3. Institutional constrains Defective agrarian structure small & fragmented land Zamindari mahalwari ryotwari Low income Low productivity No incentive Uncertainty Exploitation Poverty inequality Agricultural statistics 2004 In 1994-95, Avg.size of land holding 1.42 hec 61.6% total land holdings uneconomical. Reasons : population pressure, law of inheritance, Nuclear family, decline of handicraft industry, debts Effects : non mechanization, low productivity, poverty, further debts

7. Chp. 2 Technological Change in Agriculture The New Agricultural Strategy ( Green Revolution) 1966 : New Technology was introduced which was a package of measures offered to Indian Farmers To increase production and productivity and make India self sufficient and self reliant in food grain production Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP) in 1960-61 in 7 districts Extension in 1966 – Measures undertaken under IADP are 1) use of HYV seeds 2) better water management 3) use of fertilisers & pesticides 4) educating farmers 5) providing better credit & marketing 6) better irrigation 7) better mechnisation

10. Irrigation – major & minor dams, borewells, pumpsets, drip irrigation. In India about 60% of foodgrains production comes from 39% of irrigated area and 40% of remaining production comes from 61% of rainfed area. During 50 years of independence, the Government had spent about 231,400/- crores ( at 1996-97) prices) on major ,medium and minor irrigation works, leading to growth in The country’s irrigation potential from 23 million hectare (1950-51) to 89 million heatare (1996-97) Pest Control – pest control methods have been developed to Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Efffective IPM packages are designed & developed for rice, cotton, sugarcane, pulses, oilseeds etc.

11. FERTILIZERS AND MANURES Production, imports & consumption of chemical fertilizers in India Economic survey 2008-09 YEAR PRODUCTION 000 TONNES IMPORTS 000 TONNES CONSUMPTION 000 TONNES CONSUMPTION PER HECTARE OF CROPPED AREA (KG) 1951-52 39 52 70 0.5 1990-91 11,860 2,760 12,550 76.8 2000 -01 14,750 5,253 16,700 90.1 2006-07 16,096 6,058 21,651 112.2

15. QUESTIONS: WRITE A NOTE ON GREEN REVOLUTION EXPLAIN THE NEW AGRARIAN TECHNOLOGY

18. Floor price/24 crops Jute & sugarcane ANNOUNCEMENT OF ADMINISTERED PRICES Generally Lower than Market price & higher than M.S.P. Lower than Procurement Prices. ( in 2009-10, issue price per quintal for wheat was 610)- & for rice,795/- for APL for BPL, 415/- for wheat & 565/- for rice; for AAY, it was 300/- per quintal)

19. M.S.P.: ANNOUNCED EACH YEAR BY CACP . CONSIDERS MANY FACTORS WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON COST FACTOR; IMPORTANT COST CONCEPTS USED ARE C 2 & C3 costs : C2 = all actual expenses in cash and kind incurred in production by actual owner + rent paid for leased land + imputed value of family labor + interest on value of owned capital assets + rental value of owned land ( net of land revenue). C3 = C2 + 10% of cost to account for managerial remuneration to the farmer . ADMINISTERED PRICES 1. MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICES (M.S.P.)

20. MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICES 2009-10 Rs. PER QUINTAL Source: Department of Agriculture & Cooperation COMMODITY M.S.P. 2010 -11 CROP YEAR COMMODITY M.S..P. 2009-10 CROP YEEAR KHARIF CROP RABI CROP paddy (common) 950 + 60 per quintal bonus Wheat 1,100 Paddy ( grade A) 980 + 50/- per quintal bonus Masur 1,870 Cotton ( F-414/H-777/J-34) 2,500 Other crop Groundnut in shell 2,100 sugarcane 129.84

21. IMPLEMENTATION OF ADMINISTERED PRICES FOOD CORPORATION OF INDIA (FCI) FOR FOODGRAINS NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE MARKETING FEDERATION (NAFED) FOR, CEREALS, PULSES & OILSEEDS COTTON & JUTE CORPORATIONS, TOBACCO BOARD ETC. AGENCIES: NATIONAL CROP FORECASTING CENTRE ( NCFC): IN JAN 1999, TO WATCH PRICES ON PRIMARY GOODS &PUT AN ADVANCED WARNING SIGNAL HIGH POWEREDPRICE MONITORING BOARD : 1999, MONITORING ESSENTIAL COMMODITY PRICES & ANTICIPATING THE NEED FOR GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION TARGETTED PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM : 5 LAKH FPS BUFFER STOCKS: BY FCI & NAFED OF ESSENTIAL COMMODITIES. WAREHOUSING REGULATED MARKETS CREDIT FACILITY