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A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) regulates the speed of a 3-phase AC electric motor by
                                                                                                      controlling the frequency and voltage of the power it delivers to the motor. Today, these
                                                                                                      devices (also known as Adjustable Speed Drives or Variable Speed Drives) are becoming
                                                                                                      prevalent in a wide range of applications throughout industry, from motion control
Building a Reliable                                                                                   applications to ventilation systems, from wastewater processing facilities to machining
VFD System                                                                                            areas, and many others.

                                                       Brian Shuman
                                                                                                      VFDs offer many benefits; principle among them the ability to save a substantial amount of
               Senior Product Development Engineer
                                                                                                      energy during motor operation. In that sense, these devices represent both an attractive, “green”
                                                                   Belden                             engineering solution, and an economical choice. Other benefits worth mentioning include the
                                                                                                      following: they can maintain torque at levels to match the needs of the load, improve process
                                                                                                      control, reduce mechanical stress on 3-phase induction motors by providing a “soft start,” and
                                                                                                      improve an electrical system’s power factor. What’s more, legacy systems that now use throttling
                                                                                                      devices to regulate motor speed can be retrofitted with VFDs to make speed regulation much
                                                                                                      more efficient and precise.
                                                                                                      Special consideration must be given to the proper installation and operation of the overall
                                                                                                      system that comprises the VFD, the motor it controls, and the cable that connects them.
                                                                                                      See Figure 1 for a schematic depicting a generalized VFD system. The way in which VFD-based
                                                                                                      systems are constructed and operated will have an impact on both the longevity and reliability
                                                                                                      of all the components of the system, as well as nearby or adjacent systems.
                                                                                                      This paper is primarily concerned with the motor-supply cable in the VFD/motor system. It looks
  Table of Contents                                                                                   at some fundamental cable design considerations, and presents suggestions for installation.
Overview of VFD Technology  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 1                                However, to give the reader some context, it makes sense to first describe VFDs, their benefits
                                                                                                      and potential problems, and their relationship to the motors they control.
Evaluation of Cable Types  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 2

Ten Things to Consider                                                                                Overview of VFD technology
Before Selecting Your VFD  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 2
                                                                                                      VFDs are solid state devices for converting 3-phase AC line voltage to a quasi-sinusoidal pulse
Impact of Cable Design on
Motor and Cable Life  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 3
                                                                                                      width modulated (PWM) waveform in which the frequency and voltage level can be varied. The
                                                                                                      output is a series of narrow voltage pulses having constant amplitude but sinusoidally-varying
Understanding Radiated Noise .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5                                  widths. Internally, VFDs consist of three main sections: an AC-to-DC converter based on a
Impact of Common Mode Noise .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5                                      rectifier bridge of diodes, a DC bus that filters and smoothes out the rectifier output, and a
                                                                                                      DC-to-AC inverter to change the DC back to AC. The inverter, which is most typically based on
Conclusion  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6
                                                                                                      insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) technology, creates the variable voltage and frequency
                                                                                                      output that will control the motor’s speed. A microprocessor in the VFD, with programming
                                                                                                      resident in firmware, governs the overall operation of the device.
                                                                                                      VFDs allow a motor’s speed to be varied electrically instead of by mechanical means. This permits
                                                                                                      much greater efficiency and flexibility of operation. They are capable of controlling both the
                                                                                                      speed of the motor and the torque. Without a VFD, industrial induction motors run at full speed
                                                                                                      continuously; valves, or other mechanical methods, are employed to control the machine output.
                                                                                                      Unfortunately, running a motor at maximum speed regardless of the varying demands of
                                                                                                      production means a great deal of electric power is wasted.
                                                                                                      Another benefit of VFDs is their soft-start capability in which motors are ramped up to speed
                                                                                                      instead of being abruptly thrown on line. This useful feature reduces mechanical stresses on
                                                                                                      the entire motor system and leads to lower maintenance costs, as well as a longer motor life.
                                                                                                      Still another benefit is improved process control. Since industrial process throughput in most
                                                                                                      operations depends on a range of variables, a motor that is only able to operate at a constant
                                                                                                      speed even when one or more process variables change might contribute to creation of scrap,
                                                                                                      not to mention wasted energy. With a VFD, motor speed can be changed almost instantaneously
                                                                                                      to adapt to changing process conditions.
However, VFDs are not without drawbacks.
    Ten Things to Consider Before Selecting Your VFD                                              For example, the very fast voltage rise times
                                                                                                  associated with IGBT technology contributes
                                                                                                  to precise motor speed control but can also
    1 .   What will be the torque demands          6 .   Will the VFD system be operating         lead to voltage spikes that damage cables
          of the loads or processes in your              in an environment containing vola-       of poor quality, or ones that are improperly
          planned system? Will any of the                tiles, airborne particulate matter,      insulated. Other possible concerns with use of
          loads be hard to start? Keep in mind,          high ambient temperatures? In            VFDs are the potential for acoustical motor
          VFDs have limited over-current                 the case of volatiles, be sure all       noise and motor heating, when currents,
          capacity . Hard-to-start loads may             materials in use are resistant to        induced by pulse width modulated switching,
          require an over-sized the unit to              chemical attack and are properly         flow in improperly grounded motor shafts. The
          cover higher current demands .                 grounded; for an atmosphere full of
                                                                                                  result can be damaged bearings. In addition,
    2 .   How many motors will the drive                 particulates, ensure proper sealing;
                                                                                                  the purchase cost for a new VFD can be steep,
          have to control? If more than one,             for high temps, allow for cooling .
                                                                                                  though this must be balanced with the fact
          will they start up sequentially or si-   7 .   Do you need equipment or drive           that the payback period can be a matter of
          multaneously? You should calculate             protection features that will ensure     just a few months to under three years.
          the total peak currents of all motor           a continuity in your processing?
          loads under the worst operating                Be aware that you can have a             Evaluation of Cable Types
          conditions your planned system                 drive that trips instantly in an over-
          will see . Size your VFD according to                                                   Used for VFDs
                                                         current condition, or one that main-
          this maximum current requirement .             tains constant motor torque and          In order to better understand the variables
    3 .   Will your applications require a               reduces motor speed to                   involved with the cables that are a key part
          quick start or an emergency stop of            maintain current required                of any VFD system and to formulate a useful
          the load? If so, high currents will be   8 .   Do you want or need a lot of diag-       guide to cable selection, the most commonly
          demanded of the VFD . Over-sizing              nostic capability in your unit? How      recommended cables for VFD applications
          of the drive may be necessary .                critical is it to get a handle on load   have been studied by Belden, in both a lab and
    4 .   Is motor overheating a potential               downtimes and be able to do a            working application.1 Some wiring methods
          concern for any of your planned                detailed fault analysis?                 were not examined, however, such as THHN
          VFD applications? It may be, for         9 .   Are power factor correction              building wire in conduit, since their use has
          reduced speed, constant torque                 capacitors present on the motor          been shown to have detrimental effects, as
          applications .                                 loads your VFD system will have to       outlined in other studies.2, 3 An exception
    5 .   What range of motor sizes will your            handle? When these are switched,         to this exclusion was the use of PVC-Nylon
          process or processes require the               they typically generate power            insulated, PVC jacketed tray cables. These
          VFD to handle? Keep in mind that               disturbances, and VFDs can be            cables are the most commonly-installed
          smaller motors are not as efficient            negatively impacted . Isolation          type of industrial control cable, and though
                                                         transformers or line reactors may
          as larger ones, so improvements                                                         they are often misapplied for use in VFD
          due to the VFD will likely be readily          be necessary .
                                                                                                  applications, they were included in the tests
          apparent . However, since large mo-      10 . Is it possible the power source           for purposes of comparison. The PVC-Nylon
          tors consume much more power,                 for your planned system will              designs (PVC-Nylon/PVC Type TC and PVC-
          even small increases in efficiency            occasionally be switched while            Nylon/PVC Foil Shield Type TC) were evaluated
          can, over the life of the motor, lead         the VFD is operating? This might          in both unshielded and foil shielded versions.
          to appreciable savings .                      happen, for example, when loads
                                                        are switched to standby genera-           The commonly-specified cables evaluated in
                                                        tors during a power outage . Some         the study included the following:
                                                        drives can handle a brief power
                                                        outage, others can't .




2
PVC-Nylon/PVC Foil Shield Type TC
XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) insulated,   XLPE insulated, dual-copper tape
foil/braid (85%) shielded, Industrial PVC     shielded, Industrial PVC jacketed cable
jacketed cable designed for                   designed for VFD applications
VFD applications.
                                              • Three Conductor #12
• Four Conductor (three conductors plus       • XLPE Insulation (.030 in. wall)
  green/yellow ground)
                                              • (2) .002” Cu Tapes Spiral Wrapped
• XLPE Insulation (.045 in. wall) 100% Foil     with 20% overlap
  +85% Tinned Copper Braid Shield
                                              • Three Symmetrical #16 Bare
• Full Size Tinned Copper Drain Wire            Ground Conductors
  (sectioned in #8 and larger)                                                               PVC-Nylon/PVC Type TC
                                              • Industrial PVC Jacket
• Full Size Insulated Tinned Copper
                                              • 600V Rated                                   use of XLPE cable insulation, a material
  Ground Conductor
                                                                                             with high impulse voltage breakdown
• Industrial PVC Jacket                       The cables investigated were used to           levels, that makes it more immune to
• 600V/1000V Rated                            interconnect a VFD to the AC motor. All        failure from reflected wave and voltage
                                              testing was conducted using a current          spikes in a VFD application than, say, PVC,
                                              generation, IGBT-based, 480VAC, 5HP VFD,       a material which is not recommended in
                                              an inverter-duty rated AC motor, and           these applications.
                                              relevant lab equipment, such as an LCR
                                              meter to characterize the cables and an        Because cable length is mostly determined by
                                              oscilloscope to make voltage measurements.     the layout of the application, while rise times
                                                                                             vary with the VFD output semiconductor and
                                              Impact of Cable Design on                      the voltage of the VFD is determined by the
                                              Motor and Cable Life                           application, the impedance of the cable
                                                                                             relative to the motor will be the primary
                                              Reflected waves caused by a cable-to-motor
                                                                                             mechanism outlined in this paper.
XLPE insulated, continuously welded           impedance mismatch are prevalent in all
aluminum armored, Industrial PVC              AC VFD applications. The magnitude of the      First, let’s look at estimated motor
jacketed cable designed for VFD               problem depends on the length of the cable,    impedance relative to motor size in
applications                                  the rise-time of the PWM (pulse width          HP over a range of horsepower ratings,
                                              modulated) carrier wave, the voltage of the    as indicated in Figure 2. Note that the
• Three Conductor #12                         VFD, and the magnitude of the impedance        cable impedance for 1HP motor/drive
• XLPE Insulation (.030 in. wall)             difference between the motor and cable.        combinations would need to be roughly
                                                                                             1,000 ohms to match the corresponding
• Continuously Welded Aluminum Armor          Under the right conditions, a pulse from the
                                                                                             motor’s impedance. Unfortunately, a cable
• Three Symmetrical #16                       VFD can add to a pulse reflected back from
                                                                                             with such high characteristic impedance
  Bare Ground Conductors                      the motor to result in a doubling of voltage
                                                                                             would require conductor spacing in excess
                                              level, which could damage the cable or the
• Industrial PVC Jacket                                                                      of several feet. Obviously, this would be
                                              components inside the drive. A solution is
                                                                                             both impractical and very expensive.
• 600V MC Rating
                                                                                                                                               3
In addition to other benefits, such as
    reduced capacitance, a more closely matched                                                     Drive                                                Motor
    impedance can improve motor life. Table 1 lists                                                                                  Cable
    the observed line-to-line peak motor terminal                                              R            U
    voltages, as well as the impedance of the cables
    under test. The voltage measurements were
                                                                                               S
                                                                                                            W
                                                                                                             V
                                                                                                                                                           M
    taken using 120 ft. cable lengths.                                                         T            PE
                                                                                               PE
    Table 1 shows typical impedance values for
    #12 AWG circuit conductors and is based on
                                                                                                                                                V LL
    actual data. Cable impedance is influenced
    both by its geometry and materials used in         Figure 1: Schematic of a VFD setup.

    its manufacture. The characteristic impedance
    of a cable is calculated using the following
    formula, where Zc = characteristic
    impedance, L = cable inductance, and                                         1000
    C = cable capacitance.
                             
                 Zc = √L / C
                                                        Motor Impedance (Ohms)




                                                                                  100
    In Table 1, note the inversely proportional
    relationship between the cable’s impedance
    and the peak motor terminal voltage: cables
    with higher impedance tended to result in
    lower peak motor terminal voltages. A cable’s                                  10
    design for impedance also impacts its useful
    life. Lower voltages across the motor terminals
    translate into the cable being exposed to
    lower voltages, increasing its life expectancy.
                                                                                   1
    In addition, this reduces the likelihood of                                         1                                100                                   1000
    either the cable or the motor reaching its
    corona inception voltage (CIV). That’s the
                                                                                                                 Motor Size (HP)
    point at which the air gap between two
    conductors in the cable, or two windings on        Figure 2: Motor impedance relative to motor size.
    the motor, breaks down via arcing or a spark
    under the high potential difference. If the
    CIV is reached, insulation failure can occur
    in the windings of the motor.4                                                          Cable Type                Impedance (ohms)       Voltage at Motor Terminals

    Corona discharge occurring between                  Continuous Aluminum Armored Cable                                      87                     1080 V
    conductors of the cable can produce very high       Belden Foil/Braid VFD Cable 2950X Series                               78                     1110 V
    temperatures. If the insulation system of the
                                                        Cu-Tape Shielded Belden VFD Cable                                      58                     1150 V
    cable is a thermoplastic material such as PVC,
    the phenomenon can cause premature cable            Unshielded PVC-Nyl/PVC                                                 58                     1150 V
    burn-out or a short circuit due to a gradual,       Shielded PVC-Nyl/PVC                                                   38                     1260 V
    localized melting of the insulation. For this
                                                       Table 1. Impedance impact on motor terminal voltage using 120 ft. of cable.
    reason alone, thermoplastic insulations should
    not be used for VFD applications.



4
On the other hand, thermoset insulation
systems such as those based on XLPE are ideal                 16
materials for these applications because of the
                                                              12
high temperature stability they exhibit. In
their case, the heat generated from corona                     8
forms a thermally-isolating charred layer on
the surface of the insulation, preventing                      4
further degradation. All cables used for VFDs
                                                      Volts




should use a thermoset insulation system as a                  0
precautionary measure.
                                                               -4
Understanding Radiated Noise                                   -8
in VFD applications
                                                              -12
Noise radiated from a VFD cable is proportional
to the amount of varying electric current                     -16
within it. As cable lengths grow, so does the                                                                       Time
magnitude of reflected voltage. This transient
over voltage, combined with the high                                             Foil/Braid                 Cu Tape                Armored             Foil
amplitudes of current associated with VFDs,
creates a significant source of radiated noise.     Figure 3: Noise coupled from VFD cables to unshielded instrumentation cable.

By shielding the VFD cable, the noise can be
controlled. In the tests presented in this paper,
                                                    If radiated noise is an issue in an existing                     Impact of Common Mode Noise
relative shielding effectiveness was observed
                                                    VFD installation, care should be taken when                      in VFD Applications
by noting the magnitude of noise coupled to
10 ft. of parallel unshielded instrumentation       routing instrumentation/control cables in
                                                                                                                     Radiated noise from a VFD cable is a source
cable for each VFD cable type examined. The         the surrounding area. Maintain as much
                                                                                                                     of interference with adjacent systems that is
results of the shielding effectiveness testing      separation as possible between such cables
                                                                                                                     often easier to identify and rectify than
are documented in Figure 3.                         and VFD cables/leads. A minimum of one foot
                                                                                                                     common mode noise. In the latter, high levels
                                                    separation for shielded instrumentation
                                                                                                                     of noise across a broad frequency range, often
As demonstrated by its trace in that figure,        cables, and three feet for unshielded
                                                                                                                     from 60 Hz to 30 MHz, can capacitatively
foil shields are simply not robust enough to        instrumentation cables, is recommended. If
                                                                                                                     couple from the windings of the motor to
capture the volume of noise generated by            the cables must cross paths, try to minimize
                                                                                                                     the motor frame, and then to ground.
VFDs. Unshielded cables connected between           the amount of parallel runs, preferably
a VFD and a motor can radiate noise in excess       crossing the instrument cable perpendicularly                    Common-mode noise can also capacitatively
of 80V to unshielded communication wires/           with the power/VFD cable.                                        couple from unshielded motor leads in a
cables, and in excess of 10V to shielded                                                                             conduit to ground via conduit ground straps,
instrumentation cables. Moreover, the use           If noise issues persist after these precautions
                                                                                                                     supports or other adjacent, unintentional
of unshielded cables in conduits should be          are taken, use a non-metallic, vertical-tray
                                                                                                                     grounding paths. This common-mode ground
limited, as the conduit is an uncontrolled          flame rated fiber optic cable and media-
                                                                                                                     current is particularly troublesome because
path to ground for the noise it captures.           converters or direct-connect fiber
                                                                                                                     digital systems are susceptible to the high-
Any equipment in the vicinity of the                communication equipment for the
                                                                                                                     frequency noise generated by VFDs.
conduit or conduit hangers may be subject           instrumentation circuit. Other mitigation
to an injection of this captured, common-           techniques may also be required, such as, but                    Signals susceptible to common-mode noise
mode noise. Therefore, unshielded cables            not limited to, use of band-pass filters/chokes,                 include those from proximity sensors, and
in conduit are also not a recommended               output reactors, motor terminators, and                          signals from thermocouples or encoders, as
method for connecting VFDs to motors.               metallic barriers in cable trays or raceways.                    well as low-level communication signals in
                                                                                                                     general. Because this type of noise takes the
                                                                                                                     path of least resistance, it finds unpredictable




                                                                                                                                                                        5
grounding paths that become intermittent
    as humidity, temperature, and load change
    over time.                                                                40
    One way to control common-mode noise is to                                35
    provide a known path to ground for noise
                                                       Impedance (Ohms/25')




    captured at the motor’s frame. A low-                                     30
    impedance path, such as a properly designed
                                                                              25
    cable ground/shield system, can provide the
    noise with an easier way to get back to the                               20
    drive than using the building ground grid,
    steel, equipment, etc.                                                    15
    In the study presented in this paper, tests                               10
    were conducted on the five cable types to
    determine the ground path impedance of the                                 5
    shield and grounding system of each cable.
                                                                               0
    The tests were conducted across a broad
    frequency spectrum. Results are outlined in
                                                                                   06

                                                                                        1

                                                                                            2

                                                                                                 5

                                                                                                         10

                                                                                                               0

                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                            0

                                                                                                                                     0

                                                                                                                                              0

                                                                                                                                                       0

                                                                                                                                                                 0

                                                                                                                                                                         00
                                                                                                              10

                                                                                                                   20

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                                  40

                                                                                                                                           50

                                                                                                                                                    60

                                                                                                                                                              80
    Figure 4. Lower impedance implies a more
                                                                               0.




                                                                                                                                                                      10
    robust ground path, and therefore relatively                                                              Frequency (kHz)
    lower noise coupled to the building ground.
    Lower building ground noise means a reduced                                             Foil/Braid         Cu Tape                 Armored                      Foil
    need for troubleshooting of nearby adjacent
                                                      Figure 4: Shield/Ground impedance of the various cable types.
    systems and components.

    Conclusion                                       foil/braid, and continuous armoring types,                       References
                                                     are the most appropriate for VFD applications                    1. Brandon L. Phillips and Eric J. Burlington, "Specifying Cables
    A cable should never be the weak link in a       because of the low impedance path they                              for VFD Applications," 2007
    VFD system. It must be able to stand up to the   provide for common-mode noise to return                          2. E. J. Bartolucci, B.H. Finke, “Cable Design for PWM Variable
    operating conditions, and maintain the life of   to the drive.                                                       Speed AC Drives,” IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry
    other components in the system. Selecting an                                                                         Conference, Sept, 1998

    appropriate VFD cable can improve overall        When VFD cables are installed in close                           3. E. Bulington, S. Abney, G. Skibinski, “Cable Alternatives of
    drive system longevity and reliability by        proximity to low-level communications                               PWM AC Drive Applications,” IEEE Petroleum and Chemical

    mitigating the impact of reflected waves.        cables and other susceptible devices, shielded                      Industry Conference, Sept, 1999

                                                     instrumentation cable should be used. It                         4. Evon, S., Kempke, D., Saunders, L., Skibinski, G., “Riding the
    Special attention should be paid to the          would also be prudent to limit the run length                       Reflected wave - IGBT Drive Technology Demands New Motor
    cable’s insulation type, impedance, and          of VFD cable parallel to instrumentation
                                                                                                                         and Cable Considerations,” IEEE Petroleum and Chemical
                                                                                                                         Industry Conference, Sept, 1996
    shield/ground system.                            cables to 10 ft. or less to reduce the likelihood
    Cables employing a heavy wall of thermoset       of radiated noise issues.
    insulation are recommended because of the
    proven electrical benefits and improved high
    temperature stability it offers. Shielding
    systems, including copper tape, combination




                                                     Belden Technical Support 1 .800 .BELDEN .1                       www.belden.com                                        VFDWP 2009

6
                                                     © Copyright 2009, Belden Inc.

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Belden Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) White Paper

  • 1. A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) regulates the speed of a 3-phase AC electric motor by controlling the frequency and voltage of the power it delivers to the motor. Today, these devices (also known as Adjustable Speed Drives or Variable Speed Drives) are becoming prevalent in a wide range of applications throughout industry, from motion control Building a Reliable applications to ventilation systems, from wastewater processing facilities to machining VFD System areas, and many others. Brian Shuman VFDs offer many benefits; principle among them the ability to save a substantial amount of Senior Product Development Engineer energy during motor operation. In that sense, these devices represent both an attractive, “green” Belden engineering solution, and an economical choice. Other benefits worth mentioning include the following: they can maintain torque at levels to match the needs of the load, improve process control, reduce mechanical stress on 3-phase induction motors by providing a “soft start,” and improve an electrical system’s power factor. What’s more, legacy systems that now use throttling devices to regulate motor speed can be retrofitted with VFDs to make speed regulation much more efficient and precise. Special consideration must be given to the proper installation and operation of the overall system that comprises the VFD, the motor it controls, and the cable that connects them. See Figure 1 for a schematic depicting a generalized VFD system. The way in which VFD-based systems are constructed and operated will have an impact on both the longevity and reliability of all the components of the system, as well as nearby or adjacent systems. This paper is primarily concerned with the motor-supply cable in the VFD/motor system. It looks Table of Contents at some fundamental cable design considerations, and presents suggestions for installation. Overview of VFD Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 However, to give the reader some context, it makes sense to first describe VFDs, their benefits and potential problems, and their relationship to the motors they control. Evaluation of Cable Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Ten Things to Consider Overview of VFD technology Before Selecting Your VFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 VFDs are solid state devices for converting 3-phase AC line voltage to a quasi-sinusoidal pulse Impact of Cable Design on Motor and Cable Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 width modulated (PWM) waveform in which the frequency and voltage level can be varied. The output is a series of narrow voltage pulses having constant amplitude but sinusoidally-varying Understanding Radiated Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 widths. Internally, VFDs consist of three main sections: an AC-to-DC converter based on a Impact of Common Mode Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 rectifier bridge of diodes, a DC bus that filters and smoothes out the rectifier output, and a DC-to-AC inverter to change the DC back to AC. The inverter, which is most typically based on Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) technology, creates the variable voltage and frequency output that will control the motor’s speed. A microprocessor in the VFD, with programming resident in firmware, governs the overall operation of the device. VFDs allow a motor’s speed to be varied electrically instead of by mechanical means. This permits much greater efficiency and flexibility of operation. They are capable of controlling both the speed of the motor and the torque. Without a VFD, industrial induction motors run at full speed continuously; valves, or other mechanical methods, are employed to control the machine output. Unfortunately, running a motor at maximum speed regardless of the varying demands of production means a great deal of electric power is wasted. Another benefit of VFDs is their soft-start capability in which motors are ramped up to speed instead of being abruptly thrown on line. This useful feature reduces mechanical stresses on the entire motor system and leads to lower maintenance costs, as well as a longer motor life. Still another benefit is improved process control. Since industrial process throughput in most operations depends on a range of variables, a motor that is only able to operate at a constant speed even when one or more process variables change might contribute to creation of scrap, not to mention wasted energy. With a VFD, motor speed can be changed almost instantaneously to adapt to changing process conditions.
  • 2. However, VFDs are not without drawbacks. Ten Things to Consider Before Selecting Your VFD For example, the very fast voltage rise times associated with IGBT technology contributes to precise motor speed control but can also 1 . What will be the torque demands 6 . Will the VFD system be operating lead to voltage spikes that damage cables of the loads or processes in your in an environment containing vola- of poor quality, or ones that are improperly planned system? Will any of the tiles, airborne particulate matter, insulated. Other possible concerns with use of loads be hard to start? Keep in mind, high ambient temperatures? In VFDs are the potential for acoustical motor VFDs have limited over-current the case of volatiles, be sure all noise and motor heating, when currents, capacity . Hard-to-start loads may materials in use are resistant to induced by pulse width modulated switching, require an over-sized the unit to chemical attack and are properly flow in improperly grounded motor shafts. The cover higher current demands . grounded; for an atmosphere full of result can be damaged bearings. In addition, 2 . How many motors will the drive particulates, ensure proper sealing; the purchase cost for a new VFD can be steep, have to control? If more than one, for high temps, allow for cooling . though this must be balanced with the fact will they start up sequentially or si- 7 . Do you need equipment or drive that the payback period can be a matter of multaneously? You should calculate protection features that will ensure just a few months to under three years. the total peak currents of all motor a continuity in your processing? loads under the worst operating Be aware that you can have a Evaluation of Cable Types conditions your planned system drive that trips instantly in an over- will see . Size your VFD according to Used for VFDs current condition, or one that main- this maximum current requirement . tains constant motor torque and In order to better understand the variables 3 . Will your applications require a reduces motor speed to involved with the cables that are a key part quick start or an emergency stop of maintain current required of any VFD system and to formulate a useful the load? If so, high currents will be 8 . Do you want or need a lot of diag- guide to cable selection, the most commonly demanded of the VFD . Over-sizing nostic capability in your unit? How recommended cables for VFD applications of the drive may be necessary . critical is it to get a handle on load have been studied by Belden, in both a lab and 4 . Is motor overheating a potential downtimes and be able to do a working application.1 Some wiring methods concern for any of your planned detailed fault analysis? were not examined, however, such as THHN VFD applications? It may be, for 9 . Are power factor correction building wire in conduit, since their use has reduced speed, constant torque capacitors present on the motor been shown to have detrimental effects, as applications . loads your VFD system will have to outlined in other studies.2, 3 An exception 5 . What range of motor sizes will your handle? When these are switched, to this exclusion was the use of PVC-Nylon process or processes require the they typically generate power insulated, PVC jacketed tray cables. These VFD to handle? Keep in mind that disturbances, and VFDs can be cables are the most commonly-installed smaller motors are not as efficient negatively impacted . Isolation type of industrial control cable, and though transformers or line reactors may as larger ones, so improvements they are often misapplied for use in VFD due to the VFD will likely be readily be necessary . applications, they were included in the tests apparent . However, since large mo- 10 . Is it possible the power source for purposes of comparison. The PVC-Nylon tors consume much more power, for your planned system will designs (PVC-Nylon/PVC Type TC and PVC- even small increases in efficiency occasionally be switched while Nylon/PVC Foil Shield Type TC) were evaluated can, over the life of the motor, lead the VFD is operating? This might in both unshielded and foil shielded versions. to appreciable savings . happen, for example, when loads are switched to standby genera- The commonly-specified cables evaluated in tors during a power outage . Some the study included the following: drives can handle a brief power outage, others can't . 2
  • 3. PVC-Nylon/PVC Foil Shield Type TC XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) insulated, XLPE insulated, dual-copper tape foil/braid (85%) shielded, Industrial PVC shielded, Industrial PVC jacketed cable jacketed cable designed for designed for VFD applications VFD applications. • Three Conductor #12 • Four Conductor (three conductors plus • XLPE Insulation (.030 in. wall) green/yellow ground) • (2) .002” Cu Tapes Spiral Wrapped • XLPE Insulation (.045 in. wall) 100% Foil with 20% overlap +85% Tinned Copper Braid Shield • Three Symmetrical #16 Bare • Full Size Tinned Copper Drain Wire Ground Conductors (sectioned in #8 and larger) PVC-Nylon/PVC Type TC • Industrial PVC Jacket • Full Size Insulated Tinned Copper • 600V Rated use of XLPE cable insulation, a material Ground Conductor with high impulse voltage breakdown • Industrial PVC Jacket The cables investigated were used to levels, that makes it more immune to • 600V/1000V Rated interconnect a VFD to the AC motor. All failure from reflected wave and voltage testing was conducted using a current spikes in a VFD application than, say, PVC, generation, IGBT-based, 480VAC, 5HP VFD, a material which is not recommended in an inverter-duty rated AC motor, and these applications. relevant lab equipment, such as an LCR meter to characterize the cables and an Because cable length is mostly determined by oscilloscope to make voltage measurements. the layout of the application, while rise times vary with the VFD output semiconductor and Impact of Cable Design on the voltage of the VFD is determined by the Motor and Cable Life application, the impedance of the cable relative to the motor will be the primary Reflected waves caused by a cable-to-motor mechanism outlined in this paper. XLPE insulated, continuously welded impedance mismatch are prevalent in all aluminum armored, Industrial PVC AC VFD applications. The magnitude of the First, let’s look at estimated motor jacketed cable designed for VFD problem depends on the length of the cable, impedance relative to motor size in applications the rise-time of the PWM (pulse width HP over a range of horsepower ratings, modulated) carrier wave, the voltage of the as indicated in Figure 2. Note that the • Three Conductor #12 VFD, and the magnitude of the impedance cable impedance for 1HP motor/drive • XLPE Insulation (.030 in. wall) difference between the motor and cable. combinations would need to be roughly 1,000 ohms to match the corresponding • Continuously Welded Aluminum Armor Under the right conditions, a pulse from the motor’s impedance. Unfortunately, a cable • Three Symmetrical #16 VFD can add to a pulse reflected back from with such high characteristic impedance Bare Ground Conductors the motor to result in a doubling of voltage would require conductor spacing in excess level, which could damage the cable or the • Industrial PVC Jacket of several feet. Obviously, this would be components inside the drive. A solution is both impractical and very expensive. • 600V MC Rating 3
  • 4. In addition to other benefits, such as reduced capacitance, a more closely matched Drive Motor impedance can improve motor life. Table 1 lists Cable the observed line-to-line peak motor terminal R U voltages, as well as the impedance of the cables under test. The voltage measurements were S W V M taken using 120 ft. cable lengths. T PE PE Table 1 shows typical impedance values for #12 AWG circuit conductors and is based on V LL actual data. Cable impedance is influenced both by its geometry and materials used in Figure 1: Schematic of a VFD setup. its manufacture. The characteristic impedance of a cable is calculated using the following formula, where Zc = characteristic impedance, L = cable inductance, and 1000 C = cable capacitance.  Zc = √L / C Motor Impedance (Ohms) 100 In Table 1, note the inversely proportional relationship between the cable’s impedance and the peak motor terminal voltage: cables with higher impedance tended to result in lower peak motor terminal voltages. A cable’s 10 design for impedance also impacts its useful life. Lower voltages across the motor terminals translate into the cable being exposed to lower voltages, increasing its life expectancy. 1 In addition, this reduces the likelihood of 1 100 1000 either the cable or the motor reaching its corona inception voltage (CIV). That’s the Motor Size (HP) point at which the air gap between two conductors in the cable, or two windings on Figure 2: Motor impedance relative to motor size. the motor, breaks down via arcing or a spark under the high potential difference. If the CIV is reached, insulation failure can occur in the windings of the motor.4 Cable Type Impedance (ohms) Voltage at Motor Terminals Corona discharge occurring between Continuous Aluminum Armored Cable 87 1080 V conductors of the cable can produce very high Belden Foil/Braid VFD Cable 2950X Series 78 1110 V temperatures. If the insulation system of the Cu-Tape Shielded Belden VFD Cable 58 1150 V cable is a thermoplastic material such as PVC, the phenomenon can cause premature cable Unshielded PVC-Nyl/PVC 58 1150 V burn-out or a short circuit due to a gradual, Shielded PVC-Nyl/PVC 38 1260 V localized melting of the insulation. For this Table 1. Impedance impact on motor terminal voltage using 120 ft. of cable. reason alone, thermoplastic insulations should not be used for VFD applications. 4
  • 5. On the other hand, thermoset insulation systems such as those based on XLPE are ideal 16 materials for these applications because of the 12 high temperature stability they exhibit. In their case, the heat generated from corona 8 forms a thermally-isolating charred layer on the surface of the insulation, preventing 4 further degradation. All cables used for VFDs Volts should use a thermoset insulation system as a 0 precautionary measure. -4 Understanding Radiated Noise -8 in VFD applications -12 Noise radiated from a VFD cable is proportional to the amount of varying electric current -16 within it. As cable lengths grow, so does the Time magnitude of reflected voltage. This transient over voltage, combined with the high Foil/Braid Cu Tape Armored Foil amplitudes of current associated with VFDs, creates a significant source of radiated noise. Figure 3: Noise coupled from VFD cables to unshielded instrumentation cable. By shielding the VFD cable, the noise can be controlled. In the tests presented in this paper, If radiated noise is an issue in an existing Impact of Common Mode Noise relative shielding effectiveness was observed VFD installation, care should be taken when in VFD Applications by noting the magnitude of noise coupled to 10 ft. of parallel unshielded instrumentation routing instrumentation/control cables in Radiated noise from a VFD cable is a source cable for each VFD cable type examined. The the surrounding area. Maintain as much of interference with adjacent systems that is results of the shielding effectiveness testing separation as possible between such cables often easier to identify and rectify than are documented in Figure 3. and VFD cables/leads. A minimum of one foot common mode noise. In the latter, high levels separation for shielded instrumentation of noise across a broad frequency range, often As demonstrated by its trace in that figure, cables, and three feet for unshielded from 60 Hz to 30 MHz, can capacitatively foil shields are simply not robust enough to instrumentation cables, is recommended. If couple from the windings of the motor to capture the volume of noise generated by the cables must cross paths, try to minimize the motor frame, and then to ground. VFDs. Unshielded cables connected between the amount of parallel runs, preferably a VFD and a motor can radiate noise in excess crossing the instrument cable perpendicularly Common-mode noise can also capacitatively of 80V to unshielded communication wires/ with the power/VFD cable. couple from unshielded motor leads in a cables, and in excess of 10V to shielded conduit to ground via conduit ground straps, instrumentation cables. Moreover, the use If noise issues persist after these precautions supports or other adjacent, unintentional of unshielded cables in conduits should be are taken, use a non-metallic, vertical-tray grounding paths. This common-mode ground limited, as the conduit is an uncontrolled flame rated fiber optic cable and media- current is particularly troublesome because path to ground for the noise it captures. converters or direct-connect fiber digital systems are susceptible to the high- Any equipment in the vicinity of the communication equipment for the frequency noise generated by VFDs. conduit or conduit hangers may be subject instrumentation circuit. Other mitigation to an injection of this captured, common- techniques may also be required, such as, but Signals susceptible to common-mode noise mode noise. Therefore, unshielded cables not limited to, use of band-pass filters/chokes, include those from proximity sensors, and in conduit are also not a recommended output reactors, motor terminators, and signals from thermocouples or encoders, as method for connecting VFDs to motors. metallic barriers in cable trays or raceways. well as low-level communication signals in general. Because this type of noise takes the path of least resistance, it finds unpredictable 5
  • 6. grounding paths that become intermittent as humidity, temperature, and load change over time. 40 One way to control common-mode noise is to 35 provide a known path to ground for noise Impedance (Ohms/25') captured at the motor’s frame. A low- 30 impedance path, such as a properly designed 25 cable ground/shield system, can provide the noise with an easier way to get back to the 20 drive than using the building ground grid, steel, equipment, etc. 15 In the study presented in this paper, tests 10 were conducted on the five cable types to determine the ground path impedance of the 5 shield and grounding system of each cable. 0 The tests were conducted across a broad frequency spectrum. Results are outlined in 06 1 2 5 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 Figure 4. Lower impedance implies a more 0. 10 robust ground path, and therefore relatively Frequency (kHz) lower noise coupled to the building ground. Lower building ground noise means a reduced Foil/Braid Cu Tape Armored Foil need for troubleshooting of nearby adjacent Figure 4: Shield/Ground impedance of the various cable types. systems and components. Conclusion foil/braid, and continuous armoring types, References are the most appropriate for VFD applications 1. Brandon L. Phillips and Eric J. Burlington, "Specifying Cables A cable should never be the weak link in a because of the low impedance path they for VFD Applications," 2007 VFD system. It must be able to stand up to the provide for common-mode noise to return 2. E. J. Bartolucci, B.H. Finke, “Cable Design for PWM Variable operating conditions, and maintain the life of to the drive. Speed AC Drives,” IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry other components in the system. Selecting an Conference, Sept, 1998 appropriate VFD cable can improve overall When VFD cables are installed in close 3. E. Bulington, S. Abney, G. Skibinski, “Cable Alternatives of drive system longevity and reliability by proximity to low-level communications PWM AC Drive Applications,” IEEE Petroleum and Chemical mitigating the impact of reflected waves. cables and other susceptible devices, shielded Industry Conference, Sept, 1999 instrumentation cable should be used. It 4. Evon, S., Kempke, D., Saunders, L., Skibinski, G., “Riding the Special attention should be paid to the would also be prudent to limit the run length Reflected wave - IGBT Drive Technology Demands New Motor cable’s insulation type, impedance, and of VFD cable parallel to instrumentation and Cable Considerations,” IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, Sept, 1996 shield/ground system. cables to 10 ft. or less to reduce the likelihood Cables employing a heavy wall of thermoset of radiated noise issues. insulation are recommended because of the proven electrical benefits and improved high temperature stability it offers. Shielding systems, including copper tape, combination Belden Technical Support 1 .800 .BELDEN .1 www.belden.com VFDWP 2009 6 © Copyright 2009, Belden Inc.