2. FYI. This ppt. contains extra stuff that you don’t need to
know on the practical.
But it might help if you remember all of them. =)
References: GOOGLE.
58. Terminology and Functions of Brain Regions
M ain Sen sory Inp u ts Emb ry o nic Brain Region Ad ult Brain Regio n T y p ical M ammalian Function
Olfacto ry sy stem (in clu ding Prosencep h alo n T elencep halon Primary motor cortex,
accesso ry o lfactory sy stem) ( foreb rain) ( e.g., cerebral p rimary sensory co rtex,
hemisp heres & p rimary visual co rtex,
olfactory lo be) p rimary au ditory co rtex &
association areas
Diencep h alo n T halamic relay n uclei fo r
( e.g., ep ip hy sis, ascend ing an d descen ding
thalamus, p ath ways, ep ip hy sis & p ineal,
hy p oth alamus) hy p oth alamus & hy p op h y sis
Visu al sy stem (retin a) M esencep h alo n M esencep h alo n Projection s o f op tic p athway s
( midbrain) ( e.g., sup erior &
inferior colliculi &
geniculates)
Hearin g, v estibular sy stem, Rhomben cep halon M eten cep halon Balance, h earing and
lateral line, (hind brain ) ( e.g., cerebellum) coordin ation
electro recep tion & taste
M yelencep halon Nu clei for termination and
( e.g., medulla origin o f cran ial nerves III-
ob longata) XII; ascen ding and
descen ding spinal p athw ay s
73. The circulatory system of the perch is a typical low pressure single
type system in which the heart is a single pump and there is a single circuit of
blood flow. Venous (deoxygenated) blood from the body is pumped through
the heart forward to the gills. From the gills, where it is oxygenated, the
blood goes directly to the body. Thus the blood makes a single circuit during
which it is pumped, oxygenated, and distributed to the body, before it returns
to the heart. In this pattern of circulation the heart pumps only deoxygenated
blood.
98. Blood passes from the sinus venosus to the atrium and from the atrium to the muscular ventricle.
Contraction of the ventricle allows the blood to enter the conus arteriosus and exits through the ventral
aorta. From the ventral aorta, the blood goes to the gills through the four pairs of branchial arteries.
The afferent branchial arteries enter the capillary beds in the lamallae found in the gills. Here, the blood is
oxygenated which then goes to the efferent branchial arteries. The blood exits the efferent branchial
arteries to be carried into the dorsal aorta. Arteries carry the oxygenated blood to the rest of the organs
and tissue of the head, trunk, and caudal regions.
Perch has two divisions to its venous system. They are the hepatic portal system and the systemic veins.
In the hepatic portal system, veins carry the blood from the stomach, intestine, and other visceral organs.
From these organs, the blood is then transported to the capillary beds in the liver. The hepatic vein
collects the blood through posterior cardinals so the blood can be transported to the sinus venosus and to
the heart for another round of circulation.
The systemic veins system consists of an anterior cardinal veins and posterior cardinals. The veins
transport blood from the head while the posterior cardinals move blood from the posterior areas.
144. Sinus Venosus – Dorsal to the ventricle, this is a thin walled, non-
muscular sac which acts as a collecting place for deoxygenated
blood.
Atrium – Similar to the atrium of a human.
Ventricle – The main contracting chamber of the heart.
Conus Arteriosus – A muscular reservoir that empties after the
ventricle contracts. It gives the blood flow an added boost.
Esophagus – The connection between the pharynx to the stomach.
In the shark the esophagus is very short and wide.
145. Stomach – This J-shaped organ is composed of a cardiac portion which lies near to the heard
and a limb portion which is after the bend of the stomach. The stomach ends at the pyloric
sphincter – a muscular ring which opens or closes the stomach into the intestine. The pyloric
sphincter can be felt if you choose to find it.
Duodenum – This is a short section immediately caudal from the stomach. It receives liver
secretions known as bile from the bile duct.
Liver – The liver is composed of three lobes, two large and one smaller. The gall bladder is
located within the smaller lobe. The bladder stores the bile secreted by the liver.
Pancreas – Divided into two parts: The ventral pancreas, which is easily viewed on the
ventral surface of the duodenum and the dorsal pancreas which is long and thin located
behind the duodenum and extends to the spleen.
Spiral Intestine – Located cranially from the duodenum and distinguished by the extensive
network of arteries and veins over its surface.
Rectum – This is the short end portion of the digestive tract between the intestine and the
cloaca. The rectum stores solid wastes.
Spleen – Located just caudal to the stomach and proximal (before) to the spiral intestine.
This organ is not part of the digestive tract, but is associated with the circulatory system.
146.
147. Kidneys – The shark has two dark-colored kidneys on either side of the midline. The shark
regulates its urinary system in a way unique compared to most other vertebrates. The shark
kidney extracts urea from urine and returns the urea to the blood. In this way the water
pressure of the shark’s body fluids are maintained as high as that of sea water.
Rectal Glands – These are tube-like extensions of the rectum. This gland controls the salt
concentration within the body. Excess salt is secreted into the gland tubule. Via the central
gland cavity, salt is released into the rectum for expulsion.
Archinephric Ducts – In females these are the ducts that drain into the cloaca through the
urinary papilla. In the male shark, this duct transports both urine and sperm (not
necessarily at the same time). This duct is much easier to find on the males than it is in
females. Also in the male shark the ducts enlarge caudally to form the seminal vesicle.
Accessory Urine Ducts – In general, these are absent in female sharks. In males these ducts
drain the caudal portion of the kidneys. These are found dorsal to the seminal vesicles.
148. Male Genital System (Figure 12)
Testes – The testes are oval in shape and are dorsal to where the liver was. This
organ is where male gametes are produced.
Epididymis – The cranial part of the kidney that collects sperm.
Vas Deferens (Archinephric duct) – A highly coiled tube that carries sperm to the
seminal vesicle.
Seminal Vesicle – An enlarged section of the vas deferens that dds secretions to the
sperm.
Sperm Sacs – A pair of small sacs created by invaginations of the seminal vesicles
that receives sperm and seminal secretions from the seminal vesicle.
Siphon – Produces a secretion that is expelled with the aid of the clasper during
mating.
149.
150. Female Genital System
Ovaries – Two cream colored organs that were dorsal to the liver and are on each side of the
mid-dorsal line. Depending on the maturity of your specimen, it may or may not show eggs
within each ovary. The eggs move into the body cavity and then into the oviducts when they
are ready to be fertilized. .
Oviducts – Elongated tubes that lay dorsal and lateral along the body cavity. These
structures are very prominent in mature sharks. Both oviducts share a common opening to
the body cavity called the ostium.
Shell Gland – Found at the cranial end of the oviducts. This gland secretes a thin shell
around a group of eggs and is a reservoir for sperm storage. Eggs are fertilized in this gland
as they pass through.
Uterus – The enlarged caudal end of the oviduct. It is here that eggs develop.
151.
152.
153.
154. Shark External Pelvic Region
1. pelvic fins
2. cloaca
3. urinary papilla
4. urogenital papilla
5. claspers
FEMALE MALE
155. Shark Urogenital System
1. liver
2. stomach
3. lateral abdominal vv.
4. mesorchium
5. left testis
6. kidneys
7. ductus deferens
8. seminal vesicles
9. dorsal aorta
10. posterior cardinal vein
11. right ovary
12. mesovarium
13. right oviduct
14. right & left uterus
15. mesotubarium
16. cloaca
17. intestine
183. 1. Liver
2. Pyloric Portion of the Stomach
3. Pancreas
4. Vulvular Intestines
5. Spleen
6. Lesser Curvature of the Stomach
7. Greater Curvature of the Stoma
8. Body of the Stomach
9. Cardiac Curvature of the Stomac
10. Esophagus
11. Duodenum
184. 1. right lobe of liver
2. median lobe of liver
3. left lobe of liver
4. gall bladder
5. common bile duct
6. hepatic portal vein
7. cardiac region of stomach
8. body region of stomach
9. pyloric region of stomach
10. pylorus
11. ventral lobe of pancreas
12. dorsal lobe of pancreas
13. duodenum
14. valvular intestine
15. colon
16. cloaca
17. spleen
18. gastrosplenic ligament
19. gastrohepatic ligament
20. mesentery
228. Review and Quiz Yourself
Rat Dissection
THORACIC CAVITY
1. Trachea
2. Heart
3. Lung
4. Diaphragm
Source #2
229. Review and Quiz Yourself
Rat Dissection
HEART
1. Right
Atrium
2. Right
Ventricle
3. Left
Atrium
4. Left
Ventricle
Source #2
230. Review and Quiz Yourself
Rat Dissection
THORACIC
CIRCULATION
1. Jugular Vein
2. Carotid Artery
3. Superior Vena
Cava
4. Ascending
Aorta
5. Atrium (right)
6. Ventricles
Source #2
231. Rat Dissection
ABDOMINAL
CAVITY
• You should be familiar with the order of the parts of the alimentary canal. Following
the path that food would take, we would pass through:
– Oral Cavity
– Pharynx
– Esophagus
– Stomach
– Pyloric Sphincter
– Small Intestine
• Duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum
– Large Intestine
• Cecum
• Colon
- Ascending Limb
- Transverse Limb
- Descending Limb
• Rectum
– Anus
Source #1
232. Review and Quiz Yourself
Rat Dissection
ABDOMINAL
CAVITY
1. Liver
2. Stomach
3. Pancreas
4. Duodenum
5. Small
Intestines
6. Cecum
7. Urinary
Bladder
Source #2
241. Review and Quiz Yourself
Rat Dissection
ANATOMICAL
TERMS
NAME THAT FUNCTION:
Here’s a word bank
1. Toward the midlineMedial to help you out:
2. Toward the back (upper surface of body) Caudal
Dorsal
Caudal Cranial
3. Toward the tail Distal
4. Toward the side Lateral Dorsal
Lateral
Distal
5. Farthest from the point of attachment Medial
Ventral
6. Toward the belly (underside of body) Proximal
Ventral
Proximal
7. Closest to the point of attachment
Cranial
8. Toward the head
242. Review and Quiz Yourself
Rat Dissection
ANATOMICAL
TERMS
NAME THAT FUNCTION:
1. The term referring to bending of a joint
Flexion
2. The term referring to movement of an
Adduction
appendage toward the long axis of the
body Extension
3. The term referring to straightening of a
joint Abduction
4. The term referring to movement of an
appendage away from the long axis of
the body
243. Review and Quiz Yourself
Rat Dissection
ORGAN FUNCTION
NAME THAT ORGAN:
1. The whiskers, which have a sensory function Vibrissae
Here’s a
word bank to
2. The flap-like external ear that directs sound Pinna you out:
help
waves into the ear opening Mesentery
3. Paired openings leading into the nose Nares Nares
Peritoneum
Viscera
4. Organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities Pinna
SeptumSeptum
5. A partition or wall separating 2 cavities
Mesentery
Vibrissae
6. A membrane which suspends the organs Viscera
7. Shiny membrane that lines the abdominal Peritoneum
cavity
244. Review and Quiz Yourself
Rat Dissection
ORGAN FUNCTION
NAME THAT MUSCLE: Here’s a word bank
to help you out:
1. Abducts the thigh Biceps Femoris Gluteus Maximus
or
Biceps Brachii
2. Extends the forelimb Triceps Brachii Biceps Femoris
3. Constricts the abdomen External ObliquesExternal Obliques
4. Closes the jaw Masseter Gastrocnemius
Gluteus Maximus
5. Adducts the thigh Gracilis Gracilis
6. Flexes the forelimb Biceps Brachii Latissimus Dorsi
7. Masseter
Draws the forelimb toward the chest Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Major
8. Extends the foot Gastrocnemius Triceps Brachi
9. Moves the forelimb dorsally + caudally Latissimus Dorsi
245. Review and Quiz Yourself
Rat Dissection
ORGAN FUNCTION
NAME THAT ORGAN:
1. Produces WBC’s (White blood cells) Thymus Gland bank
Here’s a word
to help you out:
2. Moves food in mouth and tastes Tongue Diaphragm
3. Organs for gas exchange Lungs Hard Palate
4. Lungs
Windpipe leading from pharynx to lungs Trachae
Soft Palate
5. Bony anterior roof of mouth Hard Palate Teeth
6. Muscular sheet that separates the Thymus Gland
thoracic and abdominal cavities Diaphragm Gland
Thyroid
Tongue
7. Incisors (biting) and molars (grinding) Teeth
Trachea
8. Muscular posterior roof of mouth Soft Palate
9. Affects metabolic rate and body growth Thyroid Gland
246. Review and Quiz Yourself
Rat Dissection
ORGAN FUNCTION
NAME THAT ORGAN: Here’s a word
1. Produces insulin for glucose metabolism Pancreashelp you
bank to
2. Aids in digestion of proteins Stomach out:
3. Food tube from pharynx to stomach Esophagus Cecum
Esophagus
4. Digests and absorbs nutrients Small Intestines
Large Intestine
5. Folds in stomach that help mix food Rugae Liver
Liver
6. Secretes bile, cleans blood, stores glycogen Pancreas
7. Cleans blood, removes old RBC’s Spleen Small Intestine
Spleen
8. Reabsorption of water Large Intestine Stomach
9. Blind pouch where ileum joins colon CecumRectum
Rugae
10. End of intestines, compaction of feces Rectum
247. Review and Quiz Yourself
Rat Dissection
ORGAN FUNCTION
NAME THAT ORGAN:
1. Removes wastes + excess H20 from blood Here’s a help you
Kidney
bank to
word
2. Houses developing fetuses Uterine Horn out:
3. Produces and stores sperm Testes Bladder
4. Stores urine before excretion Bladder Kidney
Ovary
5. Secretes a fluid that aids sperm
survival and motility Prostate Prostate
Scrotum
6. Produces eggs Ovary Seminal Vesicle
7. Carry urine from kidney to bladder Ureter Testes
Ureter
8. Secretes a fluid that nourishes sperm Seminal Vesicle
Uterine Horn
9. Sac that holds the testes Scrotum
248. Review and Quiz Yourself
Rat Dissection
ORGAN FUNCTION
NAME THAT ORGAN:
1. Takes blood from heart to lungs Pulmonary Artery bank
Here’s a word
to help you out:
2. Large veins take blood to right atrium Vena Cava Aorta
Abdominal
3. Top chambers, receive blood Atria Aorta
4. Membrane around heart Pericardial Sac Atria
5. Artery taking blood to head Common Carotid Carotid
Common
Pericardial Sac
6. Bottom chambers that pump blood out Ventricles Artery
Pulmonary
7. Largest artery taking blood from left ventricle Artery
Renal Aorta
8. Lower descending aorta takes Vena Cava
Ventricles
blood to lower trunk and legs Abdominal Aorta
9. Takes blood to kidneys Renal Artery
255. Answers Heart
Back to heart
45. Coronary arteries and Back to system index
veins
46. Right atrium
47. Right ventricle
48. Left atrium
49. Left ventricle
50. Pulmonary trunk
51. Ductus arteriosus
52. Aortic arch
53. Aorta
54. Precava
55. Postcava
271. Answers to Urinary system
8. Urogential opening male (see sex determination)
109. Kidney Back to index
110. Hilus
111. Ureter Back to excretory 1
112. Bladder
Back to excretory 2
113. Urethra
114. Cortex
115. Medulla
116. Pelvis of kidney
117. Calyx
118. Renal pyramid
119. opening urethra female(see sex determination)
275. Answers Female Reproductive
7. Genital papilla Back to index
101. Ovary
102. Oviducts
103. Horns of uterus Back to female 1
104. Uterus Back to female 2
105. Cervix
106. Vagina Back to female 3
107. Urogential sinus
108. Opening of urethra
280. Answers to male reproductive
Back to index
8. Urogential opening
90. Scrotum Male reproductive 1
91. Testical or testes
Male reproductive 2
92. Epididymus
93. Gubernaculum Male reproductive 3
94. Vas deferens
95. Inguinal canal Male reproductive 4
96. Penis (Urethra)
97. Cowper’s gland
98. --
99. Seminal vesicles
100. Prostate gland
End show
