1. GRAMMAR BOOK
Por Azura Cruickshank

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Subjunctive with
Adjective Clause
2. Tú Commands
3. Nosotros Commands
4. Past Participles Used As
Adjectives
5. Present Perfect
6. Past Perfect
7. Future Tense
8. Conditional Tense
9. Past Subjunctive

3. SUBJUNCTIVE WITH
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
• Adjective clauses modify nouns or pronouns
• subjunctive used to indicate that someone or
something is indefinite.
• The subjunctive is used in an adjective clause that
refers to a person, place, thing, or idea
• The indicative is used when the adjective clause refers
to a person, place, thing, or idea that is certain

4. TÚ COMMANDS
• Affirmative Tú Commands
• Put in tú form and
remove “–s”
• Irregular Commands
• - Di, Haz, Ve, Pon, Sal,
Se, Ten Ven
• Pronouns attach to the
end of irregular affirmative
commands
• Accents are added:
• Third from last
• Fourth from last
• Negative Tú Commands
• Put in YO form, drop “–o”,
switch the vowel, and
add an s
• Irregular Commands
• Pronouns go before
verb
Tengas
Vengas
Digas/Des
Vayas
Sepas
Hayas/Hagas
Estes
Seas

5. NOSOTROS COMMANDS
• replace the vowel of the indicative word
• when conjugating a reflexive verb into a nosotros
command, it becomes a “mono” verb
• Stem changers don’t change
• Affirmative nosotros commands add pronouns to the end of
the word and accents are places on the vowel that is
changed
• Negative nosotros commands place pronouns before the
comand

6. PAST PARTICIPLES USE AS
ADJECTIVES
• “–ar” verbs form the past participle “–
ado” and regular “–er” and “–ir” verbs
form the past participle with “–ido”
• The past participles of “–er” and “–ir”
verbs that stems end in “–a”, “-e”, or “–o”
accent mark on the “–I” of “–ido”
Irregular Past
Participles
Abrir  Abierto
Cubrir  Cubierto
Decir  Dicho
Hacer  Hecho
Escribir  Escrito
Describir  Descrito
Morir  Muerto
Poner  Puesto
Resolver  Resuelto
Romper  Roto
Ver  Visto
Volver  Vuelto

7. PRESENT PERFECT
Haber
Conjugation
Yo - He Nosotr
os -
HemosTú -
Has
Ellos -
HanÉl - Ha
• perfect tense is used to describe recent
past
• use the auxillary verb haber to help
infinitive verb
• The infinitve verb is replace with the past
participle as an adjective
• Pronouns and other words go before
haber
Haber + -ar = ado
+ -er/ir = ido

8. PAST PERFECT
• refers to something you had
done in the past
• It is formed the same way as
present perfect but one
exception
• The haber verb is conjugated
into the imperfect tense
• The past perfect is often used
with the word ya (already)
Haber Conjugation
Yo –
Había
Nosotros -
Habíamos
Tú –
Habías Ellos -
HabíanÉl - Había

9. FUTURE TENSE
• Infinitive + ending =
future
• Endings used for all
verbs including –ar, -
er, and –ir
Irregular Future Tense
Infinitive Future Stem
Decir Dir-
Hacer Har-
Poner Pondr-
Salir Saldr-
Tener Tendr-
Valer Vald-
Venir Vendr-
Poder Podr-
Querer Querr-
Saber Sabr-
Add
-é
-ás
-á
-emos
-án

10. CONDITIONAL TENSE
• The conditional tense
expresses what you would
do or what would happen
under certain
circumstances
• The conditional endings
are the same for all –ar, -er,
and –ir verbs
• Conditionals are formed by
combining the infinitive
form of the verb with the
correct ending
• Conditionals have same
irregulars as future tenses
Conditional
Endings
-ía
-íamos
-ías
-ía -ían

11. PAST SUBJUNCTIVE
• Also called “imperfect
subjunctive”
• the past subjunctive is
formed with the ellos/ellas
form of the preterite
• Drop the “–ron” ending
and add past subjunctive
ending
• Irregular preterite tenses
keep their irregularity with
past subjunctive
Past
Subjunctive
-ra -ramos
-ras
-ran-ra