Material for the desciplin Lexicology

1. Пединститут ЮФУ
Тема: Lexical Expressive means and stylistic
devices
Волгина Екатерина Андреевна
Кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры теории и
практики английского языка,
Ул.Большая Садовая,33.тел.240-82-09
г.Ростов-на-Дону,28.09.2011.

2. Волгина Екатерина Андреевна
Кандидат филологических наук, доцент
кафедры теории и практики английского
языка,
 Ул.Большая Садовая,33.тел.240-82-09
 г.Ростов-на-Дону,28.09.2011.

3. Основные пункты презентации
 1.Transferrence
 2. Tropes
 3. Figures of quantity
 4. Figures of quality

4. Список источников
• Арнольд И.В.Стилистика. Современный английский
язык. Учебник для вузов (7-ое издание). — М.,
Флинта-Наука. 2007.
• Волгина Е.А. Стилистический анализ. РГПУ, 2004
• Знаменская Т.А. Стилистика английского языка
(основы курса) М. 2002.
• Скребнев Ю. М. Основы стилистики английского
языка М.: Высш.шк., 2002
• Peter Verdonk. Stylistics.Oxford,2003.
• H.C.Widdowson. Practical Stylistics. Oxford University
Press, 1992.

5. Literature on Metaphor
 1.Aristotle. Poetics and Rhetoric
 2. I.A.Richards.The Philosophy of Rhetoric, 1936
 3.Kenneth Burke. Grammar of Motives, 1945
 4.Lakoff G. & M.Johnson. Metaphors We Live By,
1980
 5. Thornbury,S. Metaphors We Work By, 1991
 6. Cameron &Low. Metaphoric Intelligence and
Foreign Language Learning.2001
 7. Robin Tolmach Lakoff. The Language War, 2000.

6. Literature on Metaphor
 Eggigton, W. The English Language
Metaphors We Plan By., 1997.
 Gwynn R. “Captain on My Ship”:
Metaphor and the Discourse of
Chronic Illness” in L.Cameron &
G.Low. 1999

7. LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES (1)
Figures of Quantity: Hyperbole,
Understatement (Meiosis).
Figures of Quality:
Metonymy - based on contiguity,
Metaphor - based on similarity, likeness, affinity,
Irony – two objects are diametrically opposite.

8. Interaction of different
types of lexical meanings
(Galperin)(2)
 Interaction of primary & contextually
imposed meanings=metaphor,
metonomy, irony
 Interaction of logical & emotive
meanings= epithet, oxymoron
 Intensification of a certain feature of a
thing = hyperbole.

9. Epithet (3)-Interaction of
logical and emotive
meaning
 From Greek “epitheton”
 Epithet = an individual emotional
appraisement of an object, state or
action .
 E.g. He found himself waving a school-
masterish finger in front of his face.

10. Epithet (4)
 By an adjective: a monstrous fish
 By participle I or II: crabbed age, a
god- fearing man
 By an of-phrase: an air of indifference
 By an adverb: she glanced at him
furtively

11. EPITHETS
SEMANTIC STRUCTURAL DISTRIBUTIONAL

12. SEMANTIC Standpoint
(6)
 Associated: silvery fur
 Unassociated: silvery laughter

13. STRUCTURAL:(7)
 Composition:
simple- sleepless bay
compound- heart-burning sigh,
phrase epithet in preposition – the sunshine-in-the-
breakfast-room smell,
don’t –you- touch -me look
reversed (Galperin) this devil of a woman,
Or (metaphorical)= the shadow of a smile
Syntactical epithet A dog of a fellow
Her brute of a brother

14. Distributional:
 String epithets: a plump, rosy-
cheeked, wholesome, apple-
faced young woman.
 Transferred epithets:
 sleepless pillow,
 merry hours,
 unbreakfasted morning
 drunken dark

15. Slide 9.Hyperbole
 I was scared to death when he entered the
room.
 The girls were dressed to kill.
 Her family is one aunt about a thousand
years old.

16. Oxymoron (10)
 Interaction of logical and emotive meanings:
 Oxymoron:
 1.“It was you who made me a liar”, she cried silently.
 2.O serpent heart, hid with a flowing face.
 Did ever dragon keep so fair a cave?
 Beautiful tyrant, friend angelical.
 Dove feather’s raven, wolfish – ravening
lamb.
 Despised substance of divinest show.
 Just opposite to what thou justly seems
 A damned saint, an honourable villain

17. METONYMY(11)-interaction of
dictionary and contextual logical
meanings
 She is coming, my life , my fate.
 He made his way through the
perfume and conversation.

18. Metonymy(12)
 1. Language metonymy: the Crown – Monarchy
 the bar –the lawyers
 the pulpit – the priests
 2. Speech metonymy: From the cradle to the grave

19. TYPES of METONYMY (13)
 1. Names of tools instead of names of actions : Give
every man thine ear and few thy voice .
(Shakespeare)
 2. Consequence instead of cause: It (fish)
desperately takes the death.
 3. Characteristic feature of the object: The
moustache was standing by the window.
 Symbol instead of object symbolized:Crown for
King, or Queen.

20. Synecdoche (14)
 Return to her and fifty men dismissed?
 No, rather I abjure all roofs, and
choose
 To wage against the enmity o’ the air,
 To be a comrade with the wolf and
owl.
 Shakespeare, King Lear).
 Hands wanted. All hands on deck.

21. METAPHOR (15)
 Trite: Seeds of evil, to burn with
desire.
 Fresh: He smelled the ever-beautiful
smell of coffee imprisoned in the can.
 They walked along, two continents of
experience and feeling, unable to
communicate.

22. Prolonged Metaphor (16)
 We need you here. It’s a dear old
town, but it’s a rough diamond, and
we need you for the polishing, and
we’re ever so humble…

23. Catachresis (17)
 “For somewhere”, said Poirot to himself,
indulging in an absolute riot of mixed
metaphors, “ there is in the hay a needle,
and among the sleeping dogs there is one
on whom I shall put my foot, and by
shooting the arrow into the air, one will
come down and hit a glass-house”.
 To look for a needle in a haystack,
 To let sleeping dogs lie,
 To put one’s foot down,
 I shot an arrow into the air.

24. Personification (18)
 Now the bright morning-star, day’s harbinger,
 Comes dancing from the East, and leads
with her
 The flowery May, who from her green lap
throws
 The yellow cowslip and the pale primrose.
(Milton, Song on May Morning)

25. Personification (19)
 E.g. But the privations, or rather the
hardships, of Lowood lessened.
Spring drew on; she had indeed
already come, the frosts of winter had
ceased; its snows were melted; its
cutting winds ameliorated.

26. IRONY (20)- from Greek
“eironeia’
 She turned with the sweet smile of an
alligator
 Mr Micawber said in his usual plain
manner.
 Verbal Irony:
 E.g. Last time it was a nice, simple,
European-style war.

27. Irony (21)
 He was fond of everyone who was good
to him – of his pony- of Lord Southdown
who gave him the horse - of Molly, the
cook who told him stories at night – of
Briggs, his mother’s companion whom
he laughed at – and of his father.
(Thackeray, Vanity Fair).

28. Lexical stylistic devices
(22)
 1. Transference and transferred
meaning.
 2. Tropes (stylistic devices) as
figurative, image-bearing stylistic
means.
 3. Classification of tropes in the
English language.
 4.The structural types and functions of
the tropes.

29. Terms for the lecture
“lexical expressive means”
 (23)
Transfer of names
 Transference,
 denomination
 Trope
 Imaginative,
 figurative,
 lingual
 Inconsistent
 Variable
 Contiguity
 Qualitatively
 Quantitatively
 Meiosis
 Epithet
 Metaphor
 Metonymy
 irony

30. Transference and
transferred meaning.
(24)
 1. Transference is the act of name-
exchange, substitution.
 2. Transferred meaning is the
interrelation between two types of
lexical meaning: dictionary and
contextual (Galperin).
 3. Name-exchange, substitution,
interrelation, interaction -= “a transfer
of name” or transference.

31. Tropes (25)
 1. From the Greek “tropos” - “turning”.
 2. Stylistic markers, stylistic devices, figures of
speech, figures of replacement, trope.
 3. Tropes are descriptive, figurative stylistic means.
A tropes is based upon comparison between two
phenomena which resemble each other in certain
features.

32. Screbnev’s theory
 Quantitative deviation is the
overestimation of the dimensions of
the object
 Qualitative deviation is a radical
difference between the usual meaning
of a linguistic unit and its actual
reference

33. Thank you!
Ул.Большая Садовая,33.тел.240-82-09