~ 20% of total body O2 consumption
• ~ 25% of total body glucose consumption
All biological activity is associated with production of waste products
7. CNS is a metabolic highly active organ
• ~ 2% of the body weight (3 pounds)
• ~ 15% of the cardiac output
• ~ 20% of total body O2 consumption
• ~ 25% of total body glucose consumption
All biological activity is associated with production of waste products
Does the brain really recycle all cellular waste products?
46. Conclusion:
•The glymphatic system share many
functions with the system lymphatic
system
•AQP4 deletion suppress clearance of
beta-amyloid by 60%
•Glymphatic clearance peaks during
sleep or anesthesia, when
norepinephrine is low
Implications:
•Macroscopic glymphatic clearance may play a role in neurodegenerative
diseases. Is AQP4 a new therapeutic target?
•Sleep promotes removal of biological waste in CNS
•Glymphatic influx of CSF can also be used to deliver drugs to CNS
47. Jeff Iliff
Lulu Xie
Minghuan Wang
Ditte Lovatt
Nathan Smith
Karl Kasischke
Hongyi Kang
Nancy Oberheim
Martha Windrem
Xioaning Han
Takahiro Takano
Lane Bekar
Arnulfo Torres
Qiwu Xu
Marisa Cotrina
Marie Simard
Xiaohai Wang
Jane Lin
Guofeng Tian
Nanhong Liu
NINDS/NIH, Dana Foundation, Adelson,
Keck Foundation, Mathers Foundation
and NY State
Collaborators:
Helene Benveniste
Alcino Silva
Charles Nicholson
Gerald Dienel
Jian Kang
Klaus Willecke
Bruce Ransom
Steve Goldman
Hinweis der Redaktion
Astrocytes areelectrically non-excitable and have traditionally been regarded as the supportive cell of the brain. The glia field has made tremendous progress over the past decade and we have developed a much more sophisticated view on the multi-faceted function of astrocytes that is so than just 15 years. We know know that astrocytes can mudulatesynapric transmission and play important role in complex cognitive functions such as working memory and sleep – with several of the key studies done here at Penn. One concern is that essential the new data on organization, development, differentiation, and function have been generated in rodent. Even worse, essentially all our understanding of astrocytic calcium signaling and gliotransmissionhas been collected in mice or rat pups.
The influx of tracer can also be studied by injecting the tracer in CM follwoe by perfusion of the brain at various time points thereafter. We have here injected a small red tracer anda larger green tracer and harvested the brain just 5 min later. Most of the larger penetrating arteries are otline and it is clear that the red smaller tracer
The influx of tracer can also be studied by injecting the tracer in CM follwoe by perfusion of the brain at various time points thereafter. We have here injected a small red tracer anda larger green tracer and harvested the brain just 5 min later. Most of the larger penetrating arteries are otline and it is clear that the red smaller tracer
The influx of tracer can also be studied by injecting the tracer in CM follwoe by perfusion of the brain at various time points thereafter. We have here injected a small red tracer anda larger green tracer and harvested the brain just 5 min later. Most of the larger penetrating arteries are otline and it is clear that the red smaller tracer
The influx of tracer can also be studied by injecting the tracer in CM follwoe by perfusion of the brain at various time points thereafter. We have here injected a small red tracer anda larger green tracer and harvested the brain just 5 min later. Most of the larger penetrating arteries are otline and it is clear that the red smaller tracer
Despite decades of effort, one of the biggest mysteries in biology is still why sleep is restorative and conversely why lack of sleep impairs brain functions