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Evolution of Plants From Bryophytes to Angiosperms
1. Francisco AmayaJuan Sebastián HernándezDaniel CuestasJuan Sebastián Duran «The significant problems we face cannot be solved by the same level of thinking that created them.-- Albert Einstein
12. GYMNOSPERMS Thegymnosperms are a group of seedbearingplants Theyincludeplantssuch as Coniferms,Ginkgo ,Gnetales and Cycads Gymnosperesmeansnakedseeds are in contrastwiththeangiospermsthat are ovolues of floweringplants. There are between 700 and 900 of gymnospems living species. Theywereoriginatedduringcaboniferuspeiod Are woodyplants,usually trees, shrubs or sometimes palmeroide biotype. Itsflower are simple inconspicuous,almostalwaysanemophilypollinationtheflowermostoftenarranged in strobili Theymostlyonourlifehaveeconomic uses withthesewe can alsomakesoappefumesvanishfood and paint.
13. ANGIOSPERMS Unlikegymnosperms such as conifers and cycads, angiosperm's seeds are found in a flower. Angiosperm eggs are fertilized and develop into a seed in an ovary that is usually in a flower. The flowers of angiosperms have male or female reproductive organs. There are over 250,000 species of angiosperms. Angiosperms are flowering plants. They make up around 80 percent of all the living plant species on Earth.
14. More characteristics… Angiosperms are able to grow in a variety of habitats as well as habits. They can grow as trees, shrubs and bushes as well as herbs. These plants have diploid (2n) sporophytes. Angiosperms have a distinctive underground root as well as aerial shoot system. The root system of angiosperms is also very complex. The roots also contain cortex, phloem, xylem and epidermis. They have root hairs that helps in better absorption of water minerals from the soil. Absorption takes place by diffusion and active transport.
15. USES. Angiosperms are source of food . wheat rice and maize are our stable food . Pulses and millet which are our food item belong to angiosperms . Delicious and nutritional fruits such as mango, apple , pear, peaches, melons, banana dates, etc come from angiosperms. Many useful products, which serve as medicine, are obtained from them . Wood of angiosperms are used for making sport goods , furniture . Fiber for making ropes and linen is obtained from many of them such as cotton and jute . Also shelter for some animals.
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17. A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or "tree" showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical and/or genetic characteristics. The taxa joined together in the tree are implied to have descended from a common ancestor.
18. The evolution of plants has resulted in increasing levels of complexity, from the earliest algal mats, through bryophytes, lycopods, ferns to the complex gymnosperms and angiosperms of today. While the groups which appeared earlier continue to thrive, especially in the environments in which they evolved, each new grade of organisation has eventually become more "successful" than its predecessors by most measures.