5.4 alexander the great

The Peloponnesian Wars ended with Athens’ defeat in 404 BC. ,[object Object]

The city-states continued to fight each other.

Some of Sparta’s former allies joined with Athens and fought Sparta.

Later on, Athens and Sparta united to fight Thebes.

The point is, because the major Greek city-states had been in a near constant state of periodic war for nearly 80 years, they were weakened – in wealth, military ability, and manpower.

This made them ripe for conquering. . . ,[object Object]

The Macedonians, who had strong Greek influences, considered themselves Greek. ,[object Object],King Philip II ruled Macedon starting in 359 BC. 23 yrs. old

The Macedonian phalanx did away with the heavily armed and armored hoplite shock troops. It introduced the phalangites. ,[object Object]

They would line up in square formation of 16 by 16 men.

Also introduced fast-moving cavalry (horses),[object Object]

So Philip takes advantage of the Greece’s weakness and attack. ,[object Object]

The fiercely independent Greek city-states become part of the new Macedonian empire.

The great Athenian orator, Demosthenes, spent almost all his time warning people about Philip and his designs on Greece, but they weren’t taken seriously enough until it was too late.,[object Object],[object Object]

Based on facial reconstruction, they think this is what he looked like:,[object Object]

According to legend, Olympias had a dream that her womb was struck by lightning – meaning she was impregnated by Zeus.

This account also holds that Philip was afraid to consort with her because she liked sleeping with snakes.,[object Object]

For his part, Alexander helped Aristotle amass a sizable library and financed his work.,[object Object],[object Object]

First they submitted and then they later rebelled again.

The second time around, most hesitated while Thebes decided to resist. The Thebans were crushed.

As punishment and as a warning to others, Alexander destroyed Thebes and sold the populace into slavery (6,000 killed and 30,000 sold for 440 talents of silver).

Everybody else got the message and submitted. ,[object Object]

Alexander was also a lead from the front type of commander. He didn’t stay at the back of the army where he’d be safest. He rode with the cavalry and actively engaged in hand to hand combat.,[object Object]

At Issus, the Hellenes were outnumbered by around 10 to 1. Victory for Alexander!

Alexander rejects offer from Darius III for Western 1/3 of Persian Empire. He planned to conquer the whole thing!,[object Object]

5.4 alexander the great

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5.4 alexander the great