3. Fishing – Secondary Activity
Despite abundant fish in the waters surrounding
Australia, fishing is a secondary activity for a
population accustomed to seeking and finding
its protein needs through livestock raising.
4. Fishery – It is Secondary activity
Along all coastal area except Southern
Coast – no Fisheries
10. Agriculture
Agriculture contributes less than 15% of GNP, largely
due to the development of other productive sectors.
1.Farmland and orchards take up approximately 6% of
the country's land area;
2.Prairies and permanent grazing lands over 54%,
3.Forests almost 14%
4.while the remainder of the land is uncultivated and
non-productive.
11. Agriculture
Farming is - Along the coastal region facing the Pacific, Tasmania,
the Murray-Darling basin, and the, and the region around
Perth.
The principal problems of agriculture
• scarcity of water in many interior regions
• frequently irregular rainfall, which can be scant or violent, and in some
areas impoverishes the soil, carrying away its fertilised surface.
• scarcity of fundamental components in the soil, particularly phosphorus,
has been overcome through the massive use of fertilizers.
12. Agriculture
• As a result, agricultural production, while rather
variable from year to year.
• The high degree of mechanisation and utilisation of
advanced technologies and to meet domestic needs
and to guarantee a high level of exports in some
sectors.
• Grazing area known as "stations").
13.
14. Agriculture Crops
1. Wheat is country's most important crops, making Australia one
of the largest exporter. Wheat is grown mostly on the eastern
side of the Great Divide and in the Murray basin.
2. The principal cash crop is sugarcane then Cotton and
Tobacco - in Queensland and New South Wales; these same
territories also cultivate cotton (which is also grown in Western
Australia) and tobacco (also produced in Victoria).
3. Fruit - in the states facing the Pacific; citrus cultivation is
widespread in New South Wales and grapes in Victoria and
Southwest Australia.
18. Livestock
Animal husbandry - Sheep farming is particularly
important, with 163 million head (75% of which are
merino sheep), making Australia the world's largest
producer of wool.
• along a broad coastal strip in Western Australia and
• in a vast arid or semi-arid interior region that stretches from
Queensland to South Australia.
Approximately 90% of the wool produced is exported,
chiefly to Japan, the countries of the former Soviet
Union, and the EC markets.
19. Livestock
Beef cattle are allowed to range over wide areas
in the Northern Territory, where they are left in a
wild state on farms that stretch for thousands of
acres.
• processing and export of frozen meat is significant,
and the raising of fowl (ducks, geese, and chickens)
and pigs is expanding.
22. Mineral Resource
• Australia is rich in numerous raw materials, and from
the initial exploitation of gold and coal to recent
discovery of rare tantalum (used in the electronics
and aerospace industries), mining has become
progressively more productive.
• mining has become Primary activity – Australia is
exporting several kind of Ores and importing
machinery for mining these ores.
23. Bauxite
Australia is the world's largest producer of bauxite, which is
extracted mostly in the Gulf of Carpentaria region and the area
of the Darling Range (Western Australia);
24. Iron Ore
Australia is one of the largest in the world in the production of
Iron ore most of the ore mined throughout Western Australia
25.
26. Zinc ( 1st
) and Lead ( 2nd
)
Production of zinc and lead is essential to the economy (Australia's
production is, respectively, second and first in the world), with
reserves located in Queensland, New South Wales, and Tasmania.
27. Coal
Most of the electrical power produced is of thermal origin; the
country's principal energy source is coal, which is found in
New South Wales and Queensland.
28.
29. • Lignite, also abundant, is taken from immense
open-cut mines for the large thermoelectric
power plants of Victoria and other states.
30. Energy Resource
Uranium is particularly abundant in the Northern
Territory and in Western Australia. Most of uranium
is being exported.
31. Natural Gas & Petroleum
The areas of gaseous reserves, have been identified
and exploited in Victoria, Queensland, South and
Western Australia, and offshore along the coast of
the Northern Territory.
The country still imports approximately a third of its
crude oil.
On the whole, Australia does not avail itself of its
abundant hydroelectric resources; in this regard the
greatest potential is in Tasmania and on the eastern
slopes of the Great Divide.
32.
33.
34.
35. Industry - Mostly Tertiary
The largest industries in Australia are located for the most part
close to the sources of energy and to the largest cities.
Within the service sector (68% of the national income), foreign
trade is of fundamental importance; trading partners are, in
descending order, Japan, the U.S., and Great Britain.
Australia exports:
• chiefly minerals (coal, aluminum, lead, zinc, and iron),
• agricultural products (wheat and sugar), and
• livestock products (wool and meat),
while it imports mainly machinery and equipment to support
the mining and manufacturing industries.
36. Transportation
Roadways
1. The major roads in Australia are called Commonwealth Highways.
2. Transcontinental Stuart Highway - connects Birdum (Northern Territory) to
Oodnadatta (South Australia) via Alice Spring.
3. The Australian Trans Continental Railway is an important longest line,
which connects Perth and Sydney and is almost approximately 4000 km
long.on this route are mining town like Broken Hills,, Port Augusta, Kalgorrlie,
Coolgardie, etc.
Ports
• The principal ports coincide with the State capitals
40. Urbanisation
• The five largest cities of Australia are: Sydney,
Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, and Perth.
• Nearly 40 per cent, or two of every five people in the
continent, are in the two largest metropolitan areas,
and nearly 60 per cent were in one of the five largest.
When smaller cities and towns are added the
Australian population may be counted as 86 per cent
urban.
• All of the five largest cities are seaports and that each
is the capital of one of the five mainland States of the
48. Forest – Dense Forest -But Forest product is not
enough for Domestic use- So Importing
Mixed, Temperate
Deciduous Forest
Coniferous
Forest
Broad Leave
Evergreen Forest
49. Agriculture
• The small scattered holdings of the farmers make is difficult
to use large, modern equipment, so farming in Japan remains
a labour-intensive occupation.
• About 15% of the Japanese farmers are engaged exclusively in
farming; the remainder have secondary employment in
industry.
50. Important crops Rice cultivation
The most important crop raised in Japan is rice. About
one-third of the total agricultural output is devoted to
the crop. Rice is in many ways an ideal crop for
Japan, Suitable conditions for rice cultivation :
1. The subtropical, monsoon climate.
2. Abundant summer rainfall
3. Easily irrigated alluvial areas.
4. Also, the yield per unit area for rice is highest among the
small grains.
53. • Rice is grown on all the major Japanese islands,
except Hokkaido.
• Most of Japan is too cool in the winter to permit
double cropping of rice, which takes longer to mature
than some other crops.
• Rice is grown in paddies
• Other crops produced by Japanese farmers include
wheat, barley, soybeans, potatoes, sweet
potatoes, other vegetables, and fruit.
54. Livestock
1. The Japanese have only a small-scale animal
husbandry,.
2. The slopes are too steep for grazing cattle, and very
little good pastureland.
3. The Buddhist faith discourages the killing of animals,
so meat in the diet also has been uncommon.
55. Mineral and Power Resources
• Japan's development as a major industrial country
was rapid in spite of her having only a slender
resource.
• from the point of view of the critical minerals required
by modern industry Japan has only three—coal,
copper — which occur in fairly substantial.
• But many important minerals are in short supply, e.g.
iron ore, lead, salt, petroleum, while others, such
as bauxite, nickel, magnesium, are totally lacking.
56. Coal
• Japan's coal reserves are modest but reasonably
adequate. But enough to last for many decades.
• The coal is of only fair quality, mainly low-grade
bituminous and sub-bituminous in type.
• Over 45% of the coal production come from the more
recently developed fields in Hokkaido,
• Of the total output 40% comes from the fields in
north-western Kyushu,
• There are small scattered deposits in Honshu,
57. Petroleum
The total production is small, less than 1% of national
needs; hence Japan must depend upon outside Much
crude oil is imported is refined in Japan.
58. HEP
Due to its heavy rainfall and rugged topography Japan has large
water power resources . Of this potential the Japanese have
already developed about 50%.
Problems of water power resource development
• Most of the installations are small and widely scattered.
• Seasonal variations in precipitation interfere the efficiency of
hydro-electric production.
• rapid siltation of reservoirs due to the heavy loads carried by the
streams.
• Although more dams have been constructed in recent years, at
present Japan is more dependent for her power supplies on
thermo-electric installations than on hydro-electric ones.
59. Iron ore
Japan's resources of iron ore are very small insufficient
for her needs. Much of the ore is of poor quality.
Imports come chiefly from India, Southeast Asia and
South America. Japan also imports large quantities of
scrap iron.
60. Copper
• At one time Japan had a surplus for export, but as the
home demand has increased this surplus has
• diminished; in fact in some years Japan has been a
net importer.
• The principal deposits are found in the north and
northeast of Tokyo and in northern Shikoku.
61. Industry
Japan has seen phenomenal industrial development.
There were many factors that contributed to this
phenomenal development.
64. Industry
• Energy - Japan has developed hydroelectric power as about 10%
of energy needs. Nuclear energy accounting for 30% of electricity
generation and is projected to reach 60% by the year 2030.
• Ports - The indented coastline has facilitated the development of
many large ports, which helped import large quantities of raw
materials from all over the world.
• Market - Nearness of Japan to the densely populated continent of
Asia provides a big readymade market. The high quality of
Japanese goods ensures an ever-growing market even in Europe
and North America.
• Labour - The high density of population of Japan has proved a
boon for the industrial development. Not only the labour is cheap, it
65. Industry
Other factors have been generous aid from the U.S.A in
post World War II period, the competitiveness of
Japanese industries, technological innovations and
above all the acceptance of automation of industries
by the well-educated and skilled Japanese labours.
This increased the productivity, efficiency as well as
the quality of the product.
There are four important industrial regions in Japan.
They are—the Kwanto Plain, the Kinki Plain, the
Nagoya region, and Northern Kyushu.
66. The Kwanto Plain
The Kwanto Plain has the largest urban agglomeration in Japan
and in the world and contributes about 30% of nation's industrial
output.It is the largest plain of Japan and provides ideal sites for
for industries.
1. In this, Tokyo grew as a political capital &Yokohama
developed as the area's main seaport.
2. Hydroelectric stations have developed in the region which
provide cheap electricity.
3. Coal is brought from northern Kyushu and Hokkaido.
4. The region is well served by railways.
5. It has abundant supply of labour. All of these factors
68. The Kinki Plain
• Japan's second largest urban agglomeration and industrial
concentration is at the head of the Osaka Bay.
• The three important cities—Osaka, Kobe, and Kyoto—together
contribute about 20 per cent of the country's industrial output.
• The local power supplies arc inadequate and the region obtains
coal from north Kyushu, Hokkaido and abroad.
• The development of excellent shipping and a good network of
railways
• Development of cheap hydelpower have aided the industrial
development in the region.
72. Northern Kyushu
• On Northern Kyushu are the Kitakyushu and
Fukuoko agglomerations.
• Nagasaki is also an important industrial centre in the
region.
74. Transportation
Transportation for Japan is dominated by shipping, and the country
has about 10,000 merchant vessels used primarily in the
domestic waters and about 38, 000 ships used on the
international seas.
Most city streets as well as rural roads in Japan are congested, and
some streets carry 30 to 40 times more traffic than their design
suggests they should.
Japan has both national and private railroad systems. The national
railroad is devoted mostly to carrying freight, while the
private railroads carry mostly passengers.
