5. What is Programming
Language?
• A programming language is an artificial
language designed to communicate
instructions to a machine, particularly a
computer.
• Programming languages can be used to
create programs that control the behavior
of a machine and/or to express algorithms
precisely
6. Mark-up Language
• A mark-up language is a modern
system for annotating a document in
a way that is syntactically
distinguishable from the text.
• The idea and terminology evolved
from the "marking up" of manuscripts,
7. HTML (Hypertext Make-
up Language)
• HTML is a language for creating Web
page. The term markup language
comes from the books publishing
industry. Before a book is type-set
and printed, a copy editor reads the
manuscript and puts mark on it.
These marks tell the compositor how
to format the text .
8. HTML is a language for
describing web page.
• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup
Language.
• HTML is not a programming language, it is
a markup language.
• A markup language is a set of markup
tags.
• HTML uses markup tags to describe web
pages.
9. HTML Tags
• HTML tags are keywords surrounded by
angle brackets like <html>.
• HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b>
and </b>.
• The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the
second tag is the end tag.
• Start and end tags are also called opening
tags and closing tags
10. Boldface Tags
• The two tags <B>
and </B> are
instructions for the
browser. When the
browser sees
these two marks, it
knows that the text
must be boldface.
12. Beginning and ending
tags
• The beginning tag
can have attributes
and values and starts
with the name of the
tag. The ending tag
cannot have attributes
or values but must
have a slash before
the name of the tag.
13. Example of small section of
text marked up in HTML
<h1> Anatidae </h1>
<p>
The family <i>Anatidae</i> includes
ducks, geese, and swans, but
<em>not</em> the closely related
screamers.
</p>
14. XML (Extensible Mark-
up Language )
• Is a meta mark-up language that is now
widely used. XML was developed by the
World Wide Web Consortium, in a
committee created and chaired by Jon
Bosak.
• XML remains a meta-language like
SGML, allowing users to create any tags
needed (hence "extensible") and then
describing those tags and their permitted
15. XHTML (Extensible Hypertext
Mark up Language)
• The language specification
requires that XHTML Web
documents must be well-formed
XML documents – this allows for
more rigorous and robust
documents while using tags
familiar from HTML.
16. Elements
• Syntax
A programming language's surface
form is known as its syntax. Most
programming languages are purely textual;
they use sequences of text including words,
numbers, and punctuation, much like
written natural languages.
17. Elements
• Programming • expression ::= atom |
language syntax is list atom ::= number |
usually defined using symbol number ::= [+-
a combination of ]?['0'-'9']+ symbol ::=
regular expressions ['A'-'Z''a'-'z'].* list ::= '('
(for lexical structure) expression* ')'
and Backus–Naur
Form (for grammatical
structure). Below is a
simple grammar,
based on Lisp:
18. This grammar
specifies the following:
• an expression is either an atom or a list;
• an atom is either a number or a symbol;
• a number is an unbroken sequence of one
or more decimal digits, optionally
preceded by a plus or minus sign;
• a symbol is a letter followed by zero or
more of any characters (excluding
whitespace); and
• a list is a matched pair of parentheses,
with zero or more expressions inside it.
19. Semantics
• The term Semantics refers to the
meaning of languages, as
opposed to their form (syntax).
20. Static Semantics
• The static semantics defines restrictions
on the structure of valid texts that are hard
or impossible to express in standard
syntactic formalisms.
• For compiled languages, static semantics
essentially include those semantic rules
that can be checked at compile time.
21. Dynamic Semantics
• Once data has been specified, the
machine must be instructed to perform
operations on the data
• The dynamic semantics (also known as
execution semantics) of a language
defines how and when the various
constructs of a language should produce a
program behavior.
23. File Organization Terms
and Concepts
Character- consists of a single alphabetic,
numeric or other symbol
Field- a grouping of character into a word, a
group of words, or a complete number, such as
a person’s name or age
Record- a group of related fields
File- a group of records of the same type
Database- a group of logically related files or
object
24. Entity- a person, place, things or event about
which information must be kept
Attribute- a piece of information describing
particular entity
Key Field- a field in a record that uniquely
identifies instances of that record so that it can
be retrieved, updated or sorted.
Query- is a statement you define, which tells the
DBMS to find records that match criteria you
specify
Tuple- a row or record in a relational database
25. Problems with Traditional File
Management System
Data redundancy
Programs data-dependence
Lack of flexibility
Poor security
Lack of data-sharing and availability
26. The Database
Management Approach
Consolidates data records
and objects into databases
that can be accessed by many
different application programs.
27.
28. DATABASE
• It is a collection of data
organized to serve many
applications efficiently by
centralizing the data and
minimizing redundant data.
29.
30. DBMS (Database
Management System)
It is a special software or computer
programs that control the
creation, maintenance and use of database
of an organization and its end users.
DBMS 3 Components:
A data definition language
A data manipulating language
A data dictionary
37. Operational
Databases
Operational Databases are very important to a
business. These databases allow a business to
enter, gather, and retrieve specific company
information. Operational databases can store
different types of information such as training
status, personal employee information, and
previous proposal information. Storing
information in a centralized area can increase
retrieval time for users. Operational databases
are important when information is needed
quickly.
39. Distributed Database
• Distributed database is a database in which storage devices are
not all attached to a common processing unit such as the C.P.U. It
may be stored in multiple computers located in the same physical
location, or may be dispersed over a network of interconnected
computers. Collections of data can be distributed across multiple
physical locations. A distributed database can reside on network
servers on the Internet, on corporate intranets or extranets, or on
other company networks. The replication and distribution of
databases improves database performance at end-
user worksites. To ensure that the distributive databases are up to
date and current, there are two processes: replication and
duplication The replication process can be very complex and time
consuming depending on the size and number of the distributive
databases. This process can also require a lot of time and computer
resources. Duplication on the other hand is not as complicated.
41. External Database
The External Database is the
source of the table that is to be
linked or imported to the current
database, or the destination of a
table that is to be exported.
44. Relational DBMS
• Relational DBMS or RDBMS if the database
relationships are treated in the form of a table. there are
three keys on relational DBMS 1)relation 2)domain
3)attributes. A network means it contains fundamentel
constructs sets or records.sets contains one to many
relationship,records contains fields statical table that is
composed of rows and columns is used to organize the
database and its structure and is actually a two
dimension array in the computer memory. A number of
RDBMSs are available, some popular examples are
Oracle, Sybase, Ingress, Informix, Microsoft SQL Server,
and Microsoft Access.
46. Hierarchical DBMS
• A DBMS is said to be Hierarchical if the relationships among data
in the database are established in such a way that one data item
is present as the subordinate of another one. Here subordinate
means that items have 'parent-child' relationships among them.
Direct relationships exist between any two records that are
stored consecutively. The data structure "tree" is followed by the
DBMS to structure the database. No backward movement is
possible/allowed in the hierarchical database. Hierarchical data
model was developed by IBM in 1968 and introduced in I.M.S.
(Information Management System).This model is like a structure
of a tree with the records forming the nodes and fields forming
the branches of the tree. In the hierarchical model,records are
linked in the form of an organization chart. A tree structure may
establish on-to-many relationship.
48. Network DBMS
• Network DBMS if the relationships among data in the
database are of type many-to-many. The relationships
among many-to-many appears in the form of a network.
Thus the structure of a network database is extremely
complicated because of these many-to-many
relationships in which one record can be used as a key
of the entire database. A network database is structured
in the form of a graph that is also a data structure.
Though the structure of such a DBMS is highly
complicated however it has two basic elements i.e.
records and sets to designate many-to-many
relationships. Mainly high-level languages such
as Pascal, COBOL andFORTRAN etc. were used to
implement the records and set structures.
50. Object-Oriented
Database
• An Object Database (also object-oriented
database management system) is a database
management system in which information is
represented in the form of objects as used
in object-oriented programming. Object
databases are different from relational
databases and belongs together to the
broader database management system. Object
databases have been considered since the early
1980s and 1990s. Object databases' main
usage is in object oriented areas.
51. Trends in Database
Management
Multi dimensional Data Analysis
Data Warehouse
Data mining
Hypermedia in Database on the Web
