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Day 5
1.
Unit - 1
Overview of Financial Markets and Institutions Sitaram Dhakal
2.
Overview •
Regulation of FIs • An economy without exchange • Globalization of FMs and FIs • Relationship with financial system
3.
Global Financial Markets •
Financial markets vary among countries in terms of – The volume of funds that are transferred from surplus to deficit units – The types of funding that are available • How financial markets influence economic development – Many foreign countries have converted to market-oriented economies • Allows businesses and consumers to obtain financing – Many Eastern European countries allowed for privatization, the sale of government-owned firms to individuals • Financial markets in these countries ensure that businesses can obtain funding from surplus units Financial Markets and Institutions, 7e, Jeff Madura Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. 3
4.
Global Financial Markets
(cont’d) • Global integration – Many financial markets are globally integrated • Participants move funds out of one country’s market and into another • Foreign investors serve as key surplus units in the U.S. by purchasing securities • U.S. investors serve as key surplus units for foreign countries by purchasing foreign securities – Market movements and interest rates have become more correlated between markets Financial Markets and Institutions, 7e, Jeff Madura 4 Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
5.
Global Financial Markets
(cont’d) • Global integration (cont’d) – Barriers to global integration • Lack of information about foreign companies • Different accounting regulation • Excessive cost of executing international transactions – Financial market integration within Europe • Elimination of regulations • Merging of some European stock exchanges • Adoption of the euro Financial Markets and Institutions, 7e, Jeff Madura Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. 5
6.
Global Financial Markets
(cont’d) • Role of the foreign exchange market – The foreign exchange market facilitates the exchange of currencies – Financial intermediaries serve as brokers and/or dealers in foreign exchange markets – Foreign exchange market • The exchange rate is the market-determined price of a currency – Price changes in response to supply and demand Financial Markets and Institutions, 7e, Jeff Madura Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. 6
7.
Role of Financial
Institutions in Financial Markets • In a perfect market: – All information about any securities for sale in primary and secondary markets would be continuously and freely available to all investors – All information identifying investors interested in purchasing securities as well as investors planning to sell securities would be freely available – All securities are infinitely divisible • Markets are imperfect – Financial institutions are needed to resolve problems created by market imperfections Financial Markets and Institutions, 7e, Jeff Madura Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. 7
8.
Role of Financial
Institutions in Financial Markets (cont’d) • Role of depository institutions – Depository institutions accept deposits from surplus units and provide credit to deficit units – Depository institutions are popular because: • Deposits are liquid • They customize loans • They accept the risk of loans • They have expertise in evaluating creditworthiness • They diversify their loans Financial Markets and Institutions, 7e, Jeff Madura Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. 8
9.
Role of Financial
Institutions in Financial Markets (cont’d) • Commercial banks – Are the most dominant depository institution – Offer a wide variety of deposit accounts – Transfer deposited funds by providing direct loans or purchasing debt securities – Serve both the public and the private sector Financial Markets and Institutions, 7e, Jeff Madura Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. 9
10.
Role of Financial
Institutions in Financial Markets (cont’d) • Savings institutions – Include savings and loan associations (S&Ls) and savings banks – Are mostly owned by depositors (mutual) – Concentrate on residential mortgage loans • Credit unions – Are nonprofit organizations – Restrict their business to credit union members – Tend to be much smaller than other depository institutions Financial Markets and Institutions, 7e, Jeff Madura Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. 10
11.
Role of Financial
Institutions in Financial Markets (cont’d) • Role of nondepository financial institutions – Nondepository institutions generate funds from sources other than deposits – Finance companies • Obtain funds by issuing securities • Lend funds to individuals and small businesses Financial Markets and Institutions, 7e, Jeff Madura Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. 11
12.
Role of Financial
Institutions in Financial Markets (cont’d) • Mutual funds – Sell shares to surplus units – Use funds to purchase a portfolio of securities • Some focus on capital market securities (e.g., stocks or bonds) • Money market mutual funds concentrate on money market securities Financial Markets and Institutions, 7e, Jeff Madura Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. 12
13.
Role of Financial
Institutions in Financial Markets (cont’d) • Securities firms – Broker function • Execute securities transactions between two parties • Charge a fee in the form of a bid-ask spread – Investment banking function • Underwrite newly issued securities – Dealer function • Securities firms make a market in specific securities by adjusting their inventory Financial Markets and Institutions, 7e, Jeff Madura Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. 13
14.
Role of Financial
Institutions in Financial Markets (cont’d) • Insurance companies – Provide insurance policies to individuals and firms for death, illness, and damage to property – Charge premiums – Invest in stocks or bonds issued by corporations Financial Markets and Institutions, 7e, Jeff Madura Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. 14
15.
Role of Financial
Institutions in Financial Markets (cont’d) • Pension funds – Offered by most corporations and government agencies – Manage funds until they are withdrawn from the retirement account – Invest in stocks or bonds issued by corporations or in bonds issued by the government Financial Markets and Institutions, 7e, Jeff Madura Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. 15
16.
Comparison of Roles
among Financial Institutions Deposits Depository Institutions Purchase Individual Finance Surplus Units Securities Companies Purchase Shares Mutual Funds Deficit Units Premiums Insurance Policyholders Companies Employee Employers Contributions Pension Funds Employees Financial Markets and Institutions, 7e, Jeff Madura 16 Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
17.
Thank You
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