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Malnutrition
Introduction
 Malnutrition is failing health that result
  from not eating a balance diet over a
  long period of time.
 Malnutrition refers to undernutrition
  resulting from inadequate consumption
  or excessive loss of nutrients
 It can also refer to overnutrition resulting
  from overeating or excessive intake of
  specific nutrients.
Some Effects of Malnutrition
   Kwashiorkor
     Caused by protein deficiency
     Often due to poverty in developing nations. Families cannot
      afford to feed their young children with high protein food after the
      children have stopped feeding on mother‟s milk
     It can be prevented by giving sufficient food containing
      protein food to young children
     Symptoms are:
       ○ Swelling of the legs
       ○ Underweight
       ○ “moon face”
       ○ Swollen abdomen („pot belly‟)
       ○ Thin muscles but fat present
       ○ Dry, sparse, thin hair
       ○ Apathetic, little interest in his surrounding
       ○ Stunted growth
Malnutrition
   Marasmus
     Caused by
      deficiency of energy
      and protein foods in
      children
     Symptoms of
      marasmus are:
     ○ Underweight
     ○ „Old man face‟
     ○ Thin muscles, thin fat
     ○ Stunted growth
Excessive Intake of Lipids
   Atherosclerosis
     Caused by diets rich in saturated fats and
      cholesterol
     The cholesterol deposited below the inner lining
      of the arterial wall to form plagues. The plagues
      gradually become thicker and harder
     If the coronary artery to the heart is partially
      blocked, the person may feel intense chest pain
      during strenuous physical exercise or emotional
      stress.
     This is because inadequate oxygen is being
      supplied to the heart muscles for increased
      activities
Continue…
   As the coronary
    artery becomes
    more blocked, there
    is insufficient supply
    O2 to the heart
    muscles. This leads
    to a heart attack
    (myocardial
    infarction)
   Hypertension
     Blood pressure is the force of the blood exerted on the
        walls of the blood vessels
       The normal blood pressure for an adult is 120/80 mmHg
       May be due to narrowing of the lumen of arteries and
        reduced elasticity
       The heart has to pump harder to force the blood through
        the vessels
       Hypertension usually gives a measurement of blood at
        140/90 mmHg or higher
       It may cause rupture of small arteries in the brain leading
        to stoke, heart enlargement, heart attack and renal failure
       Sometimes known as the „silent killer‟. The affected person
        who does not go for regular medical check-ups may not be
        aware of it until a stroke or heart attack occurs.
Malnutrition
   Prevention
     A healthy, balanced diet
      low in saturated fats and
      cholesterol with sufficient
      antioxidant vitamins (vit.
      A, C and E), whole grain
      cereals, nuts, leafy
      vegetables and fruits may
      help to prevent
      cardiovascular disease
     Regular moderate exercise
Excessive Intake of
Carbohydrates
   Diabetes mellitus
     Caused by the failure of the pancreas to
      produce hormone insulin to regulate blood
      glucose levels.
     The kidneys are unable to reabsorb the
      glucose. Excess glucose is removed in the
      urine.
Prevention
   Moderate daily exercises, maintaining proper
    weight, eating a balanced diet containing
    unrefined carbohydrates and not smoking
   People with mild forms of diabetes can control
    their diet and limit the amount and type of
    carbohydrate
   They should avoid taking simple sugars
   In more severe cases, diabetics require daily
    insulin injections
   Diabetes is not treated, can lead to kidney
    failure, cataracts, blindness (diabetes
    meningitis) and heart disorder. Wounds will
    also be slow to heal
Malnutrition
Malnutrition
Effects of Calcium
Deficiency
   Osteoporosis
     Generally associated with aging. Factors that
      increase the risk include low dietary intake of
      calcium and vit. D
     It is also caused by decreasing levels of
      hormones, for eg. Oestrogen in females after
      menopause
     In osteoporosis, there is a progressive loss of bone
      density and mineral content. The bones become
      thinner, more porous and fracture easily, especially
      at the hips, backbone and wrist
Malnutrition
Prevention
 It is suggested that
  people in mid-twenties
  and older consume dairy
  products daily
 Regular moderate
  exercises and not
  smoking
Rickets
   Rickets is a softening of bones in children due
    to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin
    D, phosphorus or calcium, potentially leading to
    fractures and deformity.
   The predominant cause is a vitamin
    D deficiency, but lack of adequate calcium in the
    diet may also lead to rickets (cases of severe
    diarrhoea and vomiting may be the cause of the
    deficiency).
   Although it can occur in adults, the majority of
    cases occur in children suffering from
    severe malnutrition, usually resulting
    from famine or starvation during the early stages
    of childhood.
Malnutrition
The End
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Malnutrition

  • 2. Introduction  Malnutrition is failing health that result from not eating a balance diet over a long period of time.  Malnutrition refers to undernutrition resulting from inadequate consumption or excessive loss of nutrients  It can also refer to overnutrition resulting from overeating or excessive intake of specific nutrients.
  • 3. Some Effects of Malnutrition  Kwashiorkor  Caused by protein deficiency  Often due to poverty in developing nations. Families cannot afford to feed their young children with high protein food after the children have stopped feeding on mother‟s milk  It can be prevented by giving sufficient food containing protein food to young children  Symptoms are: ○ Swelling of the legs ○ Underweight ○ “moon face” ○ Swollen abdomen („pot belly‟) ○ Thin muscles but fat present ○ Dry, sparse, thin hair ○ Apathetic, little interest in his surrounding ○ Stunted growth
  • 5. Marasmus  Caused by deficiency of energy and protein foods in children  Symptoms of marasmus are: ○ Underweight ○ „Old man face‟ ○ Thin muscles, thin fat ○ Stunted growth
  • 6. Excessive Intake of Lipids  Atherosclerosis  Caused by diets rich in saturated fats and cholesterol  The cholesterol deposited below the inner lining of the arterial wall to form plagues. The plagues gradually become thicker and harder  If the coronary artery to the heart is partially blocked, the person may feel intense chest pain during strenuous physical exercise or emotional stress.  This is because inadequate oxygen is being supplied to the heart muscles for increased activities
  • 7. Continue…  As the coronary artery becomes more blocked, there is insufficient supply O2 to the heart muscles. This leads to a heart attack (myocardial infarction)
  • 8. Hypertension  Blood pressure is the force of the blood exerted on the walls of the blood vessels  The normal blood pressure for an adult is 120/80 mmHg  May be due to narrowing of the lumen of arteries and reduced elasticity  The heart has to pump harder to force the blood through the vessels  Hypertension usually gives a measurement of blood at 140/90 mmHg or higher  It may cause rupture of small arteries in the brain leading to stoke, heart enlargement, heart attack and renal failure  Sometimes known as the „silent killer‟. The affected person who does not go for regular medical check-ups may not be aware of it until a stroke or heart attack occurs.
  • 10. Prevention  A healthy, balanced diet low in saturated fats and cholesterol with sufficient antioxidant vitamins (vit. A, C and E), whole grain cereals, nuts, leafy vegetables and fruits may help to prevent cardiovascular disease  Regular moderate exercise
  • 11. Excessive Intake of Carbohydrates  Diabetes mellitus  Caused by the failure of the pancreas to produce hormone insulin to regulate blood glucose levels.  The kidneys are unable to reabsorb the glucose. Excess glucose is removed in the urine.
  • 12. Prevention  Moderate daily exercises, maintaining proper weight, eating a balanced diet containing unrefined carbohydrates and not smoking  People with mild forms of diabetes can control their diet and limit the amount and type of carbohydrate  They should avoid taking simple sugars  In more severe cases, diabetics require daily insulin injections  Diabetes is not treated, can lead to kidney failure, cataracts, blindness (diabetes meningitis) and heart disorder. Wounds will also be slow to heal
  • 15. Effects of Calcium Deficiency  Osteoporosis  Generally associated with aging. Factors that increase the risk include low dietary intake of calcium and vit. D  It is also caused by decreasing levels of hormones, for eg. Oestrogen in females after menopause  In osteoporosis, there is a progressive loss of bone density and mineral content. The bones become thinner, more porous and fracture easily, especially at the hips, backbone and wrist
  • 17. Prevention  It is suggested that people in mid-twenties and older consume dairy products daily  Regular moderate exercises and not smoking
  • 18. Rickets  Rickets is a softening of bones in children due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D, phosphorus or calcium, potentially leading to fractures and deformity.  The predominant cause is a vitamin D deficiency, but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets (cases of severe diarrhoea and vomiting may be the cause of the deficiency).  Although it can occur in adults, the majority of cases occur in children suffering from severe malnutrition, usually resulting from famine or starvation during the early stages of childhood.
  • 20. The End ~ Appreciate what we have in our life ~