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Good Ppt On Risk
1.
GI-TAV 22 Bremen
17-Feb-2005 Page 1 Risk based testing How to choose what to test more and less by Hans Schaefer hans.schaefer@ieee.org - What is risk - Factors determining damage - Factors determining probability - A simple method to calculate risk - Risk management in test projects: Risks before, during and after the test Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 1 The duty of testing “It shall be the duty of managers to make decisions and the duty of engineers to make them informed ones.” Jukka Talvio, Development Manager, F-Secure Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 2 © Hans Schaefer, 2000
2.
GI-TAV 22 Bremen
17-Feb-2005 Page 2 Why this presentation Because testing is always under pressure Testing is the last thing done in a project (“caboose effect”) You must be able to cut down the least important things Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 3 Strategy Objective: Find the most important defects as early as possible at the lowest price No risk -> No test Business / user / client based decision Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 4 © Hans Schaefer, 2000
3.
GI-TAV 22 Bremen
17-Feb-2005 Page 3 What is risk? The product of the probability, that something negative, a failure, will happen, and the cost, (damage) of the consequences which will then happen. RISK Damage Probability of failure (cost of failure) Quality Usage frequency Damage / Use (failure rate / defect density) Risk:= You don’t know what will happen but you do know the probabilities Uncertainty = You don’t even know the probabilities. Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 5 Determining probability of failure Probability of failure Quality Functional volume (failure rate / defect density) (how much is “in there”) Probability = defect density / volume Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 6 © Hans Schaefer, 2000
4.
GI-TAV 22 Bremen
17-Feb-2005 Page 4 Risk definition • Damage – Catastrophic: Loss of lives, loss of license – Financial, loss of (faith of) clients, damage to corporate identity – Impact on other functions or systems – Detection and repair time • Probability of failure – Globally = complexity / (estimated) size – In detail = knowledge of development project (just before testing) • Risk = Damage * Probability R( f ) = P( f ) * C ( f ) Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 7 Risk analysis • Applicable on the level of – system – subsystem – individual function or module (e.g. insert new entry into phone database) • Fundamental problems: – Difficult to measure – Failure to account for risk compensation (people compensate for greater safety by taking more risks) Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 8 © Hans Schaefer, 2000
5.
GI-TAV 22 Bremen
17-Feb-2005 Page 5 Risk analysis • Risk analysis should lead to a limited number of classes of approximately equal risks (3-5) • Quality characteristics: What is the probability that failures will happen and the damage for – functional defects – bad performance ISO/IEC Std 9126 as checklist – bad usability – low maintainability – ... Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 9 Risk based Test - Practice Before the Test: Identify what is critical Test identifies areas with lots of detects “Top-20” 1 2 Extra Testing: - Extra Test by product specialist - automated regression test - ... 3 Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 10 © Hans Schaefer, 2000
6.
GI-TAV 22 Bremen
17-Feb-2005 Page 6 Prioritization for the first test Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 11 Product Risks: What to think about Damage factors: • Which functions and attributes are critical? – (essential for the business success to reduce the business risk). • How visible is a problem in a function or attribute? (for customers, users, people outside) • How often is a function used? • Can we do without? • Legal consequences Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 12 © Hans Schaefer, 2000
7.
GI-TAV 22 Bremen
17-Feb-2005 Page 7 Failure probability: What is (presumably) worst? – Complex areas – Time pressure – Changed areas – Areas which needed optimizing – Number of people involved – Areas with many defects before – Turnover – Geographical spread – New technology, solutions, – History of prior use methods – Local factors - New tools Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 13 Do not forget Can we test ONLY PART of the product? Other versions later? Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 14 © Hans Schaefer, 2000
8.
GI-TAV 22 Bremen
17-Feb-2005 Page 8 How to calculate priority of risk areas? Assign weights to the chosen factors. (1 - 3 - 10) Assign points to every area and factor (1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5) Calculate the weighted sum (damage * probability). The spreadsheet does not contain the “surprise” factor, but that can be added. Spreadsheet Download: http://home.c2i.net/schaefer/testing/riskcalc.hqx Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 15 Example Damage Probability Area to test Usage Visibility Complexity Geography Turnover SUM frequency Weight 3 10 3 1 3 1125 Function A 5 3 2 4 5 1530 Function A 5 3 5 4 5 performanc e Function B 2 1 2 2 5 368 FB 1 1 4 2 5 377 usability 572 Function C 4 4 3 2 0 Function D 5 0 4 1 1 240 Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 16 © Hans Schaefer, 2000
9.
GI-TAV 22 Bremen
17-Feb-2005 Page 9 What is the formula? Risk = Damage * Probability Damage = (Weight for impact factor 1 * value for this factor + Weight for impact factor 2 * value for this factor + + + Weight for impact factor n * value for this factor ) Probability = (Weight for probability factor 1 * value for this factor + Weight for probability factor 2 * value for this factor + + + Weight for probability factor n * value for this factor ) Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 17 The mathematics behind it It works well enough. We may actually be on a logarithmic scale (humans assigning points do so), which means we should ADD instead of MULTIPLY. The highest weighted sums -> thorough testing Middle weighted sums -> ordinary testing Low weighted sums -> light testing Make sure you use your head! Analyze unexpected results! Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 18 © Hans Schaefer, 2000
10.
GI-TAV 22 Bremen
17-Feb-2005 Page 10 Selecting test techniques Example Reliability 30 State trans test Boundary value, branch coverage Usability 40 Paper review, Usability lab Efficiency 10 No test Flexibility 20 Design review (maintain) Monitoring of repairs Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 19 What to do if you do not know anything about the product? Run a test. Prioritize roughly by risk. First a breadth test (”smoke test”), everything a little, risky items more. (Explore the product). Then prioritize a more thorough test for the second test cycle. Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 20 © Hans Schaefer, 2000
11.
GI-TAV 22 Bremen
17-Feb-2005 Page 11 Another risk based approach: Project risks for the Tester Risks BEFORE Test Risks DURING Test Risks AFTER Test Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 21 Risks BEFORE Testing Bad Quality Many faults overlooked Blocking faults Too many new versions -> Requirements to, and follow up of quality assurance before test Delays -> Alternative plans Lack of knowledge -> Test of earlier versions Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 22 © Hans Schaefer, 2000
12.
GI-TAV 22 Bremen
17-Feb-2005 Page 12 Risks AFTER Testing THESE SHOULD NOT HAPPEN… Customer finds faults. Customer uses the product in new ways. Analysis of necessary reliability! Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 23 Risks in the Test project itself Bad management Lack of qualification Too few or the wrong people, too late Bad coordination Bad cooperation Problems with equipment and tools Medicine: Normal good project management. Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 24 © Hans Schaefer, 2000
13.
GI-TAV 22 Bremen
17-Feb-2005 Page 13 How to make testing cheaper? Good people save time and money Good Prioritization Try to get rid of part of the task... Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 25 Getting rid of work Get someone else to pay for it or cut it out completely! – Who pays for unit testing? – What about test entry criteria? – Less documentation - more exploratory test Cutting installation cost - strategies for defect repair – When to correct a defect, when not? – Rule 1: Repair only defects causing important failures! – Rule 2: Change requests to next release! – Rule 3: Install corrections in groups! – Rule 4: Daily build! Less Test, should the customers pay ???? Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 26 © Hans Schaefer, 2000
14.
GI-TAV 22 Bremen
17-Feb-2005 Page 14 Test reporting, risks and benefits addresses Testing Risks demonstrates n e at re informs about th Project Benefits status Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 27 Risk-based reporting Planned today end star t Residual Risks all risks ‘open’ at the start residual risks of releasing TODAY Progress through the test plan Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 28 © Hans Schaefer, 2000
15.
GI-TAV 22 Bremen
17-Feb-2005 Page 15 References IEEE Standard 1044-2002: Standard Classification for Software Anomalies IEEE Standard 1044.1-2002: Guide to Classification for Software Anomalies Soon to come: IEEE Std. 16085 Standard for Software Engineering - Software Life Cycle Processes - Risk Management -You find them at sales@ieee.org Rex Black, Managing the Testing Process, John Wiley, 2002. (includes CD with a test priority spreadsheet) Hall, Payson: A Calculated Gamble. In STQE Magazine No 1 +2 / 2003. • Stamatis, D.H., Failure Mode and Effect Analysis: FMEA from Theory to Execution, ASQ Quality Press, 2003, ISBN 0-873-895983. Schaefer, Hans: „Strategies for Prioritizing Test“, STAR WEST 1998. http://home.c2i.net/schaefer/testing/risktest.doc James Bach, Risk Based Testing, STQEMagazine, Vol1, No. 6, www.stqemagazine.com/featured.asp?stamp=1129125440 Felix Redmill in „Professional Tester“, April 2003. www.professional-tester.com Tom DeMarco and Tim Lister, quot;Waltzing with Bears: Managing Risk on Software Projects”, 2003. Leveson, N. G. (1995). Safeware: System Safety and Computers. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison Wesley. Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 29 Thank you for listening Questions? Risk based testing © 2005 Hans Schaefer Slide no. 30 © Hans Schaefer, 2000