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DIFFERENCES IN LOCAL AND EXTENSION KNOWLEDGE
   FAVOURS THE USE OF EXOTIC OVER NATIVE SPECIES IN
            AGROFORESTRY INTERVENTIONS

A SCOPING STUDY FROM LAKE TANGANYIKA IN UVIRA, DRC

                    Emilie Smith
                 with Dieudonné Kilola

              World Agroforestry Centre
                       ICRAF
CONTEXT OF THE STUDY
        ICRAF consultative and training role in the Lake
        Tanganyika Sustainable Catchment Management
        Program .

        Transboundary program aiming to :

       Promote of agroforestry and sustainable land use
       practices to:
     • Reduce sediment loading
     • Mitigate the degradation of lake resources
     • Improve local livelihoods
RATIONALE
Success of AF interventions is strongly dependant on:

• Local perceptions of trees (opportunities, constraints, trade-offs)

• Available knowledge and technology

Building on Local Knowledge is essential to understand where to place
trees in the landscape and with which species and assemblages

Local knowledge wealth can inform further research and development
needs

Knowledge gaps can be identified and addressed through training
provision
OBJECTIVES
• Elicit qualitative information on drivers of land use changes and
  their impact

• Collect and collate local ecological knowledge about land use and
  land cover changes and ecosystem services associated with trees

• Evaluate possible agroforestry interventions in the catchment
  through:

   a.   Participatory assessment of farmers’ preference and priorities
        for tree planting (attributes, utilities and spatial
        characterisation)

   b.   Review of governance and socio-economic indicators
RESEARCH SITES        1. Mulongwe




           Uvira




                          2. Kalimabenge



3. Kakumba/Kigongo
METHODOLOGY
      Qualitative scoping research using a combination of participatory
      research techniques applied through :

  • A selection of tools designed within the TULSEA framework:

      - DRILUC - Drivers of land use change

      - RAFT - Rapid Appraisal of Agroforestry Practices, Systems &
               Technology

  • AKT Agroecological Knowledge Toolkit – methodology and
    software for knowledge aquisition

Trees in Multi-Use Landscape in Southeast Asia (TUL-SEA) A negotiation support toolbox for
Integrated Natural Resource Management http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/tul_sea

Information on AKT methodology and applications http://akt.bangor.ac.uk/
HYPOTHESES
                    AND SAMPLING STRATEGY
    Farmers possess important local ecological knowledge of trees, erosion process and
    land degradation

•   There are variations in local ecological knowledge of farmers determined by altitude

•   There are gender differences in knowledge about trees

•   Extension knowledge differs from local farmers knowledge about land management
    and trees


    AND that it is useful to analyse these variations in order to generate a range of
    options to address erosion and land degradation

      Combination of purposeful, convenience, self-selecting
      sampling to obtain representation of knowledge variations
      in the area.
SAMPLES AND RESEARCH TECHNIQUES




               Participatory mapping and sketches
OTHER DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES
PRESENTATION
           OF SOME RESULTS
1. Knowledge variations (extension/farmers/
upland-lowland farmers – Gender)



2. Priorities for intervention elicited from farmers
REFORESTATION PROGRAMS
             AND EXTENSION KNOWLEDGE DERIVATION
•   PROBLEMS IN THE CATCHMENT ARE NOT NEW: Long history of reforestation/anti-
    erosion programs to address land degradation

•   Extension knowledge derived from training as part of external programs through
    local peasant associations or parishes (e.g. CEPAC and churches)

•   Programs concentrated on the lower catchment due to easier accessibility

•   Programs using mainly exotic species (historically Eucalyptus though with an
    increasing and recent interests in other species)

•   Promotion of species which are not adapted to the higher altitude in the
    catchment ( Acacia mangium, Senna siamea, Pterocarpus angolensis, Tamarindus
    indica)
EXTENSION KNOWLEDGE

  Local extension staff (agronomists or agricultural technicians )
  have theoretical knowledge of :

• Different soil and water conservation techniques (contour
  farming, terraces, mulch, compost)

• Exotic tree species

• Agroforestry species (including Calliandra, Leucena, Moringa sp.
  Acacia sp).

  BUT little knowledge of local species beyond those
  economically important (export timber species) or trees
  located in the lower part of the catchment
SCIENTIFIC/TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE

• Lack of taxonomic identification for native species

• Absence of scientific documentation/publication on
  native species (identification guide)

  (only publication 1944 – long list of forest species in
  the Kivu region)

• Identification of trees complicated by the different
  local vernacular names giving rise to confusions
LOCAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE


•   Utilitarian knowledge (provisioning services,
    preferences) linked to ancestral practices

•   Highly developed local taxonomic
    knowledge

•   Knowledge elicited vegetation behaviour,
    niches, regeneration, biodiversity
    associations derived from observations

•   Explanatory knowledge of processes and
    interactions (deforestation- erosion-river
    regimes) derived from observations
LOCAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE

  Farmers interviewed classify 3 main agro-ecological zones
  determined mainly by altitude conditions

1. Plain and lacustrian zone (dry and hot zone)
2. Lower mid-plateaux (temperate zone )between 900m until 1500m
3. Upper mid-plateaux (cold zone) (1500 to 2200 m)

Within these zones farmers have different experiences with
trees and land management and different knowledge about
native tree species

       BOUNDARY LOWER AND MID CATCHMENT
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND INFLUENCES


• Lack of access to technical knowledge or improved technologies

• Little if no interactions with extension agents especially for farmers
  located upland

• Absence of government extension services

• Hearsay about successful reforestation programs from neighbouring
  countries (part. Rwanda)

• Hearsay about Leucena sp. widespread negative image (CEPAC
  project)
LK AND GENDER VARIATIONS
        Cultural household division of labour: knowledge and interests

            MEN                                             WOMEN
                                            Main concern : FEEDING THE FAMILY
fruit groves, construction, hunting, bee-   Direct interest in fuel-wood and fruit
keeping, timber trade                       trees (exotic and indigenous) important
                                            for family nutrition and income
wide knowledge of different trees
                                            More interested in talking about soil
                                            fertility and mainly about cassava and
a strong interest in trees
                                            their need for cuttings from improved
                                            mosaic disease resistant varieties
AND a lot more time to discuss trees
PRIORITIES FOR AGROFORESTRY INTERVENTIONS
             ELICITED FROM FARMERS


1. Fruit trees
2. Woodlots
3. Restoring soil fertility
4. Pastures
5. Erosion hotspots (landslides, river,
   buffer, paths)
1. FRUIT TREES

•   Decline in all fruit trees - wild and
    exotic (war, abandonned groves,
    trees felled for charcoal)

•   Important for nutrition, health
    and income (diversity of trees with
    different phenology)

•   Lack of reproduction material
    Loss of genetic diversity
1. FRUIT TREES
Grown near homestead , River buffer zones
Potentially highly productive systems in gullies and near watercourses

Absence of grafting and improved reproduction techniques

Extremely severe pest and disease problems and the urgent need to develop IPM
programs – This is causing large scale abandonment of banana based gardens
(previously mutli-strata fruit gardens)
2. WOODLOTS
                                                exotic plantations : fuelwood,
                                                construction and income source

                                                Individual and community plantations
                                                dominated by Eucalyptus but also
                                                Grevillea and Cypressus

                                                Potential for use on marginal upslope
                                                fields with low fertility



Alternative plantations (eg. Khaya spp,
Terminalia spp, Haegenia abyssinica, Syzygium
sp.) But ambiguous status of native forest
trees
3. RESTORING
SOIL FERTILITY
IN CROP LAND
PROBLEMS IN CROP LAND




WIDESPREAD EROSION (SURFACE RUN-OFF PREVENT VERTICAL INCISIONS, GULLYING)

FERTILITY LOSS, CROP LOSS , LAND LOSS, PESTS AND DISEASES

HUNGER
DOMINANT CULTIVATION PRACTICES
Luhongolo traditional practice of vertical
stone alignment

In general trees are absent in crop fields

Slash and burn field preparation

Rare application of soil and water
conservation techniques

(No contour planting, green terraces, rare
horizontal furrows)




                                         Thitonia diversifolia for improvement of short fallow
                                         Digging trenches to prevent water from entering
                                         fields - Earth banks along pathways
TRADITIONAL AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES
                        Live-fences, boundary planting




Newly established KILONDOLONDO branch           Remanants of Boundary planting KIGOHWA (Erythrina
cuttings (Ficus cf. tremula)                    abyssinica) (Nfixer)


                                          Practices largely destroyed/abandoned as a result of
                                          the wars

                                          Small scale recent reintegration of these tree systems
                                          can be observed in the landscape

                                          Farmers have reproductive knowledge of these trees
                                          (mainly through branch cuttings)
Live fence MUSHALABA Tetradenia riparia
TRADITIONAL AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES :
                         shade/mulch trees
              EXAMPLES OF MULTIPURPOSE NATIVE NITROGEN FIXING TREES




Muvula (Milicia excelsa) in Musa sp. grove   Kishenya (Entada abyssinica)
                                             retained with crude pollarding in field
CHALLENGES TO THE ADOPTION OF NEW
              TECHNOLOGY IN CROP LAND
Combination of SWC and AF techniques
(Contour farming, vegetation strips, live
fences)

Difficulty to change ‘habits’

Negative image of trees competition
with crops

New skills required

Physical and labour intensive               Develop techniques with minimal soil
                                            disturbance, least labour intensive,
Lack of land tenure security                cheap, giving fast results, using local
                                            resources
4. REHABILITATION OF PASTURES
                         Loss of tree cover in
                         previously savannah type
                         zones

                         Bush fire incidence

                         Overgrazing

                         Loss of palatable forage

                         Weeds that exhaust an
                         already fragile soil
EROSION HOTSPOTS
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ABOUT WATERSHED
 FUNCTIONS AND PERTURBATIONS IN THE
           WATER REGIME

   EXAMPLE OF THE KALIMABENGE
SEISMIC ZONES AND LANDSLIDES

  Participatory mapping of erosion and degradation
  hotspots and information elicited from farmers in the
  mid-plateaux confirm:

• the scientific study conducted on tectonic mouvements,
  landslides and hydrographic regime in the uvira sub-catchments
  (Moeyerson et al. 2009) in highlighting zones particulerly prone
  to erosion, sediment and rock movements and the dangers for
  downstream communities (cf. cyclical calamities linked to
  flooding and stone projections)
DIFFERENCES IN LOCAL AND EXTENSION KNOWLEDGE FAVOURS THE USE OF EXOTIC OVER NATIVE SPECIES IN AGROFORESTRY INTERVENTIONS
DEGRADATION HOTSPOTS AND SEDIMENT
             LOADING
       Kabundamugere valley
DEGRADATION HOTSPOTS AND SEDIMENT LOADING
DEGRADATION HOTSPOTS AND SEDIMENT LOADING
Loss of fields or grazing area - Perturbations in river regimes (dam formation, domino effect, )
Farmers suggest reforestation with a variety of grasses and native trees adapted to these zones
(Dombeya sp., Ficus spp, Bamboos) along inside and around landslides
DEGRADATION HOTSPOTS : River banks
RIVER BUFFER ZONE
         Are river banks negociable space?




More fertile land with loamy soils and higher water retention
Productive land for off-season crops
Potential for fruit orchards – native riparian species, nappier grass and bamboos
DEGRADATION HOTSPOTS : Mountain pathways

• Dynamic transit zone linking the plain to the high-plateaux
Mountain pathways and dangers
MOUNTAIN PATHS
                Slope stability and erosion




COLLECTIVE AND/OR INDIVIDUAL REFORESTING ACTIVIES

FAST GROWING ANTI-EROSION TREES

MINIMUM INTERFERENCE WITH FIELDS
SUMMARY OF OPPORTUNITIES
• Agroecological zones suitable to a wide range of tree species
• Traditional AF knowledge and practices to build on
• Extensive hydrographic network and potential for water
  harvesting techniques
• Knowledge of SWC methods held by agronomist and
  extension agents, some knowledge of forest nurseries
• Existence of numerous peasant organisations
• Legal recognition of community forest ownership
• Traditional structure for customary land use management
• Social cohesion strong in the upper catchment
• Markets in Uvira,Bujumbura, Bukavu, Goma
CONSTRAINTS AND BOTTLENECKS
•   Land scarcity and fragmentation
•   Bush-fire practices
•   Construction material
•   Energy dependency on charcoal
•   Land tenure
•   Isolation and lack of voice
•   Poverty and lack of long term vision
•   Corruption at all levels of NRM
•   Disincentive to reforest (tax)
•   Low integration of women in programs
Knowledge gaps
               Farmers technical knowledge
Soil and water conservation methods
such as contour farming, vegetation               SUGGESTIONS TO INCREASE
strips, mulch, improved fallows)                    KNOWLEDGE CAPACITY

Tree management: Root pruning, spacing       Farmer leaders network and
for better integration of trees in fields,
                                             Farmer to farmer visits (e.g. Rwanda)
Village tree nurseries: seed and seedling
management, grafting and improved            Community field demonstrations
reproduction methods
                                             Programs specifically targetting
IPM for pest and diseases in fruit trees     women for soil fertility management

Animal husbandry (feeding strategies)
linked to improved pasture management
– fodder trees
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH:

• Taxonomic identification and ethno-botanic
  inventory of native species
• Geophysical analysis of landslide zones for design of
  interventions (mechanical + reforestation ?)
• Soil analysis for heavily degraded sites to determine
  suitable pioneer trees
• Domestication of native wild fruit species (e.g.
  Uapaca spp., Myrianthus holstii)
• IPM for fruit grove rehabilitation
THANK YOU!

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DIFFERENCES IN LOCAL AND EXTENSION KNOWLEDGE FAVOURS THE USE OF EXOTIC OVER NATIVE SPECIES IN AGROFORESTRY INTERVENTIONS

  • 1. DIFFERENCES IN LOCAL AND EXTENSION KNOWLEDGE FAVOURS THE USE OF EXOTIC OVER NATIVE SPECIES IN AGROFORESTRY INTERVENTIONS A SCOPING STUDY FROM LAKE TANGANYIKA IN UVIRA, DRC Emilie Smith with Dieudonné Kilola World Agroforestry Centre ICRAF
  • 2. CONTEXT OF THE STUDY ICRAF consultative and training role in the Lake Tanganyika Sustainable Catchment Management Program . Transboundary program aiming to : Promote of agroforestry and sustainable land use practices to: • Reduce sediment loading • Mitigate the degradation of lake resources • Improve local livelihoods
  • 3. RATIONALE Success of AF interventions is strongly dependant on: • Local perceptions of trees (opportunities, constraints, trade-offs) • Available knowledge and technology Building on Local Knowledge is essential to understand where to place trees in the landscape and with which species and assemblages Local knowledge wealth can inform further research and development needs Knowledge gaps can be identified and addressed through training provision
  • 4. OBJECTIVES • Elicit qualitative information on drivers of land use changes and their impact • Collect and collate local ecological knowledge about land use and land cover changes and ecosystem services associated with trees • Evaluate possible agroforestry interventions in the catchment through: a. Participatory assessment of farmers’ preference and priorities for tree planting (attributes, utilities and spatial characterisation) b. Review of governance and socio-economic indicators
  • 5. RESEARCH SITES 1. Mulongwe Uvira 2. Kalimabenge 3. Kakumba/Kigongo
  • 6. METHODOLOGY Qualitative scoping research using a combination of participatory research techniques applied through : • A selection of tools designed within the TULSEA framework: - DRILUC - Drivers of land use change - RAFT - Rapid Appraisal of Agroforestry Practices, Systems & Technology • AKT Agroecological Knowledge Toolkit – methodology and software for knowledge aquisition Trees in Multi-Use Landscape in Southeast Asia (TUL-SEA) A negotiation support toolbox for Integrated Natural Resource Management http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/tul_sea Information on AKT methodology and applications http://akt.bangor.ac.uk/
  • 7. HYPOTHESES AND SAMPLING STRATEGY Farmers possess important local ecological knowledge of trees, erosion process and land degradation • There are variations in local ecological knowledge of farmers determined by altitude • There are gender differences in knowledge about trees • Extension knowledge differs from local farmers knowledge about land management and trees AND that it is useful to analyse these variations in order to generate a range of options to address erosion and land degradation Combination of purposeful, convenience, self-selecting sampling to obtain representation of knowledge variations in the area.
  • 8. SAMPLES AND RESEARCH TECHNIQUES Participatory mapping and sketches
  • 10. PRESENTATION OF SOME RESULTS 1. Knowledge variations (extension/farmers/ upland-lowland farmers – Gender) 2. Priorities for intervention elicited from farmers
  • 11. REFORESTATION PROGRAMS AND EXTENSION KNOWLEDGE DERIVATION • PROBLEMS IN THE CATCHMENT ARE NOT NEW: Long history of reforestation/anti- erosion programs to address land degradation • Extension knowledge derived from training as part of external programs through local peasant associations or parishes (e.g. CEPAC and churches) • Programs concentrated on the lower catchment due to easier accessibility • Programs using mainly exotic species (historically Eucalyptus though with an increasing and recent interests in other species) • Promotion of species which are not adapted to the higher altitude in the catchment ( Acacia mangium, Senna siamea, Pterocarpus angolensis, Tamarindus indica)
  • 12. EXTENSION KNOWLEDGE Local extension staff (agronomists or agricultural technicians ) have theoretical knowledge of : • Different soil and water conservation techniques (contour farming, terraces, mulch, compost) • Exotic tree species • Agroforestry species (including Calliandra, Leucena, Moringa sp. Acacia sp). BUT little knowledge of local species beyond those economically important (export timber species) or trees located in the lower part of the catchment
  • 13. SCIENTIFIC/TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE • Lack of taxonomic identification for native species • Absence of scientific documentation/publication on native species (identification guide) (only publication 1944 – long list of forest species in the Kivu region) • Identification of trees complicated by the different local vernacular names giving rise to confusions
  • 14. LOCAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE • Utilitarian knowledge (provisioning services, preferences) linked to ancestral practices • Highly developed local taxonomic knowledge • Knowledge elicited vegetation behaviour, niches, regeneration, biodiversity associations derived from observations • Explanatory knowledge of processes and interactions (deforestation- erosion-river regimes) derived from observations
  • 15. LOCAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE Farmers interviewed classify 3 main agro-ecological zones determined mainly by altitude conditions 1. Plain and lacustrian zone (dry and hot zone) 2. Lower mid-plateaux (temperate zone )between 900m until 1500m 3. Upper mid-plateaux (cold zone) (1500 to 2200 m) Within these zones farmers have different experiences with trees and land management and different knowledge about native tree species BOUNDARY LOWER AND MID CATCHMENT
  • 16. LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND INFLUENCES • Lack of access to technical knowledge or improved technologies • Little if no interactions with extension agents especially for farmers located upland • Absence of government extension services • Hearsay about successful reforestation programs from neighbouring countries (part. Rwanda) • Hearsay about Leucena sp. widespread negative image (CEPAC project)
  • 17. LK AND GENDER VARIATIONS Cultural household division of labour: knowledge and interests MEN WOMEN Main concern : FEEDING THE FAMILY fruit groves, construction, hunting, bee- Direct interest in fuel-wood and fruit keeping, timber trade trees (exotic and indigenous) important for family nutrition and income wide knowledge of different trees More interested in talking about soil fertility and mainly about cassava and a strong interest in trees their need for cuttings from improved mosaic disease resistant varieties AND a lot more time to discuss trees
  • 18. PRIORITIES FOR AGROFORESTRY INTERVENTIONS ELICITED FROM FARMERS 1. Fruit trees 2. Woodlots 3. Restoring soil fertility 4. Pastures 5. Erosion hotspots (landslides, river, buffer, paths)
  • 19. 1. FRUIT TREES • Decline in all fruit trees - wild and exotic (war, abandonned groves, trees felled for charcoal) • Important for nutrition, health and income (diversity of trees with different phenology) • Lack of reproduction material Loss of genetic diversity
  • 20. 1. FRUIT TREES Grown near homestead , River buffer zones Potentially highly productive systems in gullies and near watercourses Absence of grafting and improved reproduction techniques Extremely severe pest and disease problems and the urgent need to develop IPM programs – This is causing large scale abandonment of banana based gardens (previously mutli-strata fruit gardens)
  • 21. 2. WOODLOTS exotic plantations : fuelwood, construction and income source Individual and community plantations dominated by Eucalyptus but also Grevillea and Cypressus Potential for use on marginal upslope fields with low fertility Alternative plantations (eg. Khaya spp, Terminalia spp, Haegenia abyssinica, Syzygium sp.) But ambiguous status of native forest trees
  • 23. PROBLEMS IN CROP LAND WIDESPREAD EROSION (SURFACE RUN-OFF PREVENT VERTICAL INCISIONS, GULLYING) FERTILITY LOSS, CROP LOSS , LAND LOSS, PESTS AND DISEASES HUNGER
  • 24. DOMINANT CULTIVATION PRACTICES Luhongolo traditional practice of vertical stone alignment In general trees are absent in crop fields Slash and burn field preparation Rare application of soil and water conservation techniques (No contour planting, green terraces, rare horizontal furrows) Thitonia diversifolia for improvement of short fallow Digging trenches to prevent water from entering fields - Earth banks along pathways
  • 25. TRADITIONAL AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES Live-fences, boundary planting Newly established KILONDOLONDO branch Remanants of Boundary planting KIGOHWA (Erythrina cuttings (Ficus cf. tremula) abyssinica) (Nfixer) Practices largely destroyed/abandoned as a result of the wars Small scale recent reintegration of these tree systems can be observed in the landscape Farmers have reproductive knowledge of these trees (mainly through branch cuttings) Live fence MUSHALABA Tetradenia riparia
  • 26. TRADITIONAL AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES : shade/mulch trees EXAMPLES OF MULTIPURPOSE NATIVE NITROGEN FIXING TREES Muvula (Milicia excelsa) in Musa sp. grove Kishenya (Entada abyssinica) retained with crude pollarding in field
  • 27. CHALLENGES TO THE ADOPTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY IN CROP LAND Combination of SWC and AF techniques (Contour farming, vegetation strips, live fences) Difficulty to change ‘habits’ Negative image of trees competition with crops New skills required Physical and labour intensive Develop techniques with minimal soil disturbance, least labour intensive, Lack of land tenure security cheap, giving fast results, using local resources
  • 28. 4. REHABILITATION OF PASTURES Loss of tree cover in previously savannah type zones Bush fire incidence Overgrazing Loss of palatable forage Weeds that exhaust an already fragile soil
  • 29. EROSION HOTSPOTS LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ABOUT WATERSHED FUNCTIONS AND PERTURBATIONS IN THE WATER REGIME EXAMPLE OF THE KALIMABENGE
  • 30. SEISMIC ZONES AND LANDSLIDES Participatory mapping of erosion and degradation hotspots and information elicited from farmers in the mid-plateaux confirm: • the scientific study conducted on tectonic mouvements, landslides and hydrographic regime in the uvira sub-catchments (Moeyerson et al. 2009) in highlighting zones particulerly prone to erosion, sediment and rock movements and the dangers for downstream communities (cf. cyclical calamities linked to flooding and stone projections)
  • 32. DEGRADATION HOTSPOTS AND SEDIMENT LOADING Kabundamugere valley
  • 33. DEGRADATION HOTSPOTS AND SEDIMENT LOADING
  • 34. DEGRADATION HOTSPOTS AND SEDIMENT LOADING Loss of fields or grazing area - Perturbations in river regimes (dam formation, domino effect, ) Farmers suggest reforestation with a variety of grasses and native trees adapted to these zones (Dombeya sp., Ficus spp, Bamboos) along inside and around landslides
  • 35. DEGRADATION HOTSPOTS : River banks
  • 36. RIVER BUFFER ZONE Are river banks negociable space? More fertile land with loamy soils and higher water retention Productive land for off-season crops Potential for fruit orchards – native riparian species, nappier grass and bamboos
  • 37. DEGRADATION HOTSPOTS : Mountain pathways • Dynamic transit zone linking the plain to the high-plateaux
  • 39. MOUNTAIN PATHS Slope stability and erosion COLLECTIVE AND/OR INDIVIDUAL REFORESTING ACTIVIES FAST GROWING ANTI-EROSION TREES MINIMUM INTERFERENCE WITH FIELDS
  • 40. SUMMARY OF OPPORTUNITIES • Agroecological zones suitable to a wide range of tree species • Traditional AF knowledge and practices to build on • Extensive hydrographic network and potential for water harvesting techniques • Knowledge of SWC methods held by agronomist and extension agents, some knowledge of forest nurseries • Existence of numerous peasant organisations • Legal recognition of community forest ownership • Traditional structure for customary land use management • Social cohesion strong in the upper catchment • Markets in Uvira,Bujumbura, Bukavu, Goma
  • 41. CONSTRAINTS AND BOTTLENECKS • Land scarcity and fragmentation • Bush-fire practices • Construction material • Energy dependency on charcoal • Land tenure • Isolation and lack of voice • Poverty and lack of long term vision • Corruption at all levels of NRM • Disincentive to reforest (tax) • Low integration of women in programs
  • 42. Knowledge gaps Farmers technical knowledge Soil and water conservation methods such as contour farming, vegetation SUGGESTIONS TO INCREASE strips, mulch, improved fallows) KNOWLEDGE CAPACITY Tree management: Root pruning, spacing Farmer leaders network and for better integration of trees in fields, Farmer to farmer visits (e.g. Rwanda) Village tree nurseries: seed and seedling management, grafting and improved Community field demonstrations reproduction methods Programs specifically targetting IPM for pest and diseases in fruit trees women for soil fertility management Animal husbandry (feeding strategies) linked to improved pasture management – fodder trees
  • 43. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: • Taxonomic identification and ethno-botanic inventory of native species • Geophysical analysis of landslide zones for design of interventions (mechanical + reforestation ?) • Soil analysis for heavily degraded sites to determine suitable pioneer trees • Domestication of native wild fruit species (e.g. Uapaca spp., Myrianthus holstii) • IPM for fruit grove rehabilitation