The document provides research on various aspects of ancient Roman culture and history. It discusses movies and characters related to Julius Caesar and the assassination, as well as traditions such as the Dies Lustricus ceremony for newborns. Traditional Roman clothing for men, such as tunics and togas, and clothing for women, including stolas and pallas, are described. Important historical figures involved in the assassination of Julius Caesar are also outlined, including Brutus, Cassius, Calpurnia, and Marc Antony.

1. THE ROMAN EMPIRE
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2. Contents
Assignment Brief
Research
i. Movies and Characters
“Julius Caesar”
“Gladiator”
ii. Cultures and Traditions
“Dies Lustricus”
“Poena Cullei
“Traditional clothing”
iii. Myths
“Aenas”
“Romulus and Remus”
iv. Social Strata
v. Architecture
vi. Summary
Sketch
i. Plot Summary
ii. Script
iii. Key Frames
Costumes
i. Idea drawings
ii. Actual Costume
Reference

3. Research
i. Movies and Characters
“Julius Caesar”
Julius Caesar is a remake of the William Shakespeare classic tale of
the betrayal of the Roman senate against their emperor, the
plotting and scheming that led up to the assassination of the title
character, and all of Rome’s' fickleness towards the events. It
contains very detailed scenes on plotting the assassination of
Julius Caesar, which is one of the important events in the rise of
the Roman Empire.
Who was involved in the assassination?
The assassination involved 60+ senators, including Servillius Casca,
Cassius Longinus and Marcus Brutus.
Why did it happen?
Caesar's reforms greatly enhanced his standing with Rome's
lower- and middle-class populations. But his popularity with the
Senate was another matter. Envy and concern over Caesar's
increasing power led to angst among a number of politicians who
saw in him an aspiring king. History had shown that Romans had
no desire for monarchical rule. Legend had it that by the time
Caesar came to power it had been five centuries since they'd last
allowed a king to rule them.
How did it happen?
Julius’ friends tried to stop him from attending the senatorial meeting His wife, Calpurnia, especially, who
was frightened by some visions in her dreams, clung to him and said that she would not let him go out that
day. But Brutus, one of the conspirators who were then thought of as a firm friend, persuaded him to ignore
the apprehensions.
In the Senate hall, Julius Caesar was surrounded by the conspirators. The chaos started when Tillius Cimber
grabbed Julius’ toga. Servillius Casca made the first stab but missed the other conspirators then started
stabbing him using daggers. There was a total of 32 wounds all over his body with 1 fatal wound on his chest.
What happened after his death?
Two years after his death, he became the first Roman figure to be deified. The senate also gave him the title
"TheDivine Julius".
After his death, his great-grand nephew, Gaius Octavian (later known as Augustus Caesar), assembled an
army to fight back the military troops defending Cassius and Brutus

5. Movie: “Gladiator”
Maximus is a powerful Roman general, loved by the people and
the aging Emperor, Marcus Aurelius. Before his death, the Emperor
chooses Maximus to be his heir over his own son, Commodus, and
a power struggle leaves Maximus and his family condemned to
death. The powerful general is unable to save his family, and his
loss of will allows him to get captured and put into the Gladiator
games until he dies. Theonly desire that fuels him now is the
chanceto rise to the top so that he will be able to look into the
eyes of the man who will feel his revenge.
What was Maximus really like?
Maximus Decimus Meridius is a fictitious character!
Although he did not exist, he seems to be a composite of actual
historical figures. In the film, Maximus was Marcus Aurelius'
general. There was in fact a general by the name of Avidius Cassius,
who was involved in the military campaign shown in the film, and,
upon hearing a rumor of Marcus Aurelius' death, declared himself
emperor. He however, was assassinated by his own soldiers. It is
true that there was, in the later Empire, a General by the nameof
Maximus who appears to have had revolutionary intentions. He is
most likely an inspiration as well.
Maximus also reminds one of the emperor Diocletian. Remember that in the film, Marcus Aurelius names
Maximus as his heir. Diocletian, who ruled Rome from 284 to 305 CE, was born in the lower classes, like
Maximus. He eventually becamehis emperor's trusted favourite and bodyguard, and later became a general.
Finally he was named heir, and thus became emperor.
Commodus, in reality, was not murdered in the arena by Maximus. He was however murdered by a wrestler.
So the character Maximus, whilefictitious, is not that far-fetched. He appears to be collage of other, real,
historical figures.
As for his personality, he was definitely a stoic, as evidenced by his sense of obligation to the state, and
concern for duty and virtue. This makes sense, given his admiration for Marcus Aurelius, who was a stoic
philosopher. One difficulty is, even though many Romans (and not just Christians) believed in an afterlife,
stoics usually did not. So this is problematic with regards to his character in the film.
Gladiatorial Oath
In the sacramentum gladiatorium 'oath of the gladiator' the potential gladiator, slave or hitherto free man,
said "I will endure to be burned, to be bound, to be beaten, and to be killed by the sword" uri, vinciri,
verberari, ferroque necari. This oath bound him so that he was no longer truly free.

6. 10 Facts about Gladiators
1. They weren’t always slaves
2. Gladiatorial bouts were originally part of funeral ceremonies
3. They didn’t always fight to the death
4. The famous ‘thumbs down’ gesture probably didn’t mean death.
5. They were organized into different classes and types.
6. They rarely fought against animals.
7. Women also fought as gladiators.
8. Some gladiators organized themselves into trade unions.
9. Several Roman emperors participated in staged gladiatorial bouts
10. Gladiators often became celebrities and sex symbols.
**Many Roman gladiators were a little on the husky side. Fighters trained their bodies to the limit, but their
carbohydrate-rich diet of barley porridge often saw them pack on fat around their midsection. This extra flab
had a practical purpose, since it helped absorb superficial wounds and protected the gladiator’s vital organs
from injury**

7. Important characters involved.
Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar was born in Rome on 12 or 13 July 100 BC into the prestigious Julian clan. His family were
closely connected with the Marian faction in Roman politics. Caesar himself progressed within the Roman
political system, becoming in succession quaestor (69), aedile (65) and praetor (62). In 61-60 BC he served as
governor of the Roman province of Spain. Back in Rome in 60, Caesar made a pact with Pompey and Crassus,
who helped him to get elected as consul for 59 BC. The following year he was appointed governor of Roman
Gaul where he stayed for eight years, adding the whole of modern France and Belgium to the Roman empire,
and making Rome safe from the possibility of Gallic invasions. He made two expeditions to Britain, in 55 BC
and 54 BC.
Caesar then returned to Italy, disregarding the authority of the senate and famously crossing the Rubicon
river without disbanding his army. In the ensuing civil war Caesar defeated the republican forces. Pompey,
their leader, fled to Egypt where he was assassinated. Caesar followed him and became romantically involved
with the Egyptian queen, Cleopatra.
Caesar was now master of Rome and made himself consul and dictator. He used his power to carry out
much-needed reform, relieving debt, enlarging the senate, building the Forum Iulium and revising the
calendar. Dictatorship was always regarded a temporary position but in 44 BC, Caesar took it for life. His
success and ambition alienated strongly republican senators. A group of 60, led by Cassius and Brutus,
assassinated Caesar on the Ides (15) of March 44 BC. This sparked the final round of civil wars that ended the
Republic and brought about the elevation of Caesar's great nephew and designated heir, Octavian, as
Augustus, the first emperor.
Calpurnia
Calpurnia married Caesar in late 59 BC. Contemporary sources describe her as a humble, often shy woman.
No children resulted from their union. Julia, Caesar's daughter by his first wife, Cornelia, was likely older than
her stepmother, and married Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus around the same time. Following Caesar's death in
44 BC, Calpurnia delivered all Caesar's personal papers, including his will and notes, and his most precious
possessions to the consul Marcus Antonius, one of Caesar's most trusted allies. She never remarried.
According to a tradition reported in some ancient sources, Calpurnia had a premonition about her husband's
murder, and endeavoured in vain to warn him. Unaware that he was one of the conspirators against her
husband, she also asked the praetor Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus to send word to the senate that Caesar
was ill and unable to attend. However, Caesar rejected this plan, and Brutus escorted him into the hands of
his enemies.
Marcus Brutus
Marcus Junius Brutus, also called Quintus Caepio Brutus (born 85 B.C.—died 42 B.C., near Philippi,
Macedonia), Roman politician, one of the leaders in the conspiracy that assassinated Julius Caesar in 44 bc.
Brutus was the son of Marcus Junius Brutus (who was treacherously killed by Pompey the Great in 77) and
Servilia (who later became Caesar’s lover). After his adoption by an uncle, Quintus Servilius Caepio, he was
commonly called Quintus Caepio Brutus.

8. Porcia
Porcia was the daughter of Marcus Porcius Cato Uticencis and his first wife Atilia. She is best known for being
the second wifeof Marcus Junius Brutus, the most famous of Julius Caesar's assassins, and for her suicide,
reputedly by swallowing live coals.
Cassius
Gaius Cassius Longinus (before 85 BC – October 42 BC) was a Roman senator, a leading instigator of the plot
to kill Julius Caesar,[1] and the brother in-law of Marcus Junius Brutus.
Casca
Publius Servilius Casca Longus, Roman tribune in 43 B.C., is the name of the assassin who first struck Julius
Caesar on the Ides of March, in 44 B.C. Thesymbol to strike camewhen Lucius Tilius Cimber grabbed
Caesar's toga and pulled it from his neck. A nervous Casca then stabbed the dictator, but only managed to
graze him around the neck or shoulder.
Marc Anthony
Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony) was born in Rome in 83 B.C. He was related on his mother's side to Julius
Caesar. He was from a prominent noble family and served under Caesar in Gaul (53-50 B.C.). Hewas a main
rival of Octavian, Caesar’s adopted son and legal heir. He was reluctant to pass on Caesar’s legacy to a 17 y-o.
Soon after, Antony formed a second Triumviratewith Octavian and Lepidus to jointly rule the territories.
Antony was given charge on the east and that was which he started a romantic affair with Cleopatra. Antony
ended his own life when he was told that Cleopatra was dead, both of them ended up with a suicidal death.
Augustus Caesar
Augustus Caesar of Rome was born with the given name Gaius Octavius on September 23, 63 B.C. He took
the name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian) in 44 B.C. after the murder of his great uncle, Julius
Caesar. In his will Caesar had adopted Octavian and made him his heir.
Octavian was a shrewd, brilliant and astute politician. Through cold, hard political calculation he was able to
achieve ultimate power in Rome. At the time of Caesar’s assassination, Octavian held no official position.
Only after he marched on Rome and forced the senate to name him consul, was he established as a power to
be reckoned with.

9. Research
ii. Traditions and cultures
Dies Lustricus (Day of Purification)
Dies Lustricus is a ceremony on the eighth or ninth day after the birth of a
newborn. It carries a special meaning for the newborn. Back then, a large
percentage of children didn’t make it past one week due to the healthcare and
technology. Thus, a child is not officially part of the family until dies lustricus
passed. It is a norm that babies that dies within the week is buried without a
name.
On the dies lustricus, relatives, friends, and even slaves offered small metal and clay charms that were strung
together and worn around the neck. These playthings, collectively known as crepundia, entertained the baby
with their rattling and jingling and warded off evil spirits lurking near the child. Furthermore on this day, the
child was exposed to a succession of ritual dangers designed to demonstrate the child’s fitness for
acceptance into a Roman family. And finally, the dies lustricus marked the occasion on which an infant
received his bulla and name.
What is a crepundia?
Tiny metal trinkets strung around the baby’s neck like a rattle presented as gifts by the guests at the lustratio.
What is a bulla?
A bulla is a metallic locket with charms to ward off evil spirits from the newborn. It is a good luck charm that
is worn by children throughout their childhood. Thechildren’s names are often carved on their bulla.
[1] [2] [3]
[1] crepundia; [2] bulla; [3] Dies Lustricus

10. Poena Cullei (Punishment of the Sack)
Poena Cullei is a Roman capital punishment imposed for parricide: the culprit
was drowned in a leather sack together with a cock, a dog, a serpent, and a
monkey
What is parricide?
The act of killing one's father (patricide), or less usually mother (matricide) or
other close relative, but usually not children (infanticide).
The act of killing a person (such as the ruler of one's country) who stands in a
relationship resembling that of a father.
How was Poena Cullei practiced?
The guilty one’s head muffled in a wolf-skin, his feet thrust into wooden shoes. He is whipped until bleeding
profusely, tied up in a sack with a dog, a cock, a viper and a monkey, dragged by black oxen to a body of
water and thrown there to drown. Or let wild animals tear him apart. Or burn him.
Traditional Clothing
Men
Roman men generally wore two garments, the tunica and the toga.
Tunica is a short woolen under garment with short sleeves. Tunics are worn by the people when they’re
within the comforts of their homes. The tunic worn by patrician men was made by white wool while the
poor wears whatever fabric was readily available.
Similar to the toga, distinct tunics were worn to signify one’s title. The length of the garment, the
presence or lack of stripes, as well as their width and ornamentation, would indicate the wearer's status
in Roman society. In addition, a belt would be worn around the waist of the tunica to hold the waist of
the garment snug, giving the impression of a two piece garment
Toga is a distinct Roman garment that only actual citizens are allowed to wear. Its distinct
purpose was to indicate peaceful endeavors, as opposed to the sagum cloak, worn during
times of war. The toga is a large cumbersomerobe like garment of white wool and used
up to 9 yards of material.
Being such a bulky and uncomfortablearticle of clothing, it became customary in later
times to wear it only on state occasions. All togas are not the same and each distinctive type could mark a
Roman’s societal status or title.

12. Women
The stola was a dress worn over the tunic by Roman matrons (married women). It came as low as the
ankles or feet and was fastened round the body by a girdle with broad folds above the breast. The
essential distinction between the tunic and the stola seems to have been that the latter always had an
Instita or flouncesewed to the bottom and reaching to the instep. The stola seems to have been
usually fastened over the shoulder by a Fibula or clasp, and generally had sleeves.
Palla is a traditional ancient Roman mantle worn by women, fastened by brooches. It was
similar to the pallium that a man would wear. The shape was rectangular instead of semi-
circular as with the traditional toga. ThePalla was similar to a shawl that a woman of
today would wear. The palla would come in many colors some including blue, green, and
yellow.
The palla is a single piece of material draped over the shoulders and around the body or
over the head as well.
How to wear a toga (men)?
How to wear a toga (women)?

13. Thumb Signal
The Latin phrasepollice versois used in thecontext of gladiatorialcombat
for a handgesture usedby Ancient Roman crowds topass judgment on a
defeated gladiator.However,the precisetype ofgesturedescribedby the
phrase polliceversoandits meaningareunclear in thehistorical and
literary record.
In modern popularculture,it is assumed that"thumbsdown" wasthe
signalthat a defeatedgladiator shouldbe condemned todeath; "thumbs
up", thathe should bespared.The latter view was popularized by a widely
reproduced paintingby the 19th-century artist Jean-Léon Gérôme, whose Pollice Verso (usually known in English as
"Thumbs Down") depictsa triumphantgladiatorlooking up intothestands for the verdict ofthecrowd.
BathingCulture
Of all the leisure activities, bathing was surely the most important for the
greatest number of Romans, since it was part of the daily regimen for men
of all classes, and many women as well. We think of bathing as a very
private activity conducted in the home, but bathing in Rome was a
communal activity, conducted for the most part in public facilities that in
some ways resembled modern spas or health clubs.
Although wealthy Romans might set up a bath in their town houses or
especially in their country villas, heating a series of rooms or even a
separate building especially for this purpose, even they often frequented the numerous public bathhouses in
the cities and towns throughout the empire. Small bathhouses, called balneae, might be privately owned, but
they were public in the sense that they were open to the populace for a fee, which was usually quite
reasonable. Thelarge baths, called thermae, were owned by the state and often covered several city blocks.
Fees for both types of baths were quite reasonable, within the budget of most free Roman males. Since the
Roman workday began at sunrise, work was usually over at little after noon. About 2:00-3:00 pm, men would
go to the baths and plan to stay for several hours of sport, bathing, and conversation, after which they would
be ready for a relaxing dinner. Republican bathhouses often had separate bathing facilities for women and
men, but by the empire the custom was to open the bathhouses to women during the early part of the day
and reserve it for men from 2:00 pm until closing time (usually sundown, though we occasionally hear of a
bath being used at night). For example, one contract for the management of a provincial bath specified that
the facility would be open to women from daybreak until about noon, and to men from about 2:00 pm until
sunset; although the women got the less desirable hours, their fee was twiceas high as the men's, 1 as (a
copper coin) for a woman and ½ as for a man. Mixed bathing was generally frowned upon, although the fact
that various emperors repeatedly forbade it seems to indicate that the prohibitions did not always work.
Certainly women who were concerned about their respectability did not frequent the baths when the men
were there, but of course the baths were an excellent place for prostitutes to ply their trade.

14. Research
iii. Myths
Aeneas
The national epic of Rome, the Aeneid of Virgil, tells the story of how the
Trojan prince Aeneas came to Italy. The Aeneid was written under Augustus,
who claimed ancestry through Julius Caesar from the hero and his mother
Venus.
According to the Aeneid, the survivors from the fallen city of Troy banded
together under Aeneas, underwent a series of adventures around the
Mediterranean Sea, including a stop at newly founded Carthage under the
rule of Queen Dido, and eventually reached the Italian coast.
The Trojans were thought to have landed in an area between modern Anzio and Fiumicino, southwest of
Rome: probably at Laurentum, or in other versions, at Lavinium, a place named for Lavinia, the daughter of
King Latinus, whom Aeneas married.
Through a series of armed conflicts, the Trojans won the right to stay and to assimilate with the local peoples.
The young son of Aeneas, Ascanius, also known as Iulus, went on to found Alba Longa and the line of Alban
kings who filled the chronological gap between the Trojan saga and the traditional founding of Rome in the
8th century BC.
Toward the end of this line, King Procas was the father of Numitorand Amulius. At Procas' death, Numitor
became king of Alba Longa, but Amulius captured him and sent him to prison; he also forced the daughter
of Numitor, Rhea Silvia, to become a virgin priestess among the Vestals. For many years Amulius was then
the king. The tortuous nature of the chronology is indicated by Rhea Silvia's ordination among the Vestals,
whose order was traditionally said to have been founded by the successor of Romulus, Numa Pompilius
Romulus and Remus
The icon of Rome's foundation, a life-size bronze statue of a she-wolf with two
human infants suckling her, is about 1,700 years younger than its city, Rome's
officials admitted on Saturday. The official announcement, made at the
Capitoline Museums, where the 30 inch-high bronze is the centerpiece of a
dedicated room, quashes the belief that the sculpture was adopted by the
earliest Romans as a symbol for their city.
Romulus and Remus, the legendary founders of Rome. Traditionally, they were
the sons of Rhea Silvia, daughter of Numitor, king of Alba Longa.
Numitor had been deposed by his younger brother Amulius, who forced Rhea to becomeone of the Vestal
Virgins (and thereby vow chastity) in order to prevent her from giving birth to potential claimants to the
throne. Nevertheless, Rhea bore the twins Romulus and Remus, fathered by the war god Mars. Amulius
ordered the infants drowned in the Tiber River, but the trough in which they were placed floated down the
river and cameto rest at the site of the future Rome, near the Ficus ruminalis, a sacred fig tree of historical

15. times. There a she-wolf and a woodpecker—both sacred to Mars—suckled and fed them until they were
found by the herdsman Faustulus.
Reared by Faustulus and his wife, Acca Larentia, the twins became leaders of a band of adventurous youths,
eventually killing Amulius and restoring their grandfather to the throne. They subsequently founded a town
on the site where they had been saved. When Romulus built a city wall, Remus jumped over it and was killed
by his brother.
Romulus consolidated his power, and the city was named for him. He increased its population by offering
asylum to fugitives and exiles. He invited the neighboring Sabines to a festival and abducted their women.
The women married their captors and intervened to prevent the Sabines from seizing the city. In accordance
with a treaty drawn up between the two peoples, Romulus accepted the Sabine king Titus Tatius as his
coruler. Titus Tatius’s early death left Romulus sole king again, and after a long rule he mysteriously
disappeared in a storm. Believing that he had been changed into a god, the Romans worshiped him as the
deity Quirinus.

16. Research
iv. Social strata
King
The king was the head of the people,
chief priest, leader in war, and the judge
whose sentence couldn't be appealed. He
convened the Senate. He was
accompanied by 12 lictors who carried a
bundle of rods with a symbolic death-
wielding axe in the center of the bundle
(the fasces). However much power the
king had, he could be kicked out. After
the expulsion of the last of the Tarquin
kings, the 7 kings of Rome were
remembered with such hatred that there
were never again kings in Rome.
Patrician
The patricians were the upper class of Rome. Two Latin terms are used to designate them, patres
and patricii. Where exactly they comefrom is not known, but many people have theorized about it
and repeated what traditions claim. Here you'll read about a few of these ideas.
Patricians may have originally been relatives of the patres 'fathers', the heads of the families of the
old tribes of Rome. Patres could refer to members of the senate, sinceduring the Republic, the
senators were referred to as patres et conscripti 'conscript (and) fathers,' whether or not they were
patricians.
On the other hand, Patres sometimes referred not to the senate but to patricians.
Staveley says that traditionalists have no sense of confusion. "For them the original Senate of
Romulus, which derived its collective title patres from the fact of its being an assembly of patres
familiae, was itself all-patrician." Theplebeian element of the Senate was found in the conscripti, as
distinct from the patres. Patres et conscripti may have later been used to distinguish the senators
created in the regal period from ones added later or it may have distinguished hereditary senators
from non-hereditary ones in the Regal period. However, the term patricii also designates the
hereditary senators.
Equestrian
Equites were Roman horsemen or knights. Thename is derived from the Latin for horse, equus. The
equites cameto be a social class. A single member of the equestrian class was called an eques.
An eques was bound to a certain number of campaigns, but no more than ten. Upon completion
they entered the first class.
When an eques was deemed unworthy, he was told to sell his horse (vende equum). When no
disgrace was involved, someone no longer fit would be told to lead his horse on. There was a
waiting list to replace the dismissed eques.
Plebeian

17. The term plebeian is synonymous with lower class. In early Rome, the plebeians (also known simply
as plebs) may have been that part of the Roman population whose origin was among the
conquered Latins (as opposed to the Roman conquerors). Plebeians were contrasted with the
patrician nobility. In the period of the early Roman Republic, membership in the Senate may have
been denied to the plebeians, and restricted to the patricians. Since the ruling body of the Senate
was more interested in itself than others, the plebeians suffered. Over time the plebeians were able
to amass wealth and great power. By the time of Caesar, the patrician Claudius chose to becomea
plebeian (something he could do through adoption) in order to hold an important political office,
the Tribune of the Plebs.
Proletariat
In contrast with the plebeians, who started as the poor, but wound up with power and money, and
the noble patricians, who started out with land and continued to hold certain aristocratic privileges,
the landless proletariat was the lowest class of citizens in ancient Rome. It was for the proletariat
that the Romans instituted the dole that we commonly hear called "bread and circuses." By bread
and circuses is meant public entertainment in the arena (circuses) and a ration of grain (bread). The
first part of the word proletariat contains the Latin word proles, which means offspring. The
proletariats were "producers of offspring."
Freeman
Rome differed from Greek city-states in allowing freed slaves to become citizens. The act of freeing
a slave was called manumissio, from manus, "hand" (in the sense of holding or possessing
something), and missio, the act of releasing. After manumission, a slave who had belonged to a
Roman citizen enjoyed not only passive freedom from ownership, but active political freedom
(libertas), including the right to vote.[1] A slave who had acquired libertas was thus a libertus ("freed
person," feminineliberta) in relation to his former master, who then became his patron (patronus).
Slaves
They were people who were frequently captured in battle and sent back to Rome to be sold.
However, abandoned children could also be brought up as slaves. Thelaw also stated that fathers
could sell their older children if they were in need of money.
Once bought, a slave was a slave for life. A slave could only get their freedom if they were given it
by their owner or if they bought their freedom. To buy your freedom, you had to raise the same
sum of money that your master had paid for you – a virtually impossible task.
If a slave is married and had children, the children would automatically becomeslaves. Young
children were sometimes killed by their parents rather than let them become slaves.
A slave’s day began at daybreak. If his master lived in a cold climate, the first job of the day for a
day would be to fire up the hypocaust. When his master awoke, a slave would be expected to assist
dressing him. When the day properly began, a whole group of slaves started set tasks, such as
walking children to school, cleaning a villa, washing clothes, tidying a garden etc. A group of slaves
would work in a kitchen preparing the day’s meals. When a rich man and his family bathed at home,
slaves would help out by drying them once they had finished and dressing them. When a master
moved around, slaves would carry him in a litter. When a master entertained, slaves would ensure a
constant supply of food and drink. If guests had to return home and it was dark, a slave or slaves
would walk ahead of them with a lighted torch.

18. Research
v. Architecture
One of the things the Romans are most famous for is their architecture. The Romans brought a lot
of new ideas to architecture, of which the three most important are the arch, the baked brick, and
the use of cement and concrete.
Bath house
Baths for bathing and relaxing were a common feature of Roman cities
throughout the empire. The often huge bath complexes included a wide
diversity of rooms offering different temperatures and facilities such as
swimming pools and places to read, relax, and socialise. Roman baths,
with their need for large open spaces, were also important drivers in the
evolution of architecture offering the first dome structures in Classical architecture.
Typical elements of a roman bath
 Apodyterium: Changing rooms.
 Palaestrae: Exercise rooms.
 Notatio: Open-air swimming pool.
 Laconica and sudatoria: Superheated dry and wet sweating-rooms.
 Calidarium: Hot room, heated and with a hot-water pool and a separate basin on a stand (labrum)
 Tepidarium: Warm room, indirectly heated and with a tepid pool.
 Frigidarium: Cool room, unheated and with a cold-water basin, often monumental in size and
domed, it was the heart of the baths complex.
 Rooms for massage and other health treatments.
**Additional facilities could include cold-water plunge baths, private baths, toilets, libraries, lecture halls,
fountains, and outdoor gardens.
Heating System
The first baths seem to have lacked a high degree of planning and were often unsightly assemblages of
diverse structures. However, by the 1st century CE the baths became
beautifully symmetrical and harmonious structures, often set in gardens
and parks. Early baths were heated using braziers, but from the 1st century
BCE more sophisticated heating systems were used such as under-floor
(hypocaust) heating fuelled by wood-burning furnaces (prafurniae). This
was not a new idea as Greek baths also employed such a system but, as was
typical of the Romans, they took an idea and improved upon it for
maximum efficiency. Thehuge fires from the furnaces sent warm air under
the raised floor (suspensurae) which stood on narrow pillars (pilae) of solid

19. stone, hollow cylinders, or polygonal or circular bricks. The floors were paved over with 60 cm square tiles
(bipedales) which were then covered in decorative mosaics.
Walls could also provide heating with the insertion of hollow rectangular tubes (tubuli) which carried the hot
air provided by the furnaces. In addition, special bricks (tegulae mammatae) had bosses at the corners of one
side which trapped hot air and increased insulation against heat loss. The use of glass for windows from the
1st century CE also permitted a better regulation of temperatures and allowed the sun to add its own heat to
the room.
The vast amount of water needed for the larger baths was supplied by purpose built aqueducts and
regulated by huge reservoirs in the baths complex. The reservoir of the Baths of Diocletian in Rome, for
example, could hold 20,000 m³ of water. Water was heated in large lead boilers fitted over the furnaces. The
water could be added (via lead pipes) to the heated pools by using a bronze half-cylinder (testudo)
connected to the boilers. Once released into the pool the hot water circulated by convection.
Influence in Architecture
Baths and the need to create large airy rooms with lofty ceilings brought the development of the
architectural dome. The earliest surviving dome in Roman architecture is from the frigidarium of the Stabian
Baths at Pompeii, which dates to the 2nd century BCE. The development of concrete in the form of stiff
mortared rubble allowed unsupported walls to be built ever wider apart, as did hollow brick barrel vaults
supported by buttress arches and the use of iron tie bars. These features would become widely used in other
public buildings and especially in large constructions such as basilicae. Even in modern times Roman baths
have continued to influence designers, for example, both the Chicago Railroad Station and the Pennsylvania
Station in New York have perfectly copied the architecture of the great frigidarium of the Baths of Caracalla.

20. Research
vi. Summary
In the plot, we will includethe dictatorship of Julius Caesar that led to the disagreement of his
senators and subsequently invited the death of Julius Caesar during the assassination. Focus will be
given on pre- and post-assassination as it is the chosen timeline of research. Thus, Julius Caesar’s
heir and Rome’s condition after his rule is also included in the plot.
Several Roman cultures amd traditions will also be included in the plot which includes Dies Lustricus
during Caesar’s birth and also Poena Cullei (Punishment of the Sack) towards some of the
conspirators after the assassination. Additionally, bath cultures will also be added into the plot as it
is one of the daily activities of the ancient Romans
Most of the characters will be dressed in togas or armors as it is the basic formal wear during that
time. There will only be one female character in this plot, which will be Porcia Catonis. She is the
wife of Marcus Brutus and the only woman that knew about the plot of the assassination
beforehand.
All in all, the plot will be ranging from when Julius is born until the death of Augustus Caesar, aka
Octavian.

21. Sketch
i. Plot Summary
Julius Caesar was born in 100 B.C., Dies Lustricus is celebrated to welcome him to his family officially. Julius Caesar
grew up as a successful orator, politician and general. He expanded the Roman map greatly and did a number of
contributions towards the Roman society. His power grew and soon he started a dictatorship in Rome which led to
the actions of the conspirators.
In 44 BC, Julius Caesar returns to Rome in triumph, having defeated the sons of his archenemy, Pompey the Great. A
Soothsayer warns him of the possibility of trouble and to "beware the Ides of March." Caesar ignores him and
proceeds to enjoy his triumph.
Conspirators (which includeCassius and Casca ), are envious of Caesar's popularity and begin to plot against him.
They enlist Caesar's good friend, Marcus Brutus, as a member of their group. The conspirators believe he can easily be
swayed to join them by convincing him that Caesar is a threat to the good of Rome and Cassius begins to plants
seeds of doubt in Brutus by telling him stories that portray Caesar as being weak and vulnerable. Brutus feels he has a
moral obligation to protect Rome against such leadership and after much deliberation, decides it would be in the best
interests of Rome if Caesar were to be killed before problems have time to develop.
Brutus is disturbed by the plan. Portia sensed something but Brutus is reluctant to tell her his plans. Portia felt
distrusted and wounded herself on the thigh to show her loyalty to her spouse. She endured the pain of the
unattended wound for days. Finally, Brutus told her the plan, she was the only woman that was aware of the plan
Aides to Caesar try to convincehim that there are conspirators plotting to kill him. Caesar refuses to listen, believing
himself to be invulnerable. He proceeds to the Senate House, where his "friends" surround him and stab him to death.
Brutus delivers the final blow. When he is recognized by his dying friend, Caesar utters in total disbelief the famous
phrase, "Et tu, Brute?" (And you too, Brutus?)
Caesar’s body was prepared for the burial. Theroman burial rituals and preparations were followed strictly. At
Caesar's funeral, Brutus tells the citizens that Caesar has been killed because his ambition was a threat to their
liberties and based upon their approving reaction makes way for Antony to give his eulogy. Antony convinces the
crowd to turn against the conspirators, reminding them of Caesar's goodness and telling them Caesar left them each
a sizeable inheritance. The army of conspirators has to flee the city in order to escape the wrath of the mob.
Antony allies himself with Caesar's heir, Octavius, and with Aemilius Lepidus. Thethree men declare themselves the
Second Triumvirateof Rome and propose to jointly rule in the wake of Caesar's reign. Almost immediately, they try to
out-maneuver one another to gain more power. They also declare a civil war against Brutus, Cassius, and the
conspirators. Further manipulation and bloodshed ensue, but in the end, Caesars murder is avenged and order is
restored to Rome.
Soon after, Octavian became the first emperor of Rome with the name Emperor Augustus.

22. ii. Script
ACT1: EARLY LIFE OF JULIUS CAESAR
Scene 1: Day of Purification of JuliusCaesar
Synopsis:The 8th day purification ritualafter the birth of JuliusCaesar
On the 9th day afterthe baby wasborn, Dies Lustricus is celebrated with joy in thefamily of Caesar.
Slave: What a beautifulbaby! Here’s a clay charmfor your crepundia. May it wardoff the evil spiritsaroundyou.
Pope: [Carries baby out fromthecot and placed himon his father’sfeet]
Father: [Liftsbaby fromhis feet] JULIUS CAESAR SHALL HE BENAMED!
Pope: On thisblessedday shallwewelcome a baby boy, Juliusto the Caesar’s. May he grow upwith health andpeace to
become a strong man! [Wearsa bulla on thebaby]
******END OF SCENE******
Scene 2: JuliusCaesar the Dictator
Synopsis:Changes madeby JuliusCaesar.
At a young age,Julius Caesar wasinvolvedin the Roman military. He then began his career as a lawyer at theageof 22 because of
his fluency in speech.He waseventually elected as consul which was a point oftime when his power startedto grow.
Duringhisyears ofgoverningRome, he madechangesthat are stillused untilpresent times.For example:
Peasant 1: What day is today?
Peasant 2: 45th day ofJuly
Peasant 1: Are you still usingtheoldcalendar? It hasbeen changed, don’tyou know?
Peasant 2: Oh really? Do you havea copy of it?
Peasant 1: Ofcourse,Let me search forit..There! For the new calendar,there areonly 12 monthsin a year and30 days in a
month.It’s actually accordingto the constellation.
Peasant 2: Oh I see… Thismust be oneof the changes done by GeneralCaesar.
Peasant 1: [Nods head]
Meanwhilein Caesar’s residence,
Brutus:WelcomehomeThe Great General! Anotherland conquered. Have I ever toldyou that you NEVER LOSE A WAR?
JC: Thanks for the welcome Brutus.How wasthestate whileI’maway?

23. Brutus:Well everything went well;wemade the changes you requestedon the law andenforcement.The people were
happy with it.
JC: They should behappy. Justice willbe served with those changes; the Romans will live a betterlife.
Brutus:All thanksto you!
Julius Caesar’s powerincreasedday by day. His greatpower then,eventually,led tohisdeath…
******End of Scene******
ACT2: ASSASINATION OF JULIUS CAESAR
Scene 1: Alliancebetween Casca, Cassius and Brutus.
Synopsis:CascaandCassiusconvinced Brutus( a close friend ofJC to join their plan to assassinateJC.
Setting: Bath house
Just as any other Romans, Brutus wascleaning himselfin the bath house after a long days work.He was enjoyinghisbath whilst
singinghisfavorite song.*Singingin the shower~*. Suddenly, there were unwantedguests in hisprivate cubicle. He felt ins ecure.
CassiusandCasca:GreetingsBrutus.
Brutus:Oh what a “pleasant surprise”
Cassius: Pleasant indeed.In fact, we have plottedsomethinginterestingandwould like you to lead us.
Brutus:I have nothingto dowith all your evil plans. Leavethis place beforeI call the guards.
Casca: Why thehassle? Don’t you think Juliushad been toodominant?Don’t you feelannoyedwhen he bosses around
everything?Don’tyou feel like getting ridof himonce and for all?
Cassius: He’s gradually imaginghimselfas an aspiring king.It has been 5 centuriessince we alloweda king to ruleus.
Clearly a monarchialrule is thelastthing usRomans wants, Brutus.
Brutus:Stopall these nonsense! He’smy friend! *Don’tcall my name Don’tcall my name*
Cassius: Only a fool willtakehimas a friend.
Casca: Think aboutit Brutus.
After another few times ofbrainwashing,Brutusfellinto the trap by trustingthewords ofCassius andCasca.He alliedwith themand
plannedtheassassination thoroughly.[Guyscontinueto silent talk.Then shakes hand]
******END OF SCENE******
Scene 2: Portia, the only woman that knew the plot.
Synopsis:Portia hurtherselfon the thigh to prove hertrustworthy.

24. Setting: Roman home
Back at home,Portia waspreparingdinner forthefamily.Shewas troubledby the thoughtof being distrustedby her husband,
Brutus.
[Monologue] Brutushadbeen weirdthesedays;he didn’t even finish hisfive bowls ofrice yesterday.He seemedtroubled
but he wouldn’ttell.AmI not trustworthy to him? Why is hehidingfromme?
To prove her trustworthiness,Portia madea deepcut on her thigh andleftthe woundunattended. She hopesto earn Brutus trustby
enduring the pain on herwound.Andfinally she succeeded.
Brutus:My beautifulwife,donotfeelterrifiedas I announce to you that I shall kill JuliusCaesar!
Portia: [Startled face]
******END OF SCENE******
Scene 3: The Assassination
Synopsis:JC waskilledwith 23 stabs allover his body.
Setting: Senatorial Hall
Antonio waswalkingdown theHall when heoverheardBrutus and Cassius’conversation.
Cassius: JC willbe attendingthe senatorialmeetingtoday.It’souronly chancebut wehavelimited time.JC will beheading
east after the meeting.
Brutus:I will informthe othersabout the assassination.Wewill surroundhimin the hall, he shallnot escape!
Cassius: We shallnot fail.ForRome!
Antonio:[Monologue] JC is in danger. I have tostophimfromenteringthe senate!
The plottershowever hadanticipatedthis.Fearingthat Antoniowill cometo Caesar’said,they assignedCascato stall himfrom
approachingCaesarby detaininghimoutside oftheTheatre ofPompeii.Meanwhile,the conspiratorscrowdedaround Caesar in the
hall.
Brutus:[Givingsupport to JC] Watch yourstepCaesar.
JC: [Waves himaway]
Brutus:[Grabs JC’sshoulder and tore his tunic]
JC: Why. THIS IS VIOLENCE!
Casca: [Took out his dagger andthrustat JC’s neck]
With a quick turn and a catch,JC savedhimselffromthe attacker.
JC: Casca, you villain,whatare you doing?

25. Casca: Helpbrothers!
Within moments,the dictator was stroked with multiple stabs. Blindedby hisblood,he tripped,andfell.Defenseless,he lay on the
floor with 22 stabs.Duringthecommotion,hesaw a familiar face, Brutus.
JC: Et tu, Brute?
Brutus:[Comes forward.Kneeldown andsupported JC fromthe back. StabsJC on the chest.]
JC: [Dies]
Brutus:ROME IS FREEAGAIN!!
******End of Scene******
Scene 4: FuneralandBurialof JuliusCaesar
Caesar’sbody was prepared for burial. Hisbody was washedandscrubbedbeforeputtinghiminto his finestclothes.All thecrowns
and tokens he earnedis put together with the corpse.A golden coin wasplacedin his mouth to pay for the boatrideto the
underworld.
At his funeral,
Brutus:Julius Caesar,ourmighty generalwas killed because hisambition is becominga threatto us.He deserves death as
he was planningto force Romeinto a monarchialsystem!
Antonio:NONSENSE! Julius never hadany plan of gettinghimselfa throne.It wasa case ofmurder out ofjealousy! As a
friend I amtotally disappointed in youractions andmaturity. Have you forgotten all thegoodof Caesar? He risked his life
in battlesfora better life fortheRomans. He didn’t risk his life for himself.In facthe left useach a sizeable inheritance.
[Facing the crowd] Thesepeople aremurderers! They cannot live!
Augustus:Here I standas theheir of Caesar,theseconspiratorsmustdie.Peopleof Rome… [Raisesthumbto theair]
With theagreementof the mob,theconspirators weregiven death sentences.Brutus, Cassius and Cascawere left in a sackwith a
snake,a chicken,a monkey and a dog.They were then thrown intothe sea. Sincethen,they were never heard.
******End of Scene******
ACT3: AUGUSTUS CAESAR AND THE DEMOCRATIC ROME
Scene 1: Augustus inherited Rome as Emperor
After the burial ofthe late JuliusCaesar, andthe death of the conspirators,Antonio allied with Lepidus and Octavian,formingthe
second triumvirate to jointly ruleCaesar’sreign.
Antonio:Wewill share our powerby dividingthe territories.Any objections?
Augustus:I agree with a condition, the west will beunder my control

26. Antonio:Certainly, andI willtaketheeastandLepidusshalltakeAfrica.
Augustus:Forpeaceand Rome.Prost!
Soon after,Augustus Caesarwas crownedas thefirst emperorin the Roman history.The coronation washeld.
Pope: Hear our prayer, Lord,andthose ofyourservant. Look, Almighty God,with a serenegazeon this, your glorious
servant,...[Place golden crown] Through whomhonor and glory are yours through infinite ages ofages.Amen.[Passes
sword]
Pope: Receive this swordby the hands ofbishops,who,though unworthy,are consecratedto bein theplace and authority
of the holy Apostles,deliver it toyou,with our blessing, toserve for thedefenseof the holy Church,divinely ordained, and
remember of whomthe Psalmist prophesised,saying,'Girdthe swordupon your thigh,O most Powerful One,that with it
you may exercise equity.
Augustus:I, AugustusCaesartakemy oath as the emperor of Rome.I shallprotect my land,expandit. Rome shallbe the
richest landwith educatedpeople. I will protect the dignity of my landwith my life. Rome andI shall beas one!
Pope: And I announce you Emperor Augustus.You may kiss your throne.
******End of Scene******
Scene 2: Augustus Caesar expands the map ofRome.
The crowning ofAugustusCaesarstarteda monarchialsystemin Rome.As promised,he improved life at Rome.
Augustus:Anthony, get thefinest craftsmen to fix the temples around.
Anthony:Yes your majesty.
Augustus:Andalsothepublic facilities,we’ll have marbleson thewall.Andalsosendordersto repaint all governmental
and holy buildings white.
Anthony:Your words shall bemade reality sire.
Within the year,82 temples in Rome werefixedandreligion was given attention once again. Besides,Augustus Caesar alsokept his
promise on themap of Rome.
Augustus:[Lookingat map] There is stillso many land not conquered on this map. I shall takethemdown one after
another.Hmm, let’s see..Britain shalltake thelead.PREPARE THE TROOPS! WESHALL LEAVEIN A MONTH.
Year after year,AugustusCaesarexpanded the Roman map,fromBritain toSpain andTurkey. [Roman map expands] Under
Augustus Caesar’scare,Romeentered Pax Romana,which was 200 yearsof peace.
Augustus Caesar diedat the ageof 77,his empiresecuredand peace. Soon afterhisdeath, A Roman Senate officially declared their
departed emperor,likeJulius Caesar before him, to bea god.
Before his last breath, Augustus saidto hisfollower
Augustus:I foundRome of clay;I leave it to you of marble.
******END OF PLAY******

28. iii. Key Frames

29. Reference
Movie reference:
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065922/synopsis?ref_=ttpl_pl_syn
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0172495/plotsummary?ref_=tt_ql_6
The assassination:
http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/caesar2.htm
http://www.biography.com/people/julius-caesar-9192504#assassination
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-ides-of-march-julius-caesar-is-murdered
Gladiators
http://www.exovedate.com/the_real_gladiator.html
http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-roman-gladiators
Characters
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/caesar_julius.shtml
http://spartacus-educational.com/ROMmarkantony.htm
http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/82449/Marcus-Junius-Brutus
https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus.html
http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/caesarpeople/a/-91811-The-Role-Played-By-Casca-In-The-
Assassination-Of-Julius-Caesar.htm
http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95sep/augustus.html
Culture
http://georgiaclassicist.wordpress.com/2013/11/02/the-bulla-and-the-celebration-of-the-dies-lustricus-2/
http://listverse.com/2014/02/13/10-lesser-known-ancient-roman-traditions/
https://christotechne.wordpress.com/category/the-punishment-of-the-sack/
Traditions
http://www.unrv.com/culture/ancient-roman-clothing.php
http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/roman-clothing/roman-clothing-for-women.htm
http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/clothing2.html
Myths
http://www.crystalinks.com/romemythology.html

30. http://www.ancient.eu/Romulus_and_Remus/
Social Strata
http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/rome/g/patrician.htm
http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/rome/p/equites.htm
http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/rome/g/plebs.htm
http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/plebian/g/Proletariat.htm
http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/socialculture/tp/Roman-Society.htm
http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/romeslavery/a/31412-From_Slave_to_Free_Born.htm
Architechture
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/roman_baths.htm
http://www.ancient.eu/Roman_Baths/
http://www.crystalinks.com/romebaths.html