Blood, lymphatic,

© 1996 West Publishing Company Slide 15 -Slide 15 - 11
Blood, Lymphatic,Blood, Lymphatic,
and Immune Systemsand Immune Systems
Chapter 15Chapter 15

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes,Erythrocytes, Leukocytes,
and Thrombocytesand Thrombocytes
Platelets (thrombocytes):purplePlatelets (thrombocytes):purple
RBC (erythrocytes): redRBC (erythrocytes): red
WBC (leukocytes)WBC (leukocytes)
Monocytes: orangeMonocytes: orange
Lymphocytes: greenLymphocytes: green

Composition of BloodComposition of Blood
• The average human being hasThe average human being has more that 10 pints of bloodmore that 10 pints of blood inin
the body.the body. 55%55% of the blood is made up ofof the blood is made up of plasmaplasma constitutingconstituting
thethe fluid part of the bloodfluid part of the blood. The. The cells and plateletscells and platelets that arethat are
present in our blood make up thepresent in our blood make up the other 45%other 45%
Plasma—55%Plasma—55%
Red blood cellsRed blood cells
PlateletsPlatelets
White blood cellsWhite blood cells
45%45%

Stem CellsStem Cells
•AllAll blood cellsblood cells are produced in theare produced in the bone marrow.bone marrow.
•Bone MarrowBone Marrow looks like a network of tiny littlelooks like a network of tiny little
connected caves...similar to a honeycomb.connected caves...similar to a honeycomb.
•Inside, are someInside, are some parent cellsparent cells calledcalled Stem CellsStem Cells..
• A Stem Cell can divide itself and produce a twin.A Stem Cell can divide itself and produce a twin.
•ThisThis process of cell divisionprocess of cell division is calledis called mitosismitosis..
ThroughThrough mitosismitosis, the, the Stem CellStem Cell can keep on creatingcan keep on creating
more and more Stem Cells just like itself.more and more Stem Cells just like itself.
•Stem CellStem Cell can actuallycan actually "differentiate""differentiate" intointo red cellsred cells,,
white cellswhite cells andand platelets!platelets!

Hemopoetic Stem CellsHemopoetic Stem Cells
Genetically treated stem cells, when reintroduced into theGenetically treated stem cells, when reintroduced into the
patient's body are expected to naturally travel through the bloodpatient's body are expected to naturally travel through the blood
stream to the bone marrow. Re-established there, these DNAstream to the bone marrow. Re-established there, these DNA
treated and/or corrected stem cells are anticipated to producetreated and/or corrected stem cells are anticipated to produce
millions of blood cell offspring with the desired effectmillions of blood cell offspring with the desired effect

White Blood Cells (WBC) LeukocytesWhite Blood Cells (WBC) Leukocytes
• White blood cellsWhite blood cells are an important part theare an important part the immuneimmune
systemsystem. Their. Their rolerole is tois to defend the body againstdefend the body against
infectioninfection byby pathogenspathogens..
• White blood cellsWhite blood cells are capable of passing through theare capable of passing through the
walls ofwalls of capillariescapillaries in order to attack, kill and consumein order to attack, kill and consume
intruderintruder pathogens!pathogens!
• Types ofTypes of leukocytesleukocytes
− lymphocytelymphocyte TT cellscells
− lymphocytelymphocyte BB cellscells
− MonocytesMonocytes
− granulocytesgranulocytes

• GranulocytesGranulocytes contain littlecontain little granulesgranules in theirin their
cytoplasmcytoplasm, or, or cell mattercell matter..
− neutrophilsneutrophils,, basophilsbasophils andand eosinophilseosinophils
− GranulocytesGranulocytes recognizerecognize signalssignals that enemythat enemy
germsgerms send out when theysend out when they invadeinvade the bodythe body
• MonocytesMonocytes andand lymphocyteslymphocytes dodo notnot contain anycontain any
granulesgranules..
− granulocytesgranulocytes detect an enemydetect an enemy germgerm, they and, they and
thethe monocytesmonocytes find it and eat itfind it and eat it (phagocytosis(phagocytosis))
− monocytemonocyte examinesexamines the bits of protein thethe bits of protein the
germgerm was made ofwas made of to see howto see how it was putit was put
togethertogether
− monocytemonocyte calls on thecalls on the lymphocytelymphocyte TT cellcell (or(or
HelperHelper TT cellcell) which learns to recognize what) which learns to recognize what
the germ looks like.the germ looks like.

• TheThe lymphocytelymphocyte TT cellcell then engages the help of thethen engages the help of the
lymphocytelymphocyte BB cellcell whichwhich makes a special weaponmakes a special weapon calledcalled
anan antibodyantibody to use against theto use against the germgerm..
− lymphocytelymphocyte BB cellcell produces copy after copy of theseproduces copy after copy of these
antibodiesantibodies
• When theWhen the antibodyantibody finds its target, thefinds its target, the germgerm is stunned,is stunned,
wounded and killed.wounded and killed.
• Then theThen the granulocytegranulocyte andand monocytemonocyte move in to finish itmove in to finish it
offoff
• There are betweenThere are between 7,000 to 25,000 white cells7,000 to 25,000 white cells in ain a singlesingle
drop of blooddrop of blood

• GranulocytesGranulocytes
− NeutrophilsNeutrophils
− BasophilsBasophils
− EosinophilsEosinophils
• AgranulocytesAgranulocytes
− Monocytes (phagocytes)Monocytes (phagocytes)
− LymphocytesLymphocytes
> T-cell lymphocyteT-cell lymphocyte
> B-cell lymphocyteB-cell lymphocyte
SummarySummary

Platelets (thrombocytes)Platelets (thrombocytes)
• help prevent bleedinghelp prevent bleeding andand make bloodmake blood
clotclot when a blood vessel is brokenwhen a blood vessel is broken
• plateletsplatelets looklook round and smoothround and smooth, but, but
when they get busywhen they get busy plugging up cuts andplugging up cuts and
woundswounds they become kind ofthey become kind of spiky andspiky and
raggedragged around the edges.around the edges.
• When anWhen an injuryinjury occurs to aoccurs to a blood vesselblood vessel
wallwall, the, the plateletsplatelets respond by literallyrespond by literally
throwing themselves over thethrowing themselves over the cutcut toto formform
aa temporary plugtemporary plug within minuteswithin minutes slowingslowing
the lossthe loss ofof bloodblood
• plateletsplatelets alsoalso attract a proteinattract a protein found infound in
plasmaplasma calledcalled fibrinfibrin and use it to formand use it to form aa
dense nettingdense netting that trapsthat traps red blood cellsred blood cells
and quicklyand quickly becomes a clotbecomes a clot

Blood clottingBlood clotting
Blood clots (fibrin clots) are the clumpsBlood clots (fibrin clots) are the clumps
that results when blood coagulates.that results when blood coagulates.

Red blood cells (erythrocytes, RBC))Red blood cells (erythrocytes, RBC))
• The scientific name for red blood cells
is Erythrocytes. They are formed in the
bone marrow and are created by a
Stem Cell.
• Red cells are the most numerous of all
blood cells in the blood. They are
produced at a rate of 4-5 billion every
hour in an adult human!
• When a red cell matures, it ejects its
nucleus before entering the
bloodstream.
• It ends up looking a little like a
doughnut, but without a hole in the
middle. Red cells are 7-8 microns in
diameter. Yet, they are the heaviest
particles in the blood.

The role of red cells is to absorb
oxygen through the little alveoli
in your lungs and deliver it to all
the muscles, tissues and organs
in your body.

To do this, they travel through
large arteries and tiny capillaries.
Sometimes the capillaries are so
small, the red cells have to
squeeze and bend themselves in
half to get through in order to
release their load of oxygen!
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a protein
that carries oxygen.
RBCsRBCs

Erythrocytes (RBCs)Erythrocytes (RBCs)
But that's only half the trip! Because after they deliver the
oxygen, the red blood cells pick up a CO2, a waste product.
Then they make the return trip back to the lungs through the
veins where the CO2 can finally be released every time you
breathe out! Then, the red blood cells start the trip all over
again.
If you're wondering how long it takes to
accomplish a round-trip... it takes, on
average... only 30-45 seconds! Red blood
cells have a life span of about 120 days.
Then they die and are removed from
circulation by the spleen.

PlasmaPlasma
• TheThe blood cellsblood cells are mixed together in a slightlyare mixed together in a slightly
yellowish liquid calledyellowish liquid called PlasmaPlasma..
• PlasmaPlasma is mostly made up ofis mostly made up of waterwater, but also contains, but also contains
proteinsproteins,, sugarsugar andand saltsalt..
• In addition toIn addition to carryingcarrying blood cellsblood cells throughout yourthroughout your
body,body, plasmaplasma also carriesalso carries hormoneshormones,, nutrientsnutrients andand
chemicalschemicals, such as, such as ironiron..
• PlasmaPlasma has the important function of maintaining thehas the important function of maintaining the
pHpH of theof the bloodblood at approximately 7.4.at approximately 7.4.

•Cheat SheetCheat Sheet
-cytosis-cytosis slight increase in the number of cellsslight increase in the number of cells
-emia-emia abnormal increase in the number of cellsabnormal increase in the number of cells
-penia-penia abnormal decrease in the number of cellsabnormal decrease in the number of cells
1.1. LeukocytosisLeukocytosis
2.2. ErythrocytosisErythrocytosis
3.3. ThrombocytosisThrombocytosis
4.4. AgranulocytosisAgranulocytosis
5.5. LeukopeniaLeukopenia
6.6. ErythropeniaErythropenia
7.7. ErythremiaErythremia
8.8. LeukemiaLeukemia
9.9. ThrombocytopeniaThrombocytopenia
10.10. PancytopeniaPancytopenia
A.A. Slight increase in the number of ALL blood cellsSlight increase in the number of ALL blood cells
B.B. Decrease in the number of plateletsDecrease in the number of platelets
(thrombocytes)(thrombocytes)
C.C. abnormal, excessive, uncontrollable increase inabnormal, excessive, uncontrollable increase in
the number of white blood cellsthe number of white blood cells
D.D. Abnormal increase in the number of RBCAbnormal increase in the number of RBC
E.E. Abnormal decrease in the number of RBCAbnormal decrease in the number of RBC
F.F. Slight increase in the number of WBCSlight increase in the number of WBC
G.G. Slight increase in the number of thrombocytesSlight increase in the number of thrombocytes
(platelets)(platelets)
H.H. Slight increase in the number of RBCSlight increase in the number of RBC
I.I. Slight increase in the number of agranulocytes (aSlight increase in the number of agranulocytes (a
type of WBC)type of WBC)
J.J. Abnormal decrease in the number of WBCAbnormal decrease in the number of WBC

Laboratory TestsLaboratory Tests
TypeType DescriptionDescription
complete blood count (CBC)complete blood count (CBC) ofof
number of erythrocytes,number of erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and thrombocytesleukocytes, and thrombocytes
in blood, also measures percentin blood, also measures percent
of red blood cells and amountof red blood cells and amount
of hemoglobinof hemoglobin
hematocrit (HCT)hematocrit (HCT)
percentagepercentage of erythrocytesof erythrocytes inin
volume of bloodvolume of blood
hemoglobin (Hb; Hgb)hemoglobin (Hb; Hgb)
measures themeasures the amountamount of hemo-of hemo-
globinglobin in a sample of bloodin a sample of blood
lipid profilelipid profile determination ofdetermination of

Laboratory TestsLaboratory Tests
TypeType DescriptionDescription
partial thromboplastin timepartial thromboplastin time
coagulation test whichcoagulation test which
(PTT)(PTT) measures time formeasures time for
sample of blood to clotsample of blood to clot
following addition offollowing addition of
thromboplastinthromboplastin
platelet countplatelet count measuresmeasures
amount of platelets in sample ofamount of platelets in sample of
bloodblood
prothrombin time (PT)prothrombin time (PT)
coagulation test whichcoagulation test which
measures time for clotmeasures time for clot
formation following addition offormation following addition of

LaboratoryLaboratory
ResultsResults
Abnormal levels areAbnormal levels are
shown byshown by **
Compare result withCompare result with
numbers innumbers in
( ….)( ….)
results Reference values

You knowYou know
this stuff!this stuff!
1.1. HematopoiesisHematopoiesis
2.2. HemolysisHemolysis
3.3. HemostasisHemostasis
4.4. MorphologyMorphology
5.5. ThrombolysisThrombolysis
6.6. HyperchromiaHyperchromia
7.7. ThrombosisThrombosis
8.8. SpherocytosisSpherocytosis
9.9. PolychromiaPolychromia
10.10. HyperbilirubinemiaHyperbilirubinemia
11.11. ErythropoiesisErythropoiesis
chrom/o—color spher/o—rounded
morph/o—shape lysis—destruction
poiesis—manufacture stasis--stoppage
A.A. Stoppage or controlling of bloodStoppage or controlling of blood
B.B. Manufacture of RBCManufacture of RBC
C.C. Excessive amounts of bilirubin in the bloodExcessive amounts of bilirubin in the blood
D.D. Abnormal condition of clots, blood clotAbnormal condition of clots, blood clot
E.E. Red blood cells of many colorsRed blood cells of many colors
F.F. Slight increase in the number of roundedSlight increase in the number of rounded
RBCRBC
G.G. Breakdown of a clot that is already formedBreakdown of a clot that is already formed
H.H. Describing RBC that are over pigmentedDescribing RBC that are over pigmented
I.I. Destruction of RBCDestruction of RBC
J.J. Manufacture of blood cellsManufacture of blood cells
K.K. Study of shapeStudy of shape

AnemiaAnemia
• Anemia is a broad term used to describe eitherAnemia is a broad term used to describe either
an abnormally low amount of blood in circulation,an abnormally low amount of blood in circulation,
low hemoglobin or a decreased number of redlow hemoglobin or a decreased number of red
blood cells (RBCs)blood cells (RBCs)
− Blood lossBlood loss
− Impaired RBC productionImpaired RBC production
− Increased destruction of RBCIncreased destruction of RBC
− Iron deficiencyIron deficiency
− impaired Hg synthesis (sideroblastic anemia,impaired Hg synthesis (sideroblastic anemia,
thalassemia [genetic], sickle cell anemia [genetic])thalassemia [genetic], sickle cell anemia [genetic])
− Vitamin b-12 deficiency (pernicious anemia)Vitamin b-12 deficiency (pernicious anemia)

Blood TypesBlood Types
• Blood typesBlood types are based on specificare based on specific proteinsproteins calledcalled antigensantigens that arethat are
found on the surface of red blood cells, andfound on the surface of red blood cells, and antibodiesantibodies found infound in
plasma.plasma.
• There areThere are fourfour basic blood types:basic blood types:
− 1.1. Type AType A with A antigen on the red cells and anti-B antibodies in thewith A antigen on the red cells and anti-B antibodies in the
plasma.plasma.
− 2.2. Type BType B with B antigen on the red cells and anti-A antibodies in thewith B antigen on the red cells and anti-A antibodies in the
plasma.plasma.
− 3.3. Type ABType AB with both A and B antigens on the red cells and neitherwith both A and B antigens on the red cells and neither
anti-A nor anti-B in the plasma.anti-A nor anti-B in the plasma.
− 4.4. Type OType O with no A or B antigens on the red cells and both anti-A andwith no A or B antigens on the red cells and both anti-A and
anti-Banti-B antibodies in the plasma.antibodies in the plasma.
• If you are aIf you are a Type AType A person, you do not carry antibodies against A markers.person, you do not carry antibodies against A markers.
But you do have antibodies against Type B blood.But you do have antibodies against Type B blood.
• If you are aIf you are a Type BType B person, you have antibodies against Type A cells.person, you have antibodies against Type A cells.
• If you are aIf you are a Type OType O, you have antibodies against both Type A and B!, you have antibodies against both Type A and B!
Distribution of bloodDistribution of blood
types in the UStypes in the US

Rh factorRh factor
• protein substanceprotein substance present in the red blood cells of mostpresent in the red blood cells of most
people, capable of inducing intensepeople, capable of inducing intense antigenic reactionsantigenic reactions..
• TheThe red blood cells of the 85%red blood cells of the 85% (later found to be 85%(later found to be 85%
of the white population and a larger percentage ofof the white population and a larger percentage of
blacks and Asians) contains the protein and isblacks and Asians) contains the protein and is RhRh
positive.positive.
• The blood of theThe blood of the remaining 15%remaining 15% lacked the factor andlacked the factor and
was typedwas typed Rh negative.Rh negative.
• Under ordinary circumstances, the presence or lack ofUnder ordinary circumstances, the presence or lack of
the Rh factor has no bearing on life or health. It is onlythe Rh factor has no bearing on life or health. It is only
when the two blood types are mingled in an Rh-when the two blood types are mingled in an Rh-
negative individual that the difficulty arises,negative individual that the difficulty arises, since thesince the
Rh factor acts as an antigen in Rh-negative persons,Rh factor acts as an antigen in Rh-negative persons,
causing the production of antibodies.causing the production of antibodies.
− Destruction of the cells (hemolysis) eventually resultsDestruction of the cells (hemolysis) eventually results

Sickle cell anemiaSickle cell anemia
Red blood cells areRed blood cells are sicklesickle
shapedshaped rather than biconcave,rather than biconcave,
body'sbody's immune systemimmune system
recognizes them asrecognizes them as abnormalabnormal
and destroys them byand destroys them by
phagocytosisphagocytosis,, reducing theirreducing their
life spanlife span
Phagocyte--Phagocyte--
Any cell thatAny cell that
ingests andingests and
destroys foreigndestroys foreign
particlesparticles

Erythroblastosis FetalisErythroblastosis Fetalis
•Can occur whenCan occur when mother is Rh- and fathermother is Rh- and father
is Rh+is Rh+
•Blood cellsBlood cells from the unborn baby (fetal redfrom the unborn baby (fetal red
blood cells) canblood cells) can cross over into thecross over into the
mother's bloodstreammother's bloodstream, especially at, especially at
delivery.delivery.
•If theIf the blood typesblood types of mother and baby areof mother and baby are
incompatible,incompatible, the mother's immune systemthe mother's immune system
manufactures antibodiesmanufactures antibodies against the baby'sagainst the baby's
blood.blood.
•Usually, this incompatibility is not a factorUsually, this incompatibility is not a factor
in a first pregnancyin a first pregnancy
•In later pregnancies,the mother'sIn later pregnancies,the mother's
antibodies will attack the fetal red bloodantibodies will attack the fetal red blood
cellscells. If this happens, the fetus or baby can. If this happens, the fetus or baby can
suffer severe health effects and may die.suffer severe health effects and may die.
The use ofThe use of RhoGamRhoGam hashas
greatly reduced the incidence ofgreatly reduced the incidence of
RH hemolytic diseaseRH hemolytic disease
*28wks, and after birth*28wks, and after birth
*destroys any red blood cells*destroys any red blood cells
from baby that have entered thefrom baby that have entered the
bloodblood

Intrauterine transfusion forIntrauterine transfusion for
erythroblastosis fetaliserythroblastosis fetalis
Transfusions are performedTransfusions are performed
using type O, Rh negativeusing type O, Rh negative
bloodblood
After the fetal blood type isAfter the fetal blood type is
determined, it maydetermined, it may
occasionally be possible tooccasionally be possible to
use maternal blooduse maternal blood
Perinatal survival rates forPerinatal survival rates for
severely isoimmunizedseverely isoimmunized
fetuses followingfetuses following
intravascular transfusion areintravascular transfusion are
reported in excess of 85%.reported in excess of 85%.
infant's blood is withdrawn
and the fresh, pre-warmed
blood or plasma is injected.

Polycythemia VeraPolycythemia Vera
•AnAn abnormal increase in blood cellsabnormal increase in blood cells ((primarily red blood cellsprimarily red blood cells))
resulting from increased blood cell production by the boneresulting from increased blood cell production by the bone
marrow.marrow.
•Causes a slowing of circulation andCauses a slowing of circulation and thickening of bloodthickening of blood
•It is aIt is a rarerare disorder, occurring more frequently in men, and isdisorder, occurring more frequently in men, and is
rarely seen in those under 40 years oldrarely seen in those under 40 years old
Percentage of RBCs in the blood may
become so high that the blood ceases toblood ceases to
flow in some smaller vessels andflow in some smaller vessels and
capillariescapillaries. In this photomicrograph, the
RBCs are densely packed together

HemophiliaHemophilia
genetic disordergenetic disorder
characterized by dysfunctioncharacterized by dysfunction
of blood-clotting mechanismof blood-clotting mechanism
SymptomsSymptoms
•BruisingBruising
•SpontaneousSpontaneous bleedingbleeding
•Bleeding into joints andBleeding into joints and
associated pain andassociated pain and swellingswelling
•Gastrointestinal tract and urinaryGastrointestinal tract and urinary
tract hemorrhagetract hemorrhage
•Blood in the urineBlood in the urine or stoolor stool
•Prolonged bleeding from cuts,Prolonged bleeding from cuts,
tooth extraction, and surgerytooth extraction, and surgery
Tx—coagulants--Tx—coagulants-- Replace missingReplace missing
clotting factors to aid in clottingclotting factors to aid in clotting
process-process-

Bone marrow biopsy, bone marrow aspirationBone marrow biopsy, bone marrow aspiration
A small amount ofA small amount of bone marrowbone marrow is removed during a boneis removed during a bone
marrow aspiration. The procedure ismarrow aspiration. The procedure is uncomfortable,uncomfortable, butbut
can be tolerated by both children and adults. The marrowcan be tolerated by both children and adults. The marrow
can be studied to determine thecan be studied to determine the cause of anemia, thecause of anemia, the
presence of leukemia or other malignancypresence of leukemia or other malignancy

Bone marrow transplantBone marrow transplant
Autologous (vs allogenic)Autologous (vs allogenic) bonebone
marrow transplantmarrow transplant

Human embryonic stem cellsHuman embryonic stem cells

Human embryonic Stem CellsHuman embryonic Stem Cells
The researchers' next major goal is to figure out how to directThe researchers' next major goal is to figure out how to direct
the stem cells to become whatever kind of cell they want.the stem cells to become whatever kind of cell they want.

Pharmaceutical AgentsPharmaceutical Agents
AgentAgent DescriptionDescription
antithrombotic therapy, anticoagulants (“blood thinners”)antithrombotic therapy, anticoagulants (“blood thinners”)
preventsprevents clot formationclot formation
by interfering with clottingby interfering with clotting
mechanism E.g—baby aspirin,mechanism E.g—baby aspirin,
Coumadin, heparinCoumadin, heparin
thrombolytic agents (strokes, Mis)thrombolytic agents (strokes, Mis) eliminateseliminates clotclot by breakingby breaking
down fibrin (urokinase,down fibrin (urokinase,
streptokinase, TPA_streptokinase, TPA_

The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System

Lymph VesselsLymph Vessels
•Contain lymph--Contain lymph--clear-to-clear-to-
whitewhite fluidfluid made ofmade of chylechyle
(fluid from the intestines(fluid from the intestines
after digestion whichafter digestion which
containscontains proteinsproteins andand fatsfats),),
some red blood cells, andsome red blood cells, and
many white blood cells,many white blood cells,
especiallyespecially lymphocyteslymphocytes..
• LymphocytesLymphocytes are the cellsare the cells
thatthat attack bacteriaattack bacteria in thein the
blood.blood.
•lymphatic systemlymphatic system filtersfilters
fluid from around cellsfluid from around cells
Major function of lymph is to transportMajor function of lymph is to transport
WBC to body to fight infectionWBC to body to fight infection

Lymph nodesLymph nodes
lymph nodes must be able tolymph nodes must be able to
"dump" their phagocytes"dump" their phagocytes
(infection-fighting leukocytes(infection-fighting leukocytes
store there) quickly into thestore there) quickly into the
general blood streamgeneral blood stream
Lymph nodes act as aLymph nodes act as a
filtration systemfiltration system——
PhagocytesPhagocytes engulf andengulf and
destroy bacteriadestroy bacteria in thein the
lymph—a process known aslymph—a process known as
phagocytosisphagocytosis

Body Areas ServedBody Areas Served
by the Two Lymph Ductsby the Two Lymph Ducts

Immune SystemImmune System (Slide 1 of 4)(Slide 1 of 4)
• Primary organs
− Red bone marrowRed bone marrow wherewhere B-lymphocytesB-lymphocytes (B cells) mature(B cells) mature
− Thymus glandThymus gland wherewhere T-lymphocytesT-lymphocytes (T cells) mature, spleen is(T cells) mature, spleen is
the major organ in which antibodies are synthesized andthe major organ in which antibodies are synthesized and
released into circulation.released into circulation.
• Secondary organsSecondary organs
− SpleenSpleen whichwhich removes foreign agentsremoves foreign agents fromfrom bloodblood
− Lymph nodesLymph nodes which removewhich remove foreign agents fromforeign agents from lymphlymph
ThymusThymus
SpleenSpleen

• Nonspecific Defense SystemNonspecific Defense System (Protects body against(Protects body against
infection in generalized way)infection in generalized way)
− SkinSkin protects body organs against invasion fromprotects body organs against invasion from
foreign matterforeign matter
− Mucous membraneMucous membrane linings of digestive, respiratory,linings of digestive, respiratory,
urinary, and reproductive tractsurinary, and reproductive tracts
− PhagocytesPhagocytes are attracted to infected region toare attracted to infected region to
destroy invaders by phagocytosisdestroy invaders by phagocytosis
− Natural killer cellsNatural killer cells destroy cancerous cells or virus-destroy cancerous cells or virus-
infected cellsinfected cells

• Nonspecific Defense System (continued)Nonspecific Defense System (continued)
− ProteinsProteins
> InterferonInterferon is released by cells that are infected byis released by cells that are infected by
a virus, signals nearby healthy cells to resist virala virus, signals nearby healthy cells to resist viral
replicationreplication
> Assists in the process of phagocytosisAssists in the process of phagocytosis and actsand acts
directly, in some cases, todirectly, in some cases, to rupture bacteria cellsrupture bacteria cells

• Specific Defense SystemSpecific Defense System (Uses WBCs that have(Uses WBCs that have
specialized roles in fighting particular invaders)specialized roles in fighting particular invaders)
− T-lymphocytes (killerT-lymphocytes (killer or cytotoxic) destroy infectedor cytotoxic) destroy infected
cells directly by disturbing the cell's plasmacells directly by disturbing the cell's plasma
membranemembrane
− B-lymphocytesB-lymphocytes produce proteins called antibodiesproduce proteins called antibodies
which are released into body fluids to combatwhich are released into body fluids to combat
specific bacterial cellsspecific bacterial cells

How it works…How it works…

MatchingMatching
1.1. LymphangitisLymphangitis
2.2. LymphangiogramLymphangiogram
3.3. LymphocyteLymphocyte
4.4. LymphopeniaLymphopenia
5.5. ThymectomyThymectomy
6.6. SplenectomySplenectomy
7.7. Autoimmune diseasesAutoimmune diseases
8.8. LymphedemaLymphedema
9.9. LymphoblastLymphoblast
10.10. lymphadenopathylymphadenopathy
A.A. diseases in which the body's own cells insteaddiseases in which the body's own cells instead
of foreign cells are attacked by immune systemof foreign cells are attacked by immune system
B.B. Surgical removal of the thymusSurgical removal of the thymus
C.C. Abnormal decrease in the number ofAbnormal decrease in the number of
lymphocyteslymphocytes
D.D. Surgical removal of the spleenSurgical removal of the spleen
E.E. Immature lymphocyteImmature lymphocyte
F.F. Inflammation of the lymphatic vesselsInflammation of the lymphatic vessels
G.G. Swelling of the lymph vessels due to lymphaticSwelling of the lymph vessels due to lymphatic
obstructionobstruction
H.H. Disease process of the lymph nodesDisease process of the lymph nodes
I.I. X-ray of the lymph vessels using contrastX-ray of the lymph vessels using contrast
mediamedia
J.J. WBC that fights infectionWBC that fights infection

LymphedemaLymphedema
• Swelling of the lymph vessels due to lymphatic obstructionSwelling of the lymph vessels due to lymphatic obstruction
Post-mastectomyPost-mastectomy
ElephantiasisElephantiasis--lymphedema usually--lymphedema usually
affecting the legs or external genitals. Inaffecting the legs or external genitals. In
tropical countries the most common causetropical countries the most common cause
isis filariasisfilariasis, infestation with certain filaria,, infestation with certain filaria,
small parasitic roundwormssmall parasitic roundworms

AnaphylaxisAnaphylaxis
acute hypersensitivity reaction to an antigenacute hypersensitivity reaction to an antigen
• hypersensitivity; allergie—hypersensitivity; allergie—side effects of defense system'sside effects of defense system's response to anresponse to an
antigenantigen
• AnaphylaxisAnaphylaxis is a sudden, severe,is a sudden, severe, potentially fatal, systemic allergicpotentially fatal, systemic allergic
reactionreaction that can involve various areas of the body (such as the skin,that can involve various areas of the body (such as the skin,
respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and cardiovascular system)respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and cardiovascular system)
• SymptomsSymptoms usuallyusually occur within minutes to two hours after contact withoccur within minutes to two hours after contact with
the allergy-causing substancethe allergy-causing substance
• Individuals withIndividuals with asthma, eczema, or hay feverasthma, eczema, or hay fever are atare at greater relative riskgreater relative risk
of experiencing anaphylaxisof experiencing anaphylaxis
• CommonCommon causescauses of anaphylaxis includeof anaphylaxis include::
− FoodFood
− MedicationMedication
− Insect stingsInsect stings
− latexlatex
• TreatmentTreatment--Epi-pen (--Epi-pen (EpinephrineEpinephrine) and Benadryl) and Benadryl

Autoimmune diseaseAutoimmune disease
body's own cells instead of foreign cells arebody's own cells instead of foreign cells are
attacked by immune systemattacked by immune system
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Myasthenia gravis (MG)Myasthenia gravis (MG)
• Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (sensitivity to own platelets!)Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (sensitivity to own platelets!)
• Thyrotoxicosis (Graves' disease)Thyrotoxicosis (Graves' disease)
• Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM or Type I diabetes)Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM or Type I diabetes)
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Rheumatoid arthritisRheumatoid arthritis
• PsoriasisPsoriasis
• Crohn’s diseaseCrohn’s disease
In some autoimmune diseases, B cellsB cells
mistakenly make antibodies against tissues ofmistakenly make antibodies against tissues of
the body (self antigens)the body (self antigens) instead of foreign
antigens. Occasionally, these autoantibodies
either interfere with the normal function of
the tissues or initiate destruction of the
tissues.

Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeAcquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
AIDSAIDS
• AIDSAIDS is anis an immunodeficiencyimmunodeficiency
disorderdisorder caused by a virus thatcaused by a virus that
destroys helper T cellsdestroys helper T cells and that isand that is
harbored in macrophages as wellharbored in macrophages as well
as helper (T4) T cells.as helper (T4) T cells. The AIDSThe AIDS
virusvirus (HIV) splices its DNA into(HIV) splices its DNA into
the DNA of the cell it infectsthe DNA of the cell it infects; the; the
cell is thereafter directed to churncell is thereafter directed to churn
outout new virusesnew viruses..
• SymptomsSymptoms:: lymphadenopathy,lymphadenopathy,
fatigue, fever, weight loss,fatigue, fever, weight loss,
opportunistic infection,opportunistic infection, splenomegalysplenomegaly

Opportunistic diseases of AIDSOpportunistic diseases of AIDS
Kaposi's sarcoma (15% AIDS pts)Kaposi's sarcoma (15% AIDS pts)
rare form of cancer of the lining ofrare form of cancer of the lining of
blood capillariesblood capillaries
Mycobacterium aviumMycobacterium avium anan
opportunistic infectionopportunistic infection
complex infectioncomplex infection amongamong
AIDS patientsAIDS patients
non-Hodgkin's lymphomanon-Hodgkin's lymphoma
malignant tumor of lymphatic tissuesmalignant tumor of lymphatic tissues
with enlargement of lymph nodeswith enlargement of lymph nodes
Pneumocystis carinii parasitePneumocystis carinii parasite
parasite that causes an opportunisticparasite that causes an opportunistic
type of pneumoniatype of pneumonia
tuberculosistuberculosis commoncommon
opportunistic disease among AIDSopportunistic disease among AIDS

Kaposi’s sarcomaKaposi’s sarcoma
•Rare vascular tumorRare vascular tumor
• Kaposi's sarcoma isKaposi's sarcoma is
seen in 15% of AIDSseen in 15% of AIDS
patients in the Unitedpatients in the United
States.States.
•frequently on the facefrequently on the face
and trunkand trunk

Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeAcquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)(AIDS)
TreatmentTreatment (focused on life extension and symptom(focused on life extension and symptom
reduction)reduction)
TransmissionTransmission
– ThroughThrough contaminated body fluidscontaminated body fluids exchangedexchanged
through close or intimate contactthrough close or intimate contact
– No evidence transmission through casual socialNo evidence transmission through casual social
contactcontact
– Sexual contact, contaminated syringes and needles,Sexual contact, contaminated syringes and needles,
contaminated blood, contaminated donor organs,contaminated blood, contaminated donor organs,
infected maternal-fetal transmissioninfected maternal-fetal transmission

Blood, lymphatic,

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