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Early india[1]
1. Indus River Valley
• Cities of Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro
–Walled
–Square grid pattern
–Indoor plumbing
–Writing still a mystery
• The Slow Demise - c. 1150 B.C.E.
–Causes unclear
–Floods
–Fertile areas drier
2. The Aryans
• Indo-European pastorialists invade
• Dominated by warriors
• Patriarchal – brides bring dowries
• Bring caste system
• Begin to farm along Ganges
• Oral literature
–The Vedas
–Religious hymns
–Polytheistic
3. Social Change
• The Caste System
–Varnas, categories; based on pollution
Brahmins (mediators, literate, tax-exempt)
Warriors
Merchants
Peasants
Artisans
Untouchables
–Status (dharma) determined by birth
–Transmigration of souls
Karma
4. Rise of Buddhism
• The Making of a Philosophy
–Buddha (Siddartha Gautama) - 6th century B.C.E.
Wandering life, asceticism
–Four Noble Truths
–Escape suffering by renouncing worldly things
Achievement of nirvana
–Denies Vedas as scripture
–Critique of caste system
–Some worship Buddha as god
–Dissension
Good works v. contemplative life
5. The Spread of Buddhism
• Buddhism is monastic – monks (male and
female), monasteries, missionaries
6. The Greek Interlude
• Alexander the Great, 327 B.C.E.
• Contact between India and Hellenistic
world improves
–Greek mathematics and astronomy
–Indian religious ideas
7. The Mauryas
• Mauryan Empire
–Alexander retreats
–Chandragupta Maurya - founder
Monarch with centralized control
Successors extend empire
• Ashoka’s Conversion to Buddhism
Grandson of Chandragupta
Conversion to Buddhism
Opposed by Brahmins
Sends missionaries to China and SE Asia
9. The Mauryas
• Imperial Patronage and Social Change
–Merchants, artisans benefit
–Women's status improves
–Monasteries spread – builds Stupas
–Ashoka’s Death
Successors less competent
Division follows
By 185 B.C.E., empire ended
10. Brahmin Recovery
–Buddhism
Loses popular appeal
As trade declines, so does Buddhism
–Hinduism
Shiva, Vishnu, Kali, Lakshmi dominate
More temples
More participation: all castes, women somewhat
Adopts Buddhist aspects
Brahmins appeal to elites
11. The Gupta Empire
• Gupta family
–By 4th century , build empire
C.E.
–Less centralized – regional autonomy
–Brahmins restored as royal supporters
• Literature and the Sciences
–Kalidasa - poet
–Mathematics - 0, decimals, "Arabic" number system
–Medicine - Hospitals, surgery
13. Intensifying Caste and Gender
Iniquities
• Distinctions more rigid
• Status of women reduced
–No longer allowed to read the Vedas
–Few legal rights
–Female infanticide
–More freedom for low caste women
–sati
14. Intensifying Caste and Gender
Iniquities
• Gupta Decline
–Hun invasions, 400s C.E.
–Local rulers profit
Fragmentation