13. According to the NASA satellite data: - “More than 2 trillion tons of land ice in Greenland, Antarctic and Alaska have melted since 2003″. - “Water melting from Greenland in the past five years would fill about 11 Chesapeake Bays and the Greenland melt seems to be accelerating.”
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16. “ Climate Change 2007”, the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), is about to be released, stand by for a tsunami of doom. Source: http://www.anenglishmanscastle.com/archives/004868.html
40. Size Your Carbon Footprint CALCULATE YOUR PERSONAL CARBON FOOTPRINT Home sq. feet (00) ____ x .6 = _______ You drive kms (000) ____ x .4 = _______ You fly miles (000) ____ x .3 = _______ Your Total Tons ________ www.beckstrom.com
41. Question How large is your personal carbon footprint? 1) 15 2) 25 3) 50 4) 100+ tons The danger is real, but WE can control the situation….
44. The Developments so far 1997: COP-3 -- The Kyoto Protocol Period The paradigm Key outcomes 1: Before 1990 Framing the problem 1979: First World Climate Conference 1988: Toronto Conference; Establishment of IPCC 1989: High level political conferences 1990: Second World Climate Conference; First Assessment Report of IPCC 2: 1991-1996 Leadership articulated 1992: Climate Change Convention 1995: COP-1 -- Berlin Mandate; AIJ 1996: Second Assessment Report of IPCC 3: 1997-2001 Conditional leadership 1997: COP-3 -- The Kyoto Protocol 2000: Third Assessment Report of IPCC 2001: COP-7 -- The Marrakech Accords 2001: US withdraws from Kyoto 4: 2002-2007 Leadership competition … ....: US initiates many agreements 2005: Kyoto enters into force 2007: COP-13-- Bali Roadmap 5: Post 2008 Developing countries taking lead? 2008: Global recession starts 2009: COP-15 -- Copenhagen agreement?
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47. IPCC As an intergovernmental body the IPCC is open to all member countries of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Its activities are guided by the mandate given to it by its parent organisations WMO and UNEP and governed by principles agreed by the Panel. The work-programme of the IPCC is decided by the Panel in plenary Sessions.
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54. Generating Carbon Credits GHG emissions Time Project commissioned “ With project” emission level “ Without project” emission level Carbon credits Project based emission reductions need to be calculated and verified 1 reduced Ton of Carbon Dioxide equivalent = 1 Carbon Credit hereafter they can be sold on the open market.
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63. How is CDM relevant for Businesses? By selling the emission reductions from a project to a Annex I party additional cash flows can be realised. Emission cap Actual emissions Buyer Carbon Credits Carbon value ( € ) Annex I party Emission reduction project The CDM project reduces the carbon emissions in the CDM country
64. Impact on the IRR of The Project IRR Benchmark Project return excluding CDM revenue Project return including CDM revenue CDM cash flow The gap between the project return and the required return on investment threshold The CDM cash flow increases the IRR of the project making it more interesting for investors. (2%-100%, diversification, offshore revenue stream) 12 % 15 % 16 %
70. Carbon Market CDM CERs VERs EUAs CA CCX RGGI .14 BN Clean Development Mechanism GCC, etc. $24 BN $5.2 BN Trading Volumes from World Bank 2007 April report. JI ERUs .03 BN California For Kyoto Capped Countries Only Voluntary EEX EUAs Futures ?
84. Problem: leadership? US EU S Leadership paradigm N S Conditional leadership Leadership sans US EU S CEITS US JSCaNZ US Leadership competition Development N S Pollution
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91. Impact of loopholes on 1990 Annex 1 emissions in 2020 Source: ECO, 10 Dec Inclusion of loopholes means 4% reduction from 1990 levels
127. before it’s too late…. Source–The Economist, reprinted from Joe Romm (http:// www.climateprogress.org ) 23-11-2009
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Editor's Notes
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpegMod/PIA00104_modest.jpg Venus is 900 degrees Fahrenheit on the surface because the atmosphere is 96.5% CO2 and 3.5% N20. Both are potent greenhouse gases that trap the sun’s rays and energy.
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpegMod/PIA00104_modest.jpg Venus is 900 degrees Fahrenheit on the surface because the atmosphere is 96.5% CO2 and 3.5% N20. Both are potent greenhouse gases that trap the sun’s rays and energy.
Gowri- Please go back to original slide!!! These were shiftted to side and distorted for what benefit?
Electric power generation = 70% of SO2 emissions. Phase I concerns mostly coal-fired power plants. Beginning of Phase II : bring fossil-fuel electric power plants in the scheme. Annual allocations . Number of allowances related to the share of heat input [=combustion of fossil fuel (coal, oil, natural gas) for electricity generation] . Bonuses under a variety of provisions. Auction limited to 3% of total allowances (good indication of the value of allowances at the beginning) . Penalty adjusted for inflation (around $3,000 in 2004).
Gowri- It would be good to eliminate the top red line. It is unnecessary. It points to the high point, but this is not relevant to my presentation
Gowri- please… replace boxes with circles express chemicals with proper notation (I think the 2’s & 4’s are supposed to be subscripted lower than the other text) And with even pattern (like a starfish or pentagon) Otherwise make look clean
Note : This is not an exhaustive list of the Protocol’s general commitments as many of them we have already discussed in terms of the Framework Convention.
Note :1: Basically, the real difference between the Framework Convention and the Kyoto Protocol is that the Convention encouraged these countries to stabilize their emissions levels whereas, the Protocol will commit them to reducing their collective emissions by at least 5% below 1990 levels. Moreover, unlike the Convention’s non-binding aim for stabilization of greenhouse gas emissions, the Protocol’s commitments are in fact, legally-binding, which implies consequences for non-compliance.
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