This document summarizes a study on improving the productivity and profitability of smallholder cacao farms in Sulawesi, Indonesia. It identifies four main types of Cacao Agroforestry Systems practiced by farmers: monocultures, cacao integrated with shade trees, cacao integrated with fruit and timber trees, and homegardens. While providing details on the characteristics and production levels of each system, it calls for further research to develop improved management practices and technologies tailored to each system to boost yields for farmers. The overall goal is to address issues such as pests, disease, and low profits that are causing some farmers to abandon cacao.

1. Cacao Agroforestry System (CAS)
improving productivity and profitability
of smallholder cacao in Sulawesi
Janudianto, James M Roshetko and
Mahrizal
The World Agroforestry Centre
Southeast Asia Regional Office
Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor 16115
Post: PO Box 161 Bogor 16001
West Java, Indonesia
Web: www.worldagroforestry.org/regions/southeast_asia
Presenting on World Congress on Agroforestry
Delhi - 2014

2. Foto: Anders Saxbol

3. Background (1)
• Indonesia is the third largest producer of cacao in
the world after Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana.
• Cacao production began in Sulawesi in the 1980s,
even earlier when the Spanish introduced cacao
in Minahasa in 1560 (ICCRI 2010)
• It is now a major crop on the Sulawesi island,
covering over 950 thousand ha, equaling 59% of
Indonesia’s cacao growing area.
• By 2010 Sulawesi accounted for 67% of Indonesia
cacao production.

4. Background (2)
As in other countries, smallholder production is the
norm in Indonesia: approximately 2.2 million
smallholder farmers cultivate 1.5 million ha of
cacao, supplying 92% of the national production
Key problems:
• high incidence of pests and disease,
• limited access to quality planting material, and
• low level farm management
low profit and caused farmers to begin to look for
alternative crops.

5. Indonesia Cacao Area and Production
2010
Sulawesi, 5
9%
Sumatra, 23
%
Jawa, Bali
and Nusa
Tenggara, 1
0%
Kalimantan,
3% Maluku and
Papua, 6%
Indonesia Cacao Area (2010)
Sulawesi, 67
%
Sumatra, 21
%
Jawa, Bali
and Nusa
Tenggara, 6%
Kalimantan,
1%
Maluku and
Papua, 5%
Indonesia Cacao Production (2010)
Source: BPS-Statistic Indonesia 2010

6. World Cacao Prices 2005-2013
(US$/tonne)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
Jan-05
May-05
Sep-05
Jan-06
May-06
Sep-06
Jan-07
May-07
Sep-07
Jan-08
May-08
Sep-08
Jan-09
May-09
Sep-09
Jan-10
May-10
Sep-10
Jan-11
May-11
Sep-11
Jan-12
May-12
Sep-12
Jan-13
May-13
Sep-13
World Cacao Prices 2005-2013 (US$/tonne)
Source: ICCO 2014

7. Objectives
The objectives of proposed study are:
• Identify the typologies of smallholders cacao
or cacao agroforestry system (CAS) in Sulawesi
• Develop a comprehensive study on the
identified typologies – garden
inventory, social-economy survey, etc
• Develop a set of technology which is ease and
more adoptable to smallholder farmers to
improve the productivity.

8. Methods
The following methods will be employed :
• Scoping survey
• Garden inventory
• Group discussion
• Socio-economic survey
• Literature studies

9. Funded by:
•The study is located in South Sulawesi
and Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia.
•‘Agroforestry and Forestry in Sulawesi:
Linking Knowledge with Action’ (2011 -
2016)

10. Farming System context
• South Sulawesi  producer of food crops:
paddy, maize, cassava, sweet potato and peanut
in the eastern part of Indonesia; and
commodities: cacao, coconut, cloves and coffee.
• Southeast Sulawesi  agriculture sector
contributed to 38% of the region’s economic
growth from cassava and maize crops;
commodities such as
cacao, coffee, coconut, cloves, cashew
nut, pepper and oil palm.

11. • Cacao contributes Rp 5 million (14% of total
revenue in a year) in South Sulawesi and
Rp 14.5 million (52%) in the Southeast
Sulawesi.
• Land-use profitability study (both provinces)
 cacao still has low return to land compared
to other crops: cloves, teak, pepper, etc
 farmers begin to look for alternative crops
to be planted along with the cacao
Baseline Socio-economic study
(Source: Khususiyah et al. 2013, Janudianto et al. 2013; Rahmanullah et al. 2013).
US$ 1.00 = IDR 9,608 (December 2012).

12. Foto: Anders Saxbol

13. Typology of four smallholder Cacao
Agroforestry System (CAS)
1) Monocultures,
2) Cacao integrated with shade trees,
3) Cacao integrated with fruit and timber trees,
4) Homegardens.
* Scoping survey found that cacao is the dominant
species in all systems, except homegardens where it
is a minor component

14. Monocultures
• Cacao monoculture, which has on average two
species (range 1–4 species)
• Cacao planted with shade trees (Gliricidia or
banana). In some extend, more widespread in
both provinces, especially in young cacao.
• Production around 700 kg/ha or more
*Scoping survey and garden inventory were found different types of cacao
agroforestry systems in 25 plots in two provinces using Rapid appraisal of agroforestry
practices, systems and technology (Joshi et al 2013)

15. Monocultures (cacao with one or two shade tree
species)

16. Cacao integrated with shade trees
• Also called simple cacao agroforestry which
has on average four species (range 2–5
species);
• Cacao planted with fruit trees
(durian, Lansium, coconut, rambutan, Parkia,
banana), timber trees (teak and Toona) and/or
other commodity species (clove and pepper).
• Production around 700 kg/ha or more

17. Kebun Andi Baso
Cacao integrated with shade trees (cacao more
than 50% combined with up to 5 shade tree
species

18. Cacao integrated with fruit and
timber trees
• Also called multistrata cacao agroforestry, with on
average 10 species (range 6–13 species);
• Cacao with timber trees
(Toona, Gmelina, Paraserianthes, Antidesma, Pter
ocarpus, Dalbergia, Shorea), fruit trees
(mango, durian, Parkia, banana, avocado, coconu
t), and/or commodity species
(clove, candlenut, arenga, cashew, areca and
coffee)
• Production around 500-700 kg/ha

19. Cacao integrated with fruit
and timber trees (cacao not
dominant, less than 50%
combined with 5-10 shade
tree species)

20. Homegardens
• Cacao as one minor component with more
than 10 shade tree species;
• Located in mosaics and patch area, not
concentrated in large areas and usually came
from an abandoned cacao plots which has
more non-cacao species.
• Fruits and timber tree species would be the
main products of the system rather than cacao
itself (cacao production less than 500 kg/ha)

21. Homegardens (cacao as
one minor component
with more than 10 shade
tree species)

22. Need more research required (1)
• Four types of Cacao Agroforestry Systems (CAS) are an
entry point to formulated the improvements needed in
term of productivity and profitability of smallholder
cacao
• Further comprehensive study on the identified
typologies – garden inventory in some extend, farm
management and production, social-economy survey
still needed
• Develop a set of field trials in collaboration with ICCRI
and other potential R&D agencies to achieve ease and
more adoptable technology to smallholder farmers to
improve the productivity

23. Need more research required (2)
• The technology should address each specific type
of CAS.
• In principles, in monocultures or less tree shade
cacao system, introducing more economically
benefit shade tree would be a first generic step
• The second generic step, maintain and
management of shade trees for the rest of
typology, would be increase the productivity of
smallholder cacao system

24. Thank You
Y A N I
(Yayasan Adudu
Nantu International)
Agroforestry & Forestry in Sulawesi: Linking
knowledge with action Project