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DASAR-DASAR
 PEWARISAN
  MENDEL
PENDAHULUAN
 Gregor Johann Mendel abad ke-19
  Percobaan persilangan pada kacang ercis
  (Pisum sativum)→prinsip-prinsip pewarisan
  sifat
 Mendel menyilangkan tanaman kacang
  ercis yang tinggi dengan yang pendek
 Keturunannya memperlihatkan
  nisbah(perbandingan) tanaman tinggi
  terhadap tanaman pendek sebesar 3:1
HUKUM SEGREGASI
    (HUKUM MENDEL I)

☼Pada waktu berlangsung
 pembentukan gamet, tiap pasang
 gen akan disegregasi ke dalam
 masing-masing gamet yang
 terbentuk.
TERMINOLOGI
P→individu tetua
F1 → keturunan pertama
F2 → keturunan kedua
Gen D →gen atau alel dominan
Gen d →gen atau alel resesif
Alel → bentuk alternatif suatu gen yang terdapat pada lokus
(tempat) tertentu.
Gen dominan → gen yang menutupi ekspresi alelnya
Gen resesif → gen yang ekspresinya ditutupi oleh ekspresi
alelnya
heterozigot → Dd
Fenotip →ekspresi gen yang lansung dapat diamati sebagai
suatu sifat pada suatu individu
Genotip →susunan genetik yang mendasari pemunculan suatu
sifat
Persilangan Monohibrid untuk sifat tinggi tanaman
         P:   ♀ Tinggi      x          Pendek ♂
                  DD                      dd
         Gamet     D                       d
                              
         F1 :               Tinggi
                              Dd

         Menyerbuk sendiri (Dd x Dd)
                               
                     F2 :
                  Gamet ♀          D                  d



                Gamet ♂

                    D              DD                 Dd
                                (tinggi)           (tinggi)


                    d              Dd                dd
                                (tinngi)          (pendek)
HUKUM PEMILIHAN BEBAS
              (HUKUM MENDEL II)
    Segregasi suatu pasangan gen tidak bergantung kepada
    segregasi pasangan gen lainnya, sehingga di dalam
    gamet-gamet yang terbentuk akan terjadi pemilihan
    kombinasi gen-gen secara bebas.
   Persilangan Dihibrid
    Persilangan yang melibatkan pola pewarisan dua macam sifat
    seketika
    ex” : Persilangan galur murni Kedelai (Glicyne max)
    berbiji kuning halus dengan galur murni berbiji hijau
    keriput
P:    ♀ Kuning, halus              x           Hijau, keriput ♂
          GGWW                                     ggww
Gamet        GW                                      gw
                                
F1 :                      Kuning, halus
                              GgWw
                       Menyerbuk sendiri (GgWw x GgWw )
                                            
                         F2 :
       Gamet ♂           GW                    Gw                  gW                 gw

Gamet ♀
GW               GGWW                  GGWw                GgWW              GgWw
                 (Kuning, halus)       (Kuning, halus)     (Kuning, halus)   (Kuning, halus)


Gw               GGWw                  GGww                GgWw              Ggww
                 (Kuning, halus)       (Kuning, keriput)   (Kuning, halus)   (Kuning, keriput)
gW               GgWW                  GgWw                ggWW              ggWw
                 (Kuning, halus)       (Kuning, halus)     (Hijau, halus)    (Hijau, halus)
gw               GgWw                  Ggww                ggWw              ggww
                 (Kuning, halus)       (Kuning, keriput)   (Hijau, halus)    (Hijau, keriput)
Gg x Gg     Ww x Ww
               
              3 W-  9 G- W- (kuning, halus)
  3 G-        1 ww  3 G- ww (kuning, keriput)
               3 W-  3 ggW- (hijau, halus)
  1 gg         1 ww  1 ggww (hijau, keriput)

Gambar : Diagram Anak Garpu pada Persilangan Dihibrid
FORMULASI MATEMATIKA PADA BERBAGAI
     PERSILANGAN

Persilangan   Macam   Jumlah     Macam     Macam     Nisbah fenotip F
              gamet   individu   fenotip   genotip



Monohibrid      2        4         2         3             3:1



 Dihibrid       4       16         4         9           9:3:3:1

 Trihibrid      8       64         8         27      27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1




 N hibrid      2n       4n         2n        3n           (3:1)n

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PEWARISAN MENDEL

  • 2. PENDAHULUAN  Gregor Johann Mendel abad ke-19 Percobaan persilangan pada kacang ercis (Pisum sativum)→prinsip-prinsip pewarisan sifat  Mendel menyilangkan tanaman kacang ercis yang tinggi dengan yang pendek  Keturunannya memperlihatkan nisbah(perbandingan) tanaman tinggi terhadap tanaman pendek sebesar 3:1
  • 3. HUKUM SEGREGASI (HUKUM MENDEL I) ☼Pada waktu berlangsung pembentukan gamet, tiap pasang gen akan disegregasi ke dalam masing-masing gamet yang terbentuk.
  • 4. TERMINOLOGI P→individu tetua F1 → keturunan pertama F2 → keturunan kedua Gen D →gen atau alel dominan Gen d →gen atau alel resesif Alel → bentuk alternatif suatu gen yang terdapat pada lokus (tempat) tertentu. Gen dominan → gen yang menutupi ekspresi alelnya Gen resesif → gen yang ekspresinya ditutupi oleh ekspresi alelnya heterozigot → Dd Fenotip →ekspresi gen yang lansung dapat diamati sebagai suatu sifat pada suatu individu Genotip →susunan genetik yang mendasari pemunculan suatu sifat
  • 5. Persilangan Monohibrid untuk sifat tinggi tanaman P: ♀ Tinggi x Pendek ♂ DD dd Gamet D d  F1 : Tinggi Dd Menyerbuk sendiri (Dd x Dd)  F2 : Gamet ♀ D d Gamet ♂ D DD Dd (tinggi) (tinggi) d Dd dd (tinngi) (pendek)
  • 6. HUKUM PEMILIHAN BEBAS (HUKUM MENDEL II) Segregasi suatu pasangan gen tidak bergantung kepada segregasi pasangan gen lainnya, sehingga di dalam gamet-gamet yang terbentuk akan terjadi pemilihan kombinasi gen-gen secara bebas.  Persilangan Dihibrid Persilangan yang melibatkan pola pewarisan dua macam sifat seketika ex” : Persilangan galur murni Kedelai (Glicyne max) berbiji kuning halus dengan galur murni berbiji hijau keriput
  • 7. P: ♀ Kuning, halus x Hijau, keriput ♂ GGWW ggww Gamet GW gw  F1 : Kuning, halus GgWw Menyerbuk sendiri (GgWw x GgWw )  F2 : Gamet ♂ GW Gw gW gw Gamet ♀ GW GGWW GGWw GgWW GgWw (Kuning, halus) (Kuning, halus) (Kuning, halus) (Kuning, halus) Gw GGWw GGww GgWw Ggww (Kuning, halus) (Kuning, keriput) (Kuning, halus) (Kuning, keriput) gW GgWW GgWw ggWW ggWw (Kuning, halus) (Kuning, halus) (Hijau, halus) (Hijau, halus) gw GgWw Ggww ggWw ggww (Kuning, halus) (Kuning, keriput) (Hijau, halus) (Hijau, keriput)
  • 8. Gg x Gg Ww x Ww   3 W-  9 G- W- (kuning, halus) 3 G- 1 ww  3 G- ww (kuning, keriput) 3 W-  3 ggW- (hijau, halus) 1 gg 1 ww  1 ggww (hijau, keriput) Gambar : Diagram Anak Garpu pada Persilangan Dihibrid
  • 9. FORMULASI MATEMATIKA PADA BERBAGAI PERSILANGAN Persilangan Macam Jumlah Macam Macam Nisbah fenotip F gamet individu fenotip genotip Monohibrid 2 4 2 3 3:1 Dihibrid 4 16 4 9 9:3:3:1 Trihibrid 8 64 8 27 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1 N hibrid 2n 4n 2n 3n (3:1)n