2. ENERGY SYSTEM: NEW DRIVING FORCE
High oil
price
Oil Global
depletion SUSTAINABILITY warming
Energy
Air quality
security
3. OIL DEPLECTION
Before oil is exhausted, it will reach a pruduction peak;
this peak can be described as the highest pruduction level in
the history of oil, then a structural decline will start;
it is important to determine the period in which this peaking
will occur, in order to implement mitigating measures;
Predicting the exact timing of peak is a difficoult task due to
the lack of reliable data.
6. GLOBAL WARMING
Global Warming is a global issue that
involves everything and everyone.
One major effect is that natural
disasters will worsen for example as
The main reason for global warming hurricanes and droughts will become
is something that is called the deadly. If people don't react soon and
Greenhouse effect, which is when a take action the world will suffer.
gas called CO2 or also known as
carbon dioxide is released into the
atmosphere and with which the sun’s
rays inevitably cause the Earth to
warm up.
7. ENERGY SECURITY
A degree of self-sufficiency in energy production is seen as
essential to mantain economic and social stability as well as future
prosperity.
8. AIR QUALITY
Air quality is defined as an indication of
the condition of air relative to the
requirements of one or more biotic species Air quality indices (AQI) are numbers
and/or to any human need or purpose. used by government agencies to
characterize the quality of the air at a
given location.
9. THE ITALIAN ENERGY POLICY
market liberalisation;
diversification of energy sources;
transfer of power to the regional authorities;
energy security;
energy efficency;
environmental protection.
10. THE ITALIAN ENERGY POLICY
The Italian energy mix majorly relies on oil and gas imports.
Oil utilization is gradually decreasing, while gas and renewable energies
are registering a trend of growth.
Shares in energy production %
Oil 43.1
Gas 36
Solid fuel 8.6
Renewables 6.8
Electricity (imports) 5.5
11. THE ITALIAN ENERGY POLICY
Final energy uses registered an increase in line with the GDP increase but with
different trends in the different sectors. The transport sector, in particular, showed a
relevant trend of increase.
Sector %
Industry 28
Sector 30
Residential/services 32.1
Others 9.9
12. THE ITALIAN ENERGY POLICY
THE ITALIAN ENERGY POLICY
The Italian power generation and industry sector is pretty unique compared to those of
most industrialised countries.
This is due to the following characteristics:
electricity demand is growing very strongly despite a weak level of economic activity;
this is due to the increase in electricity consumption in the residential and industrial sector
from the current relatively low levels.
Italy has a high dependency on natural gas and fuel oil; these two fuels have the
disadvantage of having prices linked to those of crude oil, which has increased
dramatically in the last three years.
Italy has a very high dependency on electricity imports with respect to other
industrialised countries, with a share of 14% of gross electricity consumption coming from
abroad.
Italy has a low level of consumption of coal and the complete absence of nuclear.
13. THE ITALIAN ENERGY POLICY
1981- Law 308/82 The first National Energy Plan was elaborated-
address the issues of energy efficiency and renewable energies and basis for future public
regulations and financial incentives.
1988- A second National Energy Plan was elaborated-
five objectives for the year 2000:
1.implementation of policies of energy saving and rational use of energy;
2. protection of environmental and human health;
3.development of energy sources;
4. utilization of mixed energy sources and different geopolitical supplies;
5. improvement of competitivness of the production systems.
1999- Italy adopted the European Commission’s White paper on renewbles-
This document gave the state of art of R.E.technologies and indicated policies, strategies
and production targets up to 2008-2012 for each type of sources.
14. THE ITALIAN ENERGY POLICY
Currently, support for renewble energy is based on:
1. Green certificates for energy production.
2. national and regional financial contribution.
3. Fiscal incentives.
4. RECS and certification
16. The hydroelectric power plant converts the Through works of water supply, canals and tunnels branch water is then
hydraulic energy of a watercourse, natural or piped into tanks and loaded, through penstocks, turbines through the
artificial, into electricity. inlet valves (safety) and regulating the flow (distributors) according to
the application for 'energy.
On arrival at the place of
employment, before being
used, the energy passes
back into a transformer that
this time, raises the current
density and lowers the
voltage so as to make it
suitable for domestic use.
The electricity thus obtained must be transformed to be The alternator is directly connected to the
transmitted over long distances. turbine which is installed in accordance with a
Therefore, before being conveyed to transmission lines, provision for vertical or horizontal axis. It is
the electricity passes through the transformer, which basically a rotating electrical machine capable
lowers the intensity of the current produced by the of transforming mechanical energy into
alternator, however, by raising the voltage to thousands of electrical energy received from the turbine
volts.
18. A geothermal power plant consists of an area
where the presence of hot fluids has been
Geothermal energy uses the Earth's internal heat, generated in part detected, with depths varying from 60 to
during the formation of the planet and in part by the decay of 3000 meters from which the vapor present at
radioactive isotopes in the mantle. high temperatures (150-250 °) is extracted by
drilling and then conveyed in a pipeline
The energy possessed by water, allowed to expand in a turbine coupled
The transformation of geothermal energy into to a generator, it is first converted into mechanical energy and then into
electricity can be obtained with different electricity. The exhausted steam is piped to the condenser, where it is
technologies depending on the temperature and converted to water at high temperature, which passes into the cooling
pressure of the hydrothermal system tower, where it is cooled and injected underground.
20. Biomass is a collection of materials of plant origin, waste from
agriculture, livestock, or reused in suitable timber industry power stations to
produce electricity.
21. GASIFICATION
Is a process where the fuel is partially
oxidised and the product is a fuel gas
consisting of CO, CO2, H2, CH4, H2O
PYROLISIS and N2. This fuel gas can be utilized in COMBUSTION
Consists in the an engine, gas turbine or boiler for heat where all the carbon
heating up of the fuel and power production. in the fuel is totally
in the absence of transformed into
oxygen. carbon dioxide and
The product from where the only
this process is product is heat. The
charcoal, pyrolysis heat from the
oil and a fuel gas. combustion process
The pyrolysis oil can can be used directly
be utilized as a fuel or for power
for vehicles or for production.
power production via
engine or gas
turbines.
23. Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of
energy, such as using wind turbines to make electricity.
The total amount of economically extractable power available from the
wind is considerably more than present human power use from all sources.
Wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuel, is plentiful, widely
distributed, clean, and produces no greenhouse emissions.
26. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into
electricity, either directly using
photovoltaic(PV), or indirectly using
concentrated solar (CSP).
Concentrated solar power systems use lenses
or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large
area of sunlight into a small beam.
Photovoltaics convert light into electric current
using photoelectricity.
27. PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT
The photovoltaic effect is the creation of a
voltage (or a corresponding electric current) in
a material upon exposure to light. Though the
photovoltaic effect is directly related to the
photoelectric effect, the two processes are
different and should be distinguished In the
photoelectric effect, electrons are ejected from
a material's surface upon exposure to radiation
of sufficient energy. The photovoltaic effect is
different in that the generated electrons are
transferred between different bands (i.e., from
the valence to conduction bands) within the
material, resulting in the buildup of a voltage
between two electrodes.
28. SOLAR CELLS
Solar cells produce direct current electricity
from sun light, which can be used to power
equipment or to recharge a battery.
The first practical application of photovoltaics
was to power orbiting satellites and other
spacecraft, but today the majority of
photovoltaic modules are used for grid
connected power generation. In this case an
inverter is required to convert the DC to AC.
29. SOLAR PANELS
Photovoltaic panels based on crystalline silicon
modules are being partially replaced in the
market by panels that employ thin-film solar
cells amorphous Si, microcrystalline Si), which
are rapidly growing and are expected to
account for 31 percent of the global installed
power by 2013.
Other developments include casting wafers
instead of sawing-concentrator
modules, 'Sliver' cells, and continuous printing
processes. Due to economies of scale solar
panels get less costly as people use and buy
more — as manufacturers increase production
to meet demands, the cost and price is expected
to drop in the years to come.
32. HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
•PV modules and wind turbines are now widely used in developed
countries to produce electrical power in locations where it might be
inconvenient or expensive to use conventional grid supplies, while other
homeowners who choose the renewable energy sources prefer to connect
their energy system to the grid as a huge ‘battery’ for someconvenient
grid-tied situation.
• However, when electricity grids are non-existent or rudimentary, all
forms of energy can prove very expensive. In such cases, solar and wind
energy can be highly competitive.
• The fact that natural energy resources are intermittent and storage
batteries are expensive, has led to the utilization of so-called hybrid
renewable energy systems.
33. HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
As both wind and solar energy sources are inconsistent and non-stable.
Hybridizing solar and wind power sources together with storage batteries
to cover the periods of time without sun or wind provides a stable form of
power generation.
A wind turbine is a device that
converts kinetic energy from
the wind into mechanical
Photovoltaic or PV cells, known commonly energy. If the mechanical
as solar cells, convert the energy from energy is used to produce
sunlight into DC electricity. electricity (DC), the device
PVs offer added advantages over other may be called a wind generator
renewable energy sources in that they give or wind charger. If the
off no noise and require insignificant mechanical energy is used to
maintenance. drive machinery, such as for
grinding grain or pumping
water, the device is called a
wiindmill or wind punp.
34. HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
Wind-turbines and PV cells provide
DC but most industrial uses of
electricity require AC power.
A semiconductor-based device
known as a power inverter is used
to convert the DC to AC.
