explaining of english grammar of 12 grade

1. Sun rise 12
‫‌كردنی‬‫ه‬‫ئاماد‬:‌‫عبدالعزیز‌هاشم‌میكائیل‬
‌‫مۆبایل‬:07504411840
1-grammar
2-readings
3-episode
4-vocabulary
5-sounds
‫‌لبژاردن‬‫ه‬‫‌و‌شیوازی‌پرسیاری‌ه‬‫ه‬‫‌و‬‫ه‬‫شیكردن‬

2. Unite one : grammar
giving instructions :‫كردن‬ ‫نمايي‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬
‫نمايي‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫بؤ‬‫زكردن‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ئاوةلفرماني‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دةوتري‬‫يان‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬‫بةكار‬‫شانة‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫كردن‬:
Adverbs of sequensing :
1-first ,.. : ‫یةكةمجار‬ 2-then : ‫دواتر‬ 3- after that,..: ‫ي‬ ‫ثاش‬‫ئةو‬
4-next ,.. : ‫ئینجا‬ 5-finally,..: ‫لةكؤتاییدا‬
• ‫ت‬َ‫دةضي‬‫ر‬‫دة‬ ‫ة‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ئةطينا‬‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫سة‬ ‫وةكو‬ ‫ت‬َ‫بي‬ ‫يز‬ِ‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫نانيان‬َ‫هي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫ويستة‬َ‫ثي‬.
• then ‫لةدواي‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫يزة‬‫ر‬‫فا‬‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫سة‬ ‫ئةوانةي‬ ‫و‬‫هةمو‬‫لة‬ ‫جطة‬
• ‫لةدواي‬‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بؤئةوةي‬‫ت‬َ‫نري‬َ‫دةهي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫طانة‬ِ‫بر‬ ‫ئةم‬‫ةوةش‬‫ر‬‫سة‬ ‫شانةي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ئةم‬‌‫تةواو‬‫ت‬َ‫بضي‬‫ر‬‫دة‬:
• 1-you have to : +(infinitive without to )to َ‫بةبي‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫ضاوط‬
• 2- you need to: +(infinitive without to )to َ‫بةبي‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫ضاوط‬
• 3- you should : +(infinitive without to )to َ‫بةبي‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫ضاوط‬

3. Giving instruction: ‫كردن‬ ‫رێنمایی‬ ‫یاسای‬
Adverbs of squencing +you needto ‫یان‬you should‫یان‬you have to +infinitive (with out to )+object
For completing a landing card: ‫بؤئةوةي‬‫ك‬َ‫بةوالتي‬‫طةيشتن‬ ‫تي‬‫ر‬‫كا‬‫كردنةوةي‬ِ‫ثر‬‫لةضؤنيةتي‬ ‫بكةي‬ ‫ا‬‫ز‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫شا‬‫ك‬َ‫كةسي‬
First, you have to fill in your name. :‫ي‬ ‫بنوس‬ ‫خؤت‬ ‫ي‬‫ناو‬‫ويستة‬َ‫ثي‬‫يةكةمجار‬
Then you need to write your flight details. ‫ي‬ ‫بنوس‬ ‫ئاسمانيةكانت‬ ‫طةشتي‬‫ةكاني‬‫ر‬‫انيا‬‫ز‬‫دواتر‬
After that, you add your address in the country. ‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ي‬ ‫دةنوس‬ ‫وآلتة‬ ‫لةم‬ ‫خؤت‬‫ناونيشاني‬ ‫ئةو‬‫ي‬ ‫ش‬
must ‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:
‫تةنها‬‫بكةين‬‫ك‬َ‫كةسي‬‫نمايي‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ز‬َ‫بةهي‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬‫كة‬‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬‫بةكار‬‫كاتة‬ ‫لةو‬.‫ة‬ِ‫ر‬‫تو‬‫ةكةي‬‫ر‬‫بيسة‬‫ئةوا‬‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬‫ي‬‫بةكار‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬ ‫ئةطةر‬
‫دةكات‬.
‫ضونكة‬must‫واتة‬‫ويستة‬َ‫ثي‬.‫واية‬‫كردن‬َ‫ثي‬‫فرمان‬‫وةكو‬‫بؤنمونة‬:you must fill the form.
•‫بؤ‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬must:
• Q/for strong instruction. You ……………. Fill all the forms.
(a- need to b- have to c- must d-should )
• Q/give strong instruction. You …………… visit the police station.
(a- have to b- must c- should d- need)

4. ‫كردن‬‫نمايي‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬
• ‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:
•‫فرمانة‬ ‫و‬‫ئةو‬ ‫تةنها‬ ‫دوايان‬ ‫لة‬‫دةتوانين‬ ‫تر‬ ‫ئاوةلفرمانةكاني‬ ‫بؤ‬(‫كار‬)‫كة‬‫ين‬َ‫دابني‬‫طرنطة‬:‫بؤنمونة‬
• After that, add your address.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫جار‬ ‫بةي‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬ ‫بةالم‬you‫ش‬َ‫لةثي‬‫نة‬‫و‬‫بؤنمو‬‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬ ‫فرمان‬:
• After that, you add your address.
• ‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫دة‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫امانةكان‬‫ر‬‫ئاوةلف‬ ‫وةية‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بةم‬ ‫ئةوا‬ ‫يةكتر‬ ‫لةدواي‬ ‫ت‬َ‫هةبي‬ ‫ناييمان‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬َ‫ي‬
َ
‫كؤمةل‬ ‫ئةطةر‬‫ن‬َ‫هي‬‫ين‬:
• First of all, you (have to) go to the traffic lights. ‫يةكةمجار‬‫ؤ‬ِ‫بر‬‫اليتةكة‬ ‫افيك‬‫ر‬‫ت‬ ‫بؤ‬
•
•Then you (need to) turn left and go to the roundabout.
‫ضةثدا‬ ‫بةالي‬ ‫ويستة‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫دواتر‬‫يةوة‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫بسو‬ ‫فلكةكة‬ ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫بةدةو‬ ‫ةها‬‫و‬‫هةر‬ ‫ي‬‫ؤ‬‫بر‬.
• After that, you (should) turn right. ‫ثاش‬‫ي‬‫بطر‬ ‫است‬‫ر‬ ‫الي‬ ‫ت‬َ‫ئةودةبي‬
• Finally, you take the first left, and you’ll see it opposite you.
•‫يةكةم‬ ‫كؤتاييدا‬ ‫لة‬‫فلكةي‬‫تؤ‬ ‫امبةر‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫تة‬َ‫دةكةوي‬ ‫بطرة‬ ‫ضةث‬ ‫الي‬

5. • Q/…………… ,you need to fill in your name………….. you
should write your address…………….., you have to sign in
the bottom .
• )a- first ,finally , then b-finally ,then , first c- first
,then , finally d- finally , first , then )
• Q/…………., You have to write your cv , …………, you need to
go to the office,………….. ,you should give it to them.
• (a-after that , next, first b- first ,after that , next c-
next ,first, after that d- first , next , after that)
‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬

6. Making suggestion : ‫كردن‬ ‫شنيار‬َ‫ثي‬
‫كردن‬ ‫شنيار‬َ‫ثي‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫هةية‬ ‫ياسامان‬ ‫ضوار‬:
1-what about + v(ing )‌‫+فرمان‌بة‬ o.?
Ex: what about going to Jordan?
Ex: what about having coffee?
‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫فرمانةكةي‬ ‫كة‬ ‫دي‬ ‫لةواني‬‫تةوة‬َ‫دةكري‬ ‫جيا‬ ‫بةوة‬‫ة‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬ ‫ئةم‬(ing)‫كؤتاييدا‬ ‫لة‬ ‫ةها‬‫و‬‫وةية،هةر‬َ‫ثي‬
‫هةية‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫نيشانةي‬.‫لةطةل‬ ‫ي‬‫جياواز‬why not‫فرمانةكةي‬‫كة‬ ‫ئةوةية‬ing‫وةية‬َ‫ثي‬‫نية‬ ‫ضاوط‬ ‫واتة‬.
‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q/ ………… eating food? (a- why not b- let's c- what about d- I
suggest )
Q/what about ………….. foot ball ?
( a- play b- to play c- playing d-played )

7. 2-why not + base‫ط‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬ +o?
Ex: why not visit Duhok ?
Ex: why not watch the weekly program?
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫نيشان‬‫كؤتايي‬‫لة‬‫ةها‬‫و‬‫هةر‬،‫طة‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬‫فرمانةكة‬ ‫ةدا‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬‫لةم‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ةي‬
‫اوة‬‫ر‬‫دان‬.‫لةطةل‬ ‫ي‬‫جياواز‬what about‫واتة‬‫طة‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬‫فرمانةي‬‫كة‬‫ئةوةية‬
ing‫نية‬‫وة‬َ‫ثي‬.
Q/………….. stay at my home ? ( a- what about b- why
not c- let's d- I suggest )
Q/why not …………. For walk ? ( a- going b- to go c-
went d- go )
Q/ Your friends have vacation .suggest to have picnic at
Dokan. (a- why not having picnic? b-why not have to
picnic ? c-why not have picnic at dokan ? d- why not
go to picnic for Shaqlawa?

8. ‫شنياركردن‬َ‫ثي‬
3- Let’s + base +o.
Ex: Let's find out about flights.
Ex: let's read the story .
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫نية‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫ئةوياساية‬‫ةدا‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬ ‫لةم‬.‫طة‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬‫فرمانةكةي‬.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q/ …………… talk about the problem. ( a- why not b- what about c-
Let's d- I suggest )
Q/Let's ………….. a piece of cake . ( a- eating b- eat c- to eat d-
eats )
Q/ ……….. have a rest. You’ve been working hard.( a- what about b-
why not c- I suggest d- let's )
Q/your friend is sick suggest to him to go to doctor.(a- I suggest to go to
doctor b- I am suggesting to go to doctor c- let's go to doctor d-
I suggest go to doctor.)

9. 4- I suggest (you , we )+base +o.
Ex:I suggest you check prices on the internet.
Ex: I suggest we listen for some music.
Ex : I suggest that you play tennis.
‫بنيي‬َ‫تي‬:‫فرمان‬‫ةها‬‫و‬‫،هةر‬ ‫هةية‬ ‫فرمان‬ ‫ش‬َ‫لةثي‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫كة‬‫لةوداية‬ ‫ياساية‬ ‫ئةم‬‫ي‬‫جياواز‬‫ط‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬ ‫ةكة‬
‫ت‬َ‫دةبي‬.‫بكةر‬ ‫ةها‬‫و‬‫هةر‬ ، ‫نية‬ ‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫كة‬ ‫تر‬‫لةواني‬‫تةوة‬َ‫دةكري‬ ‫جيا‬‫بةوة‬(you ,we)‫لة‬
‫ت‬َ‫دةي‬ ‫وفرمانةكة‬ ‫شنيار‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫ي‬‫از‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬ ‫وان‬َ‫ني‬.‫دةتوانين‬‫ةها‬‫و‬‫هةر‬(that)‫دواي‬ ‫لة‬(I suggest)
‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬‫بةكار‬.
‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
• Q/……………. You visit the tower. ( a- I suggest b- what about
c- why not d- let's )
• Q/ I suggest …………… a picnic. ( a- have b- you have c- to
have d- having )
• Q/ you are tired, ………….you have a rest . ( a- what about
b- I suggest c- let's d- why not )

10. comparative and superlative forms :
‫د‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬‫ثلةي‬ ‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬(‫باال‬)‫وباالترين‬
‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫باآل‬‫ثلةكاني‬‫بؤ‬‫ناو‬
ً
‫وئاوةل‬‫ئاوةلفرمان‬‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬((comparative‫وباآلترين‬((superlative‫وةية‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بةم‬
‫ت‬َ‫دةبي‬:
1-‫ئةطةر‬‫تةنها‬ ‫ئةوا‬‫و‬‫كهاتبو‬َ‫ثي‬‫طة‬ِ‫بر‬‫لةيةك‬‫ناوةكة‬
َ
‫ئاوةلفرمانةكةوئاوةل‬er‫باالتر‬‫لةثلةي‬ ‫بةآلم‬‫باال‬ ‫ثلةي‬‫لة‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دةكري‬ ‫ياد‬‫ز‬ ‫بؤ‬‫ين‬
est‫ت‬َ‫دةكري‬ ‫ياد‬‫ز‬‫بؤ‬.
2-‫ئةم‬،‫و‬‫هاتبو‬‫ن‬َ‫ي‬‫و‬‫نةبز‬‫هةر‬‫ئةو‬‫ي‬ ‫ش‬َ‫لةثي‬‫و‬‫هاتبو‬ ‫ن‬َ‫ي‬‫و‬‫نةبز‬‫ثيتي‬‫بة‬‫كؤتاييان‬‫كة‬‫وئاوةلناوةي‬‫ئاوةلفرمان‬‫تةنها‬ ‫ئةوا‬er‫لةثلةي‬
‫باالو‬est‫نمونة‬ ‫دةكةين‬ ‫ياد‬‫ز‬‫ي‬‫بؤ‬ ‫باالترين‬ ‫ثلةي‬‫لة‬(:(tall –taller – the tallest‫يان‬
(old-older –the oldest)‫يان‬(fast –faster –the fastest)
3-‫ئةطةر‬‫ثيتي‬ ‫بة‬‫كؤتايي‬‫ئاوةلناوةكة‬‫يان‬‫ئاوةلفرمان‬e‫تةنها‬ ‫ئةوا‬‫و‬‫هاتبو‬r‫و‬‫باال‬ ‫ثلةي‬‫لة‬‫دةكةين‬ ‫ياد‬‫ز‬st‫لة‬ ‫دةكةين‬ ‫ياد‬‫ز‬ ‫بؤ‬
‫باالترين‬ ‫ثلةي‬:‫بؤنمونة‬
•(Large-larger-the largest)‫يان‬(nice-nicer –the nicest)
4-‫ئةطةر‬َ‫تي‬َ‫ثي‬‫ئةو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬َ‫ثي‬‫لة‬‫بةآلم‬‫و‬‫هاتبو‬‫ن‬َ‫ي‬‫و‬‫نةبز‬‫كي‬َ‫ثتي‬ ‫بة‬‫كؤتايي‬‫ئاوةلناوةكة‬‫يان‬‫ئاوةلفرمانةكة‬‫ثيتي‬ ‫ئةوا‬‫و‬‫هاتبو‬‫ن‬َ‫ي‬‫و‬‫بز‬‫كي‬
‫ئينجا‬ َ‫دةبل‬ ‫تة‬َ‫دةبي‬‫ن‬َ‫ي‬‫و‬‫نةبز‬er‫يان‬est‫نمونة‬ ‫دةكةين‬ ‫ياد‬‫ز‬ ‫بؤ‬:
•(big-bigger –the biggest)‫يان‬(fat –fatter –the fattest)‫يان‬
•(thin-thinner – the thinnest)

11. comparative and superlative forms :
‫د‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬‫ثلةي‬ ‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬(‫باال‬)‫وباالترين‬
5-‫ثيتي‬ ‫بة‬ ‫كؤتايي‬ ‫ئةطةر‬y‫ئةوا‬ ‫و‬‫هةبو‬‫ن‬َ‫ي‬‫و‬‫نةبز‬‫ثيتي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫وةلة‬ ‫و‬‫هاتبو‬y‫ثيتي‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ت‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬i‫ئينجا‬er‫يان‬est
‫ت‬َ‫دةكري‬ ‫ياد‬‫ز‬ ‫بؤ‬.‫وةكو‬:
•Happy-happier-the happiest‫يان‬silly –sillier – the silliest
6-‫كردني‬ ‫ياد‬‫ز‬ ‫بة‬ ‫تةنها‬ ‫ئاوةلفرمان‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ن‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬ ‫ئاوةلناو‬ َ‫هةندي‬ly‫وةكو‬quick+ly= quickly‫يان‬happy
+ly = happily‫يان‬careful+ly=carefully
7-‫بة‬ ‫كؤتايي‬ ‫كة‬ ‫ئاوةلفرمانانةي‬ ‫ئةم‬ly‫باال‬ ‫ثلةي‬ ‫لة‬more‫ن‬‫دةطر‬‫ر‬‫وة‬‫باالترين‬ ‫ثلةي‬ ‫ولة‬most‫ن‬‫دةطر‬‫ر‬‫وة‬
‫وةكو‬ ‫ن‬‫ياتر‬‫ز‬ ‫طة‬ِ‫بر‬ ‫يةك‬ ‫لة‬ ‫ضونكة‬:
•Quickly-more quickly-most quickly‫يان‬
•carefully –more carefully –most care fully
•8-‫بةهةمان‬‫باال‬ ‫ثلةي‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ياتر‬‫ز‬ ‫طة‬ِ‫بر‬ ‫لةيةك‬ ‫كة‬ ‫ئاوةلناوانةي‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫وة‬َ‫شي‬more‫باالترين‬ ‫ثلةي‬ ‫وبؤ‬ ‫ن‬‫دةطر‬‫ر‬‫وة‬
most‫ن‬‫دةطر‬‫ر‬‫وة‬.‫وةكو‬
•Successful-more successful-most successful‫يان‬
•beautiful – more beautiful –most beautiful
9-‫ي‬‫هؤ‬ ‫بة‬ ‫واتة‬ ‫ناياسايين‬ ‫هةن‬ ‫ئاوةلناو‬ َ‫هةندي‬er‫يان‬est‫بة‬ ‫يان‬more‫يان‬most‫كو‬
َ
‫بةل‬ ‫ن‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ناطؤ‬
‫وةكو‬ ‫ن‬َ‫بكري‬ ‫لةبةر‬ ‫ئةوانة‬ ‫ويستة‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫بؤية‬ ‫ن‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬ ‫بةناياسايي‬:
•Good –better –the best‫يان‬bad –worse –the worst

12. comparative and superlative forms :
‫د‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ثلةي‬ ‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬(‫باال‬)‫وباالترين‬
•‫شةي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫تر‬ ‫كي‬َ‫شتي‬ ‫لةضاو‬ ‫ك‬َ‫شتي‬ ‫كةمكرنةوةي‬ ‫بؤ‬less‫باال‬ ‫بؤ‬(‫د‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬)‫شةي‬‫و‬‫و‬‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬ ‫بةكار‬least‫ثلةي‬ ‫بؤ‬
‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫باالترين‬:
•‫بؤنمونة‬:
•‫لةوة‬ ‫كةمترزيرةكترة‬ ‫ئةمة‬‫ين‬َ‫بلي‬ ‫ئةكةر‬ ‫د‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫لةثلةي‬:this one is less successful than that
one
•‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬ ‫يرةكي‬‫ز‬ ‫لة‬ ‫كةمترينة‬ ‫ئةوة‬‫ين‬َ‫بلي‬ ‫ئةطةر‬ ‫باالترين‬ ‫لةثلةي‬:this one is least successful.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ستةدا‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫ناني‬َ‫هي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬
•1-‫باالية‬ ‫ثلةي‬ ‫كة‬ ‫ستةيةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫لة‬(‫د‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬)‫شةي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ة‬than‫هةية‬.‫لةدواي‬ ‫كة‬(‫وئاولناوةكة‬ ‫ئاوةلفرمان‬)‫ت‬َ‫دي‬.
•2-‫هةية‬ ‫ناو‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫بةز‬ ‫واتة‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دةكري‬ ‫شت‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫وان‬َ‫لةني‬ ‫د‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫باال‬ ‫ستةي‬‫ر‬‫لة‬.
•‫نمونة‬:Tom is taller than me.
•‫يان‬He is more beautiful than his brother.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ئ‬ ‫ش‬َ‫لةثي‬ ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫بةز‬‫باشترة‬ ‫تر‬ ‫ئةواني‬ ‫و‬‫لةهةمو‬ ‫ك‬َ‫شتي‬ ‫واتة‬ ‫باالترين‬ ‫ثلةي‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫لة‬‫يان‬ ‫ناوةكة‬
َ
‫اوةل‬
‫ئاوةلفرمانكة‬the‫هةية‬ ‫ستةكةدا‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫لة‬ ‫ناو‬ ‫يةك‬ ‫وتةنيا‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬.
•‌‫نمونة‬:
• Ex -China has the best economy in the east.
• Ex -Kurdistan is the most beautiful on earth.

13. Noun1+ auxiliaries+ comparative adjective or adverb +than +noun2
‫باال‬ ‫ثلةي‬ ‫ياساي‬(‫د‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬) )
auxiliaries :verb to be(is , am , are) ,verb to have(has .have)
Ex: Dana is taller than Dara.
Ex. Iraq has larger population than Syria.
Ex: The Chinese now have a better life than their parents did.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q/Shaqlawa is ……………....... than Koya. ( a- bigger b- big c- the
biggest d- too big )
Q/ Japan have …………..economy than Jordan. ( a- most developed b-
more developed c- developed b- too developed)

14. (‫باالترين‬ ‫ثلةي‬ ‫ياساي‬)
S+ auxiliaries+ the + superlative adjective or adverb ‫باالترين‬ ‫ثلةي‬‫ئاوةلفرماني‬‫ئاولناويان‬) ) +o.
Ex : He is the best man in the city.
Ex: Dana is the most important person in the office.
•:‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬
Q/He is the ………………student . ( a- better b- good
c-best d- bad )
Q/ We have the ………… country. ( a- more beautiful
b-most beautiful c- beautiful d- not beautiful )

15. past simple and past perfect tenses: ‫تةواوةكان‬ ‫ة‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫سادة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬
past simple: ‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬‫ر‬
•‫ت‬َ‫بي‬ ‫وويدا‬ِ‫ر‬‫ابردوو‬ِ‫ر‬‫كةلة‬ ‫ك‬َ‫ووداوي‬ِ‫ر‬‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬‫ت‬َ‫بةكاردي‬:
(S + v(ed) + o. ‫ياساكة‬‫بكةر‬‫لة‬ ‫كهاتووة‬َ‫ثي‬+‫ابردوو‬ِ‫ر‬‫فرماني‬+‫تةواوكةر‬:(
Ex: he played the game .
Ex: they arrived early.
•‫تةوة‬َ‫دةناسري‬ ‫ي‬‫بةزؤر‬ ‫خوارةوة‬ ‫ووشانةي‬‫ئةم‬‫لةطةل‬‫سادة‬ ‫ابردووي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫رستةي‬:
‌‫كات‬* +ago : five centuries ago, ten days ago , 4 months ago , 11 hours ago,….
Ex: I visited him ten months ago.
Ex: I saw the film 2 years ago.
‫ابردووةكان‬ِ‫ر‬‫سالة‬** :in 1994 , in 2010 , in 1990,……..
Ex: I was born in 1985.
Ex: She became a teacher in 2005.
***Yesterday : ‫واتة‬:‫ني‬َ‫دوي‬
Ex: I met him yesterday.
Ex: They released the man yesterday.
****Last+‫:كات‬ last year , last week ,last month, last ten days ,‫ت‬َ‫دةبي‬ ‫وةيةش‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بةم‬night before last,…….
Ex: Tom won the price last year.
Ex: The war started last week.
‫بذاردن‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q/ They ……………. London last month. (a- arrive b- arrives c- arrived d- to arrive)
Q/ We helped the boy ……………… (a- tomorrow b- next morning c- today d- yesterday)

16. Present perfect : ‫تةواو‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬
•‫بة‬ ‫كةي‬ ‫نية‬‫ن‬‫وو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بةآلم‬‫وويداوة‬ِ‫ر‬‫ابردوو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫لة‬ ‫يكراو‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫كي‬َ‫كاتي‬‫كةلة‬‫ك‬َ‫ووداوي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫تةواو‬‫انةبردووي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ب‬‫وودياوة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواو‬‫ةآلم‬
‫دةوامة‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ستا‬َ‫ئي‬‫تاوةكو‬:
S + have ‌‫یان‬has + p.p + o. ‫لة‬ ‫كهاتووة‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫ياسايةكة‬:
Ex: The population has increased to about 300 million.
Ex: They have escaped from the jail.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ووشةي‬‫دوو‬‫ر‬‫هة‬ ‫ياساية‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫لةطةل‬for ,since‫اوة‬‫ر‬‫يك‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫كي‬َ‫مةبةستي‬ ‫بؤ‬‫كيان‬َ‫يةكي‬‫ر‬‫هة‬ ‫بةآلم‬ ‫ن‬َ‫دي‬‫بةكار‬:
For: ‫او‬‫ر‬‫يك‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫:بؤماوةيةكي‬ for 10 days , for two years , for seven weeks, …………
Ex: NY has remained America’s top city for nearly 200 years.
Ex: We have stayed at London for two weeks.
Since :‫و‬ ‫بؤ‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫يك‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫كي‬َ‫كاتي‬ : since 2010 , since last night , since January, ……………..
Ex: She has lived there since 2010.
Ex: They have occupied our country since 2003.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ابر‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫ك‬َ‫ووداوي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫وان‬َ‫لةني‬ ‫ثةيوةندي‬‫ئةوةي‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ن‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫تةواو‬‫انةبردووي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫طةل‬ ‫لة‬ ‫تر‬‫ووشةي‬ َ‫هةندي‬‫دروست‬ ‫ستا‬َ‫ئي‬‫دوولة‬
‫ت‬َ‫بكري‬:‫ئةمانةن‬ ‫ووشةكان‬:
Already , just , now , not … yet.
S + (have ‫یان‬has )+ already ‫یان‬just ‫یان‬now + p.p +o ‫ووشةية‬ َ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫ياساي‬ ‫ئةمة‬
Ex: She has just visited her uncle.
Ex: We have already finished the job.
Ex: Asians have now become NY’s newest immigrant group.

17. Present perfect : ‫تةواو‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬
S + have‌‫یان‬ has+ not +p .p +yet. Not …yet ‌‫ئةمة‌یاساي‬
Ex:He hasn't finished the job yet.
Ex: I haven’t seen the man yet.
‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q/He has …………….. the job. ( a- did b- do c- done
d- does)
Q/ The boy …………….. the game . ( a- has won b- have won
c- is win d- to win )
Q/ Use already in this sentence. I see him . ( a- I already see
him. b- I see him already. c- I have already seen him . d-I
am already see him. )
Q/ we haven’t fished ………….. ( a- just b- yet c- already
d- now)
Q / I have lived there since …………… ( a- four days b- ten
months c-now d- January)

18. Present perfect continuous: ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ٍ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫تةواو‬‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬
•‫د‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ستاش‬َ‫ئي‬ ‫تاوةكو‬ ‫ويداوةو‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫ك‬َ‫وداوي‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫كةوا‬‫بدةين‬ ‫نيشان‬ ‫ئةوةية‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ياساية‬ ‫ئةم‬‫جةخت‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ةوامة‬
‫ي‬َ‫لي‬ ‫كردنةوة‬.
•‫ة‬‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫ذ‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ود‬‫و‬‫در‬ ‫ماوةكة‬ ‫كة‬ ‫ئةوةي‬ ‫نيشانداني‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬ ‫ئةوة‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ةها‬‫و‬‫هةر‬
S + has, have +been +v(ing ) +o . ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواو‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬
Ex: I have been waiting for 2 hours . ‫ذ‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ود‬‫و‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ماوةيةكي‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫كردن‬ ‫ان‬‫و‬ِ‫ضاوةر‬
Ex: We have been living there ten months.
Ex: It has been raining .
Ex: Asian immigrant numbers have been increasing steadily.
‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q / I have ……………….. for long time . ( a- waiting b- been waiting c-
waits d-been waited )
Q /The woman …………………….. 4 hours. ( a- has been waiting b- wait c-
have been waiting d- is waited )
Q / I have watched the movie . change to present perfect continuous.(a- I am
watching the movie b- I was watching the movie c- I have been watching
the movie d- I watched the movie )

19. Past perfect : ‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ةواو‬
•‫ويداوة‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫لة‬‫تر‬‫كي‬َ‫وداوي‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬َ‫ثي‬‫لة‬‫كة‬‫ك‬َ‫وداوي‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫باسكردني‬‫بؤ‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫بةكار‬.‫ستةية‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫رةدا‬َ‫لي‬‫سادةية‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫كيان‬
‫تةواوة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫تر‬‫وئةوةي‬.‫ويداوة‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫سادة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬َ‫ثي‬‫تةواو‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬.
‫د‬‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬‫شةوةي‬َ‫ثي‬‫كةلة‬‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬‫بةكار‬‫شةية‬‫و‬‫و‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫ئةم‬ ‫كاتةكان‬ ‫وان‬َ‫ني‬ ‫ثةيوةندي‬‫نيشانداني‬‫بؤ‬ ‫دةتوانين‬‫ن‬َ‫ادةنري‬:Until ,by
S + had +p.p +o ‫تةواو‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬
Until +s +v(ed).+o , s +had+p.p +o . until ‫ناني‬َ‫هي‬‫بةكار‬‫ياساي‬
Ex: Until Europeans started arriving, America’s population had remained small.
‫سادةية‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫ستةية‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫ئةم‬‫ستةية‬ِ‫ر‬‫تةواوة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬
By +َ‫سال‬ +s +had +p.p +o . by ‫ناني‬َ‫هي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬‫ياساي‬
Ex: By 1900, NY’s population had passed one million.
‫ندن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q / She had …………… the exam. (a- pass b- passing c- passed d- to pass )
Q / ……….. we left the party, the weather had rained .( a- for b- until c- since d-
just )
Q / By 2004 the USA …………. Iraq from Saddam regime.( a- has liberated b- had
liberated c- have liberated d- liberated)
Q / Until the teacher ………….. the class, the student …………….. noisy. (a- enter, has
make b- entered ,had made c-had made, entered d- enter , make )

20. Unite two : grammar
Prepositions of time : ‫كات‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ثةيوةندي‬ ‫ي‬‫ئامراز‬
1-On : on Sunday , on Monday…………. ‫ذكاني‬‫ؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫لةطةل‬‫حةفتة‬‫نمونة‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬:
Ex:The meeting is on Monday.
Ex:I have appointment on Saturday.
2-From …. To : from 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm , ‫ئةم‬‫بةيةكةوة‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫بةز‬‫انة‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫ن‬َ‫دي‬
3-At: at 2:15 pm , at 10:30am………. ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬‫ر‬َ‫كاتذمي‬‫لةطةل‬ at
Ex: I have meeting at 11:30 am .
Ex: we have conference at 10:00 pm.
4-In : in the morning , in the afternoon ,in the evening , ‫بةكا‬‫ذ‬‫ؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫ناو‬‫كاتةكاني‬‫لةطةل‬‌‫ر‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬
Ex:I will see in the afternoon.
Ex:I have meeting at 9:00 in the morning
5-During :during June ,during May ,during summer ,during the ww2 .‫مانطةكان‬‫لةطةل‬
‫طرنطةكان‬‫داوة‬‫و‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬‫ةكان‬‫ز‬‫ةر‬‫و‬‫و‬
Ex: I was at Duhok during summer.
Ex: my father was soldier during the ww2.
EX:We’re going to write our report during May.

21. Prepositions of time
6-By : by Thursday 31st , by Monday 12th …‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬‫ؤذ‬ِ‫بةروارور‬ ‫لةطةل‬
Ex:We’re planning to send it to everyone by Thursday the 31st.
7-Before /after : before 4:00 , after 3:00 . ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫سةعات‬ َ‫لةطةل‬
Ex:We aim to finish everything just before / after 4.00.
8-Between : between 10:00 and 12:00. ‫لةطةلداية‬. and ‫ـتةوة‬َ‫جيادةكري‬ ‫بةوة‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫او‬‫ر‬‫يك‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫كاتي‬‫دوو‬ ‫وان‬َ‫لةني‬
Ex: They want to do most of the work between 10.00 and 3.00.
Till /until:until tonight , till tonight , until today, َ‫بي‬ ‫ماوةيةك‬ ‫كةمةبةستي‬ ‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ماناي‬ ‫رةي‬َ‫طوي‬‫بة‬ ‫يان‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬ ‫ووشانة‬‫ئةم‬ ‫لةطةل‬:
Ex:I’ll have to work until late tonight.
Ex: I 'll have to work till late tonight.
‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q / We have meeting …………….Monday……….. 4:00.
In , at b- on , to c- on, at d- from, to)
Q/The conference is ……………10:00 ………….. 2:00.
(a-from ,to b- to, from c- in , to d- until , till)
Q / they will be here ………….. 4:00 and 5:00 ………….. the afternoon.
From , between b- between , in c- on , until d-after , on )
Q / they are trying to achieve the aim …………. Saturday 25th ………….. January.
To , on b-in , by c-by , on d- by , during )
Q / I will stay with you ………… the night.
In b-until c- after d- by )

22. Negative Questions َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
•‫؟‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دةكري‬‫ست‬‫و‬‫در‬ ‫ن‬‫ضو‬ َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬
•‫يةكةم‬‫ي‬‫هةنطاو‬:‫ةكة‬‫ر‬‫يدة‬‫ر‬‫يا‬‫فرماني‬‫و‬‫بكةر‬‫ضةوانةكردنةوةي‬َ‫ثي‬.‫بؤنمونة‬
You are are you?
You can can you?
•‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫ي‬‫هةنطاو‬:‫واتة‬ َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫بؤ‬‫ين‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬‫ضةوانةكردنةوةيان‬َ‫ثي‬‫دواي‬ ‫ئينجا‬(not)‫ياد‬‫ز‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ي‬
‫سينةوة‬‫و‬‫دةنو‬ ‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫ئينجا‬ ‫دةكةين‬.‫بؤنمونة‬:
You are aren't you?
You can can't you?
•‫نمونة‬:
• You are going to leave the party.
•َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫بؤ‬‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬((negative question‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬:Aren’t you going
to leave the party?
•َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫بؤ‬‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫خوا‬ ‫ستةيةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ئةم‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫بؤطؤ‬:
You can leave me alone.
Can't you leave me alone?

23. Negative Questions َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫فرماني‬‫ئةطةر‬(‫كار‬)َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬‫بؤ‬ ‫ئةوكات‬ ‫و‬‫بو‬‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬‫ر‬ ‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬(‫بكةر‬+(don't + s)
,(doesn't‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬‫بةكار‬.‫واتة‬((is , are, can‫ن‬‫و‬‫نةبو‬ ‫ستةدا‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬:‫نمونة‬:
You have to don’t you have to…..?
She visits me doesn’t she visit me?
•‫نمونة‬:
He play for our team. َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫بؤ‬‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬ doesn’t he play for our team?
They drive very fast. َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫بؤ‬‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬ don’t they drive very fast?
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫فرماني‬ ‫ئةطةر‬(‫كار‬)َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫بؤ‬ ‫ئةوكات‬ ‫و‬‫بو‬‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬(‫بكةر‬+didn't
)‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬ ‫بةكار‬.‫نمونة‬‫بؤ‬:
You lost the game. ‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬ َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬ ‫بؤ‬ didn’t you lose the game?
They played very bad. ‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬ َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫بؤطؤ‬ didn’t they play very bad?
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ك‬َ‫كاتي‬didn’t‫ض‬‫تةوة‬َ‫دةبي‬ ‫فرمانةكة‬‫ئةوكات‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬‫ط‬‫و‬‫او‬.

24. Negative question:‫ي‬‫نةر‬‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ي‬‫هؤ‬‫بة‬ ‫دةتوانين‬why‫بكةين‬‫ست‬‫و‬‫در‬ َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
You can stop the noisy. ‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬ َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫بؤ‬‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫بؤطؤ‬: Why can't you stop the noisy?
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫هةلبذا‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q /…………… going too bit fast? (a- is you b- you are c- aren’t you b- don’t you )
Q /She live in the city. ………….. live in the city ? (a- do you b- don’t you c- can't she
d- doesn’t she )
Q / You can leave me alone. ………… leave me alone?( a- why can they b- why can't
you c-why will you)
d- don’t you )
Q/ You stayed for a long time. The negative question is . (a-don’t you stay for a long
time? b- can't you stay for a long time ? c- didn’t you stay for a long time ? d-
aren’t you staying for a long time ?)

25. Future Continuous: ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬
‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫وات‬ ‫ستا‬َ‫ئي‬ ‫نةك‬ ‫دةكات‬ ‫و‬‫داهاتو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫باس‬ ‫بةآلم‬‫ت‬َ‫بي‬ ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫كة‬ ‫ك‬َ‫وداوي‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫ياساية‬ ‫ئةم‬‫لة‬ ‫تؤ‬ ‫ة‬
‫دةبيت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ض‬ ‫يكي‬‫ر‬‫خة‬ ‫يكراو‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫كي‬َ‫كاتي‬ ‫لة‬ ‫و‬‫داهاتو‬
• . •‫ياساكة‬:s + will +be
+v(ing)+o.
Ex: I will be playing football.
Ex: They will be watching the match.
‫ثرسيار‬‫ياساي‬:‫هةية‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬:
•‫ثرسيار‬ ‫يةكةمي‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:‫بة‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ثرسيا‬ ‫ئةم‬‫وةالمي‬yes‫يان‬no‫ت‬َ‫دةبي‬:will + s+ be
+v(ing)+o?
Ex: Will you be travelling to London? Yes , I will. ‫يان‬ no , I won't .
Ex: Will they be digging the land? Yes , they will. ‫يان‬ no , they won't
.

26. Future Continuous: ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬
•‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ةمي‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:will + s + be + v(ing)+ o?( +‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫ئامراز‬)wh
•‫لة‬‫بريتين‬ ‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬(what ,why ,when ,where……..)‫بة‬ ‫يان‬‫و‬‫هةمو‬ ‫كة‬wh‫دةكةن‬َ‫ثي‬‫دةست‬
‫بةيان‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬ ‫يان‬.
Ex: What will you be doing this time next month? ‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬ ‫→لةوةالمدا‬ I will be
playing tennis.
Ex: Where will they be living next year? ‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬ ‫لةوةآلمدا‬ →They will be living in
the city.
‌‫تیبینی‬:‌‫‌بیت‬‫ه‬‫‌وام‌د‬‫ه‬‫‌رد‬‫ه‬‫‌كی‌داهاتووی‌ب‬‫ه‬‫‌ی‬‫ه‬‫‌‌رست‬‫ه‬‫‌‌ب‬‫ه‬‫‌م‌پرسیار‬‫ه‬‫‌المی‌ئ‬‫ه‬‫و‬.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q / He'll …………….. at college next year. (a- be study b- studying c- be
studying d- studies )
Q /What will you be doing next month? Answer ……….(a-I will watch movie.
b- I am playing football. c- I learn English. c- I will be working in a
company.)
Q / Will you be working next year? Yes …… (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I
can )

27. Future Continuous: ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬
•‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ةمي‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:will + s + be + v(ing)+ o?( +‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫ئامراز‬)wh
•‫لة‬‫بريتين‬ ‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬(what ,why ,when ,where……..)‫بة‬ ‫يان‬‫و‬‫هةمو‬ ‫كة‬wh‫دةست‬‫دةكةن‬َ‫ثي‬
‫بةيان‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬ ‫يان‬.
Ex: What will you be doing this time next month? ‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬ ‫→لةوةالمدا‬ I will be
playing tennis.
Ex: Where will they be living next year? ‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬ ‫لةوةآلمدا‬ →They will be living in
the city.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q / He'll …………….. at college next year. (a- be study b- studying c- be
studying d- studies )
Q /What will you be doing next month? Answer ……….(a-I will watch movie.
b- I am playing football. c- I learn English. c- I will be working in a
company.)
Q / Will you be working next year? Yes ………..… (a- I am b- I will c- I do
d- I can )
‌‫‌بیت‬‫ه‬‫‌وام‌د‬‫ه‬‫‌رد‬‫ه‬‫‌كی‌داهاتووی‌ب‬‫ه‬‫‌ی‬‫ه‬‫‌‌رست‬‫ه‬‫‌‌ب‬‫ه‬‫‌م‌پرسیار‬‫ه‬‫‌المی‌ئ‬‫ه‬‫و‬.

28. ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواو‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬present perfect continuous :
S + (have ,has ) +been + v(ing). َ‫ي‬‫ئةر‬‫ياساي‬
Ex: I have been watching TV. ‫ة‬‫و‬‫خاياندو‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬‫ماوةيةكي‬‫كة‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫بةكار‬‫ك‬َ‫داوي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بؤ‬
Ex: She has been waiting for many hours.
•‫هةية‬‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫ر‬‫ثرسيا‬‫ياساي‬:
•‫يةكةم‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:‫بة‬‫وةالمي‬‫كة‬yes‫يان‬No‫ت‬َ‫دةبي‬:o?+s + been +v(ing)+(have, has)
Ex: Have you been waiting ? yes , I have . ‫يان‬ no , I haven’t .
Ex :Has she been running for 2 hours? Yes, she has --- no ,she hasn’t.
•‫ثرسيار‬‫ةمي‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬.:‫تةوة‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫دةد‬‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬‫ي‬‫تةواو‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫بة‬‫وةالمي‬.
Wh + have,has + s+been+v(ing) + o?
Ex: What has she been doing ? ‫وةالم‬ → She has been doing her homework.
Ex: Where have they been staying ? ‫→وةالم‬ They have been staying in the hotel.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫هةلبذا‬‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q /we have ………………. For a long time . (a- be wait b-be waiting c- been waiting
d-wait)
Q / I stay at London .change to present perfect continuous (a- I have stayed in
London b- I had stayed in London. c- I have to stay at London. D- I have been
staying in London)
Q/ what has she been doing? (a- she has played tennis. b- she had played tennis.
c- she has been playing tennis . d- she has to play tennis.

29. ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواو‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬present perfect continuous :
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫دةتوانين‬at‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواو‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬ ‫ياساي‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫هةر‬‫لةطةل‬
‫نيشانداني‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬‫بةكار‬‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواو‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ولةطةل‬‫وداني‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬
‫اودا‬‫ر‬‫يك‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫كي‬َ‫كاتي‬ ‫لة‬‫ك‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫كا‬:at‫ش‬َ‫لةثي‬ ‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫ناو‬‫تة‬َ‫دةكةوي‬this
time ,the moment‫بؤنمونة‬ ،‫ت‬َ‫دي‬:
Ex: I will be playing tennis at this time next year.
Ex: What will you be doing (at) this time next year?
Ex: What are you doing at the moment?
Ex: I am studying at the moment .
Ex: What were you doing (at) this time last year?
Ex: I was swimming at this time last year.

30. too and (not) … enough ‫ئاوةلناوةكان‬ ‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫ياساية‬ ‫ئةم‬:
• s+ auxiliary+ too + adjective + infinitive ‫ك‬َ‫كاري‬ ‫بؤ‬ َ‫ناطونجي‬ ‫كة‬‫ت‬َ‫بكري‬‫ديار‬ ‫ئةوةي‬ ‫بؤ‬‫كة‬َ‫كةسي‬ ‫سيفةتي‬‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ياساية‬ ‫ئةم‬
• Ex: He’s too young to go to college.
• Ex: You are too lazy to pass the exam.
•‫بذاردن‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
• Q / We are ………………. To win the game. (a- slow b- too slow c-slowly d-slower)
• Q /He is .......... small ……… the competition . (a- too , enter b- enter , too c- too, to enter d- too ,
entered)
•
• S + auxiliary + (not) + adjective + enough + infinitive َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫وةيةكي‬َ‫بةشي‬‫كة‬َ‫كةسي‬ ‫نةشياوبووني‬‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ياساية‬‫ئةم‬:
• Ex: He’s not old enough to be a college student.
• Ex: You aren’t tall enough to play basket ball .
•‫بذاردن‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
• Q / She isn’t …………….. to go to college. ( a- old b-too old c- old enough c- as old as)
• Q / We aren’t …….enough to…….. in the river. ( a- strong , swim b- swim , strong c-swimming, strong d-
strongest swim)
•‫ياساي‬much ,(‫رراوة‬َ‫ذمي‬ ‫ي‬‫ناو‬‫بؤ‬),many(‫رراوة‬َ‫نةذمي‬ ‫ي‬‫ناو‬‫بؤ‬)‫ت‬َ‫بي‬ ‫زؤر‬ ‫كة‬‫ك‬َ‫شتي‬‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬ َ‫ي‬‫ئةر‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
• s+ auxiliary +too + much/many + noun + infinitive َ‫ي‬‫ئةر‬‫ياساي‬:
• ex: there are too many students in the class.
• Ex :There is too much work to do.
• Ex: I’ve got too much revision to do.
•‫بذاردن‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
• Q / She has got too …………. cars to sell.( a- much b- many c- small d-big )
• Q / There is too much …………. to do. ( a-homework b- jobs c- tasks d- duties )

31. •‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:too‫ولةطةل‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫رراو‬َ‫نةذمي‬ ‫رراو‬َ‫ذمي‬ ‫ي‬‫ناو‬ ‫لةطةل‬few ,little‫وةي‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بةهةمان‬much ,many‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬:
Ex: There’s too little time to do everything. ‫رراوة‬َ‫نةذمي‬
Ex: There are too few hours in the day to do everything. ‫رراوة‬َ‫ذمي‬
‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q /There isn’t too …………... food to eat. (a- little b-few c- many d- a mount)
Q / We haven’t too ………….. hours to do the jobs. (a- much b- little c- few d-how many )
•‫ت‬َ‫نةبي‬‫بووني‬‫ويست‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫ندةي‬َ‫هي‬‫كة‬ ‫ك‬َ‫شتي‬ ‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬ َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ياساي‬:
S+ auxiliary+ (not) enough + noun + infinitive َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ياساي‬:
Ex: There aren’t enough hours in the day to revise.
Ex: I haven’t got enough money to buy the house.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q /she hasn’t …………… to enter the course. (a- much time b- time c- enough time d-
long time )
Q / there isn’t …………. Water to wash the car. (a- any b- many c- much d-enough )

32. Unit three: grammar
Active and Aassive; by + agent ‫ناديار‬ ‫وبكةر‬ ‫ديار‬‫ر‬‫بكة‬:
‫ستةيةكي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫بؤطؤ‬‫سادةي‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطر‬ ‫هةنطاوانة‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫ناديار‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ديار‬ ‫بكةر‬‫بةر‬ ‫ينة‬:
•1-‫البردني‬‫ديار‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ةكي‬‫ر‬‫سة‬ ‫ي‬‫بكةر‬.
•2-‫بكةر‬ ‫ني‬َ‫لةشوي‬ ‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫داناني‬.
•3-‫ئةوا‬ ‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫تاك‬ ‫يةكة‬َ‫نوي‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫بكة‬ ‫ئةطةر‬was‫ئةوا‬ ‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫كؤ‬ ‫ئةطةر‬ ‫بةالم‬ ‫لةدواي‬ ‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬
were‫لةدواي‬ ‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬.‫ابر‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ديار‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫فرماني‬ ‫ئةطةر‬ ‫كة‬ ‫كدا‬َ‫لةكاتي‬ ‫ئةمة‬‫سادة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬
‫و‬‫بو‬.
•4-‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ت‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬ ‫ةكي‬‫ر‬‫سة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫فرماني‬(PP.)‫وةي‬َ‫بةشي‬ ‫هةن‬ ‫فرمان‬ َ‫هةندي‬
‫يادكردني‬‫ز‬‫بة‬ ‫ين‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬ ‫ياسايي‬–ed‫ناياسايين‬ ‫تر‬ ‫كي‬َ‫هةندي‬ ‫بةالم‬.َ‫بةبي‬–ed‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ن‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬
‫لة‬ ‫ةيان‬‫ر‬‫ذما‬ ‫ن‬َ‫بكري‬ ‫لةبةر‬ ‫ويستة‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫ئةمانة‬ ‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬200‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫هة‬ ‫بةي‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬ ‫بةالم‬ ‫ياترة‬‫ز‬ ‫فرمان‬
‫ياسايين‬ ‫فرمانةكان‬.‫يادكردني‬‫ز‬ ‫بة‬ ‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫تة‬َ‫ببي‬ ‫ئةوةي‬ ‫واتة‬–ed‫تة‬َ‫دةبي‬ ‫وةيةش‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بةم‬‫هةر‬ ‫ئةوة‬
‫وةكوياسايي‬ ‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:play-played-played‫ناياساييةكة‬ ‫بةالم‬:write-wrote-
written
•5-‫داواي‬ ‫ئةطةر‬ ‫ئينجا‬by agent‫ةكة‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬‫بكةر‬ ‫هةمان‬ ‫ئةوكات‬‫و‬‫كرابو‬
‫شةي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬َ‫ولةثي‬ ‫ين‬َ‫دةني‬ ‫داي‬‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫لةكؤتايي‬ ‫بةآلم‬ ‫نينةوة‬َ‫دةهي‬by‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬.
•6-‫ي‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫لةسةر‬ ‫كار‬ ‫تةنها‬ ‫مة‬َ‫ئي‬ ‫ئةوا‬ ‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫ياتر‬‫ز‬ ‫شة‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫لةيةك‬ ‫ةكة‬‫ر‬‫تةواوكة‬ ‫ئةطةر‬‫ةكةم‬
‫دةكةين‬.

33. Active and passive :‫‌ر‌نادیار‬‫ه‬‫‌ر‌دیار‌وبك‬‫ه‬‫بك‬
• ‫بكةر‬ Subject ‫فرمان‬Verb Object‫تةواوكةر‬
• Active: Early humans invented the first tools. ‫ديار‬ ‫بكةر‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
• Passive: The first tools were invented by early humans.‫ناديار‬ ‫بكةر‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
• Subject Verb p.p by + agent
• Q /: Russian launched the first satellite. ‫ديار‬ ‫بكةر‬
• A / The first satellite was launched by Russian. ‫ناديار‬‫بكةر‬
• Q / Dana wrote the letter to his brother.
• A / The letter was written by Dana to his brother.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q/The house …………. by the man. (a- is buying b- was buying c-was bought d- are
bought)
Q / The coach trained the team .passive is……. (a-the team trained by coach b-the coach is
training the team. c-the team is trained by the coach d-the team was trained by the
coach )
Q/ The cars ……by Toyota company. ( a- is made b- are make c- was made d- are made )

34. Expressing Certainty and Possibility – Present and Past
: ‫ن‬‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫مان‬‫و‬‫بةطو‬‫ن‬‫و‬‫نيابو‬
َ
‫دل‬ ‫بريني‬‫ر‬‫دة‬–‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫شانة‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫ك‬َ‫لةشتي‬ ‫ن‬‫و‬‫نيابو‬
َ
‫دل‬ ‫بؤ‬:
•Must‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬ َ‫ي‬‫ئةر‬ ‫بؤ‬:َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫بةالم‬can't‫ت‬َ‫نري‬َ‫دةهي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬.‫هةية‬ ‫ةوةي‬‫ر‬‫خوا‬ ‫ياسايةنةي‬ ‫ئةم‬:
• S + must /can't +be + noun. ‫سادة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬
• Ex: This must be an ancient stone tool.
• Ex: You can’t be serious!
• Ex :you must be joking .
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
• Q / Show certainty . This …………….. an old castle. ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )
• Q / you are certain. she ……………. Joking . (a- could be b- can't be
c- may be d- can be )

35. Expressing Certainty and Possibility – Present and Past
: ‫ن‬‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫مان‬‫و‬‫بةطو‬‫ن‬‫و‬‫نيابو‬
َ
‫دل‬ ‫بريني‬‫ر‬‫دة‬–‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬
• S + must /can't +be +v(ing )+noun.‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬
• Ex: We must be standing on an ancient site.
• Ex: They can't be living in the cave.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
• Q /They …………. for oil. (a-must be b- can't be c- must
be searching d- may )
• S + must /can't +have +been +noun/adjective. ‫تةواو‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬
• Ex: There must have been early humans in this area.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫هةلبذا‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
• Q / certainty in present perfect. (a- there must be
prehistoric. b- there must have been prehistoric.
• c- there must being prehistoric. d- There can't be
prehistoric.)

36. Expressing Certainty and Possibility – Present and Past
: ‫ن‬‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫مان‬‫و‬‫بةطو‬‫ن‬‫و‬‫نيابو‬
َ
‫دل‬ ‫بريني‬‫ر‬‫دة‬–‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬
• S + must / can't +have +p .p+ noun/ adjective . ‫و‬‫ابردو‬‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬
• Ex: Early humans must have lived here long ago.
•‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬:
Q / pre historic …………… lived there .
(a- must be b- can't be c-must have d-could be )
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫شانة‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫ك‬َ‫لةشتي‬ ‫ن‬‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫مان‬‫و‬‫بةطو‬ ‫يان‬ ‫ن‬‫و‬‫نةبو‬ ‫دلنيا‬ ‫بؤ‬:may be ,might
be ,could be
•‫هةية‬ ‫ةوةي‬‫ر‬‫خوا‬ ‫ياسايانةي‬ ‫ئةم‬:
S + could /may/might +be + noun /adjective. ‫سادة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬
Ex: This ancient tool could be a knife.
Ex: The cave may be empty, but there might be something in it.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫هةلبذا‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q/ It can't fly ,but have four legs and can walk .It ……… a fox or cow.
(a- must be b- may be c-can't d-will be)

37. Expressing Certainty and Possibility – Present and Past
: ‫ن‬‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫مان‬‫و‬‫بةطو‬‫ن‬‫و‬‫نيابو‬
َ
‫دل‬ ‫بريني‬‫ر‬‫دة‬–‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬
• S +could/may/might+be+v(ing)+o. ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫ياساي‬
• Ex: Other ancient remains may be lying all around us.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫هةلبذا‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
• Q / very ancient heritage may ……………. under the castle. (a- be laid
b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could /may /might +have +been/p.p +noun/adjective. ‌‫ابردوو‬ ِ‫یاساي‌ر‬
Ex: There could have been people here 70,000 years ago.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
• Q/ There …………… people there 2000 years ago. (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)

38. present continuous passive; ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫دةمي‬‫ر‬‫لةسة‬ ‫ناديار‬ ‫بكةر‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
•‫ناديار‬ ‫بكةر‬‫بؤ‬ ‫ين‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةيطؤ‬ ‫ن‬‫ضؤ‬ ‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ستةيةك‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ئةطةر‬:
•‫لة‬‫ة‬‫و‬‫كهاتو‬َ‫ثي‬‫ديار‬‫بكةر‬‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬‫ر‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫كةوا‬ ‫انين‬‫ز‬‫ب‬‫ئةوة‬‫ةتا‬‫ر‬‫سة‬:S +( am,is,are)+v(ing)+o
• Ex: He is building the house.
• S be v(ing ) o.
• o + be + being +p.p. ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ناديا‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫ياساي‬ ‫ئةمة‬:
Ex :He is building the house. )‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫بكةر‬( active)
The house is being built. )‫بكةر‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ناديا‬ passive)
•‫لة‬ ‫بريتين‬ ‫ناديار‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫ديار‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬ ‫هةنطاوةكاني‬ ‫كةواتة‬:
•‫ئةو‬ ‫طاي‬َ‫لةجي‬ ‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫داناني‬ ‫ستةو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬‫بكةر‬ ‫البردني‬.
•‫ئةوا‬ ‫و‬‫كؤبو‬ ‫يةكة‬َ‫نوي‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫بكة‬ ‫ئةطةر‬are‫ئةوا‬ ‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫تاك‬ ‫ئةطةر‬ ‫بةآلم‬‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬is‫لةدواي‬‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬.
•‫شةي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫دواتر‬being‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬.
•‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ين‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬ ‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫فرماني‬ ‫ئينجا‬(p.p.)
•‫لةكؤت‬ ‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ئةوةي‬ ‫يةكةمة‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫لةطةل‬ ‫مة‬َ‫ئي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئيش‬ ‫ئةوا‬ ‫و‬‫هةبو‬ ‫ستةدا‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ئةطةر‬‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ايي‬
‫دةنوسينةوة‬ ‫ي‬‫خؤ‬ ‫وةكو‬.‫دةك‬ ‫جيا‬ ‫لةيةكتريان‬ ‫هةية‬ ‫شةيةكي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ةم‬‫و‬‫ودو‬ ‫يةكةم‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواوكةر‬‫وان‬َ‫لةني‬ ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫بةز‬‫اتةوة‬
‫وةكو‬(in,on,for.)

39. present continuous passive;‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫دةمي‬‫ر‬‫لةسة‬ ‫ناديار‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
Ex: The government is rewarding the successful employers.(active)
The successful employers are being rewarded.(passive)
‫شةية‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫كؤية‬ َ‫ي‬‫نو‬‫ي‬‫بكةر‬‫ضونكة‬
Ex: We are renewing the school in the modern shape. ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape.(passive )
• ‫سينةوة‬‫و‬‫دةنو‬ ‫وةكو‬‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواوكةر‬‫ي‬‫خؤ‬

40. present continuous passive;‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫دةمي‬‫ر‬‫لةسة‬ ‫ناديار‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q /The city is ………………… with new streets. (a- be increase
b- have been increased c- being increased d- been)
Q / The house ……………. Developed today. (a- is been b- are
be c- is being d-are being )
Q / We are making the airplanes. (The passive is) . (a-the
airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made. c-the
airplanes have made . d- the airplanes was made.)
•‫كة‬‫ئةوةية‬‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫لةطةل‬‫تةواو‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫وان‬َ‫ني‬‫ي‬‫جياواز‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫لة‬
‫تةواو‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬have been ,has been‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫بةآلم‬ ‫هةية‬are
being,is being‫هةية‬.‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫خوا‬ ‫نمونةي‬ ‫ئةم‬‫وةكو‬:
Present perfect ( (‫تةواو‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬‫ر‬ : An organization has been created.
Present continuous (‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬‫ر‬) : A lot of work is being done.

41. passive with going to: going to ‫بؤ‬ ‫ناديار‬‫ر‬‫بكة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
•‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫بؤطؤ‬going to‫لةدواي‬‫ئةوةية‬ ‫تةنها‬‫ناديار‬‫بكةر‬ ‫بؤ‬going to
‫ناديار‬‫بكةر‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬be +p.p‫ت‬َ‫دي‬.
•َ‫لةوشوي‬‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫داناني‬‫ستةو‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫بكةر‬‫البردني‬ ‫هةنطاوةكاني‬ ‫هةمان‬‫واتة‬‫ئةو‬ ‫ني‬
‫داناني‬‫دواتر‬is‫يان‬are‫ئةو‬‫دواي‬ ‫ئينجا‬ ‫تاك‬‫يان‬ ‫كؤ‬ ‫رةي‬َ‫بةطوي‬going to‫ت‬َ‫دي‬
‫دواتر‬ ‫ئينجا‬be+p.p‫ت‬َ‫دي‬.‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫خوا‬ ‫نمونانة‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫وةكو‬
Ex: They are going to repair the building.‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫(بكةر‬active)
This building is going to be repaired.‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ناديا‬ ‫(بكةر‬passive)
•‫تةنها‬‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بؤ‬‫اوة‬‫ر‬‫يادك‬‫ز‬ ‫وشةية‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫ئةم‬
• Ex: They are going to open the restaurants. (active)
• Restaurants are going to be opened. (Passive)

42. passive with going to: going to ‫بؤ‬‫ناديار‬‫ر‬‫بكة‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
•‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬:
• Q / The cars are …………………….damaged .
(a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )
• Q /The house is going ………………. From now.
a- to been repaired b- to be repaired
• c-have repaired d- to repaired
• Q /We are going to open the supermarket. (Passive is )
a- the super market is opened.
b- the supermarket is been opened.
c- the super market is going to be opened .
d- the supermarket is being opened.

43. ‫مي‬‫ر‬‫نافة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬(informal)‫مي‬‫ر‬‫فة‬ ‫بؤ‬(formal)‫ضةوانةوة‬َ‫بةثي‬ ‫يان‬:
•‫مي‬‫ر‬‫فة‬ ‫قسةكردني‬(formal)‫دةكات‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫دةست‬‫شانة‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫بةم‬:
•It is said /it is thought/it is believed +that…
Ex: People said that early humans lived here.
Ex: It is said that early humans lived here.
•‫مي‬‫ر‬‫نافة‬ ‫قسةكردني‬(informal)‫دةكات‬َ‫ثي‬‫دةست‬‫بةمانة‬:
people say that ,A lot of people say that, they say that
Ex: A lot of people say that the prices are become high today.
Ex:They say that I am failed in the exam.

44. ‫مي‬‫ر‬‫نافة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬(informal)‫مي‬‫ر‬‫فة‬ ‫بؤ‬(formal)‫ضةوانةوة‬َ‫بةثي‬ ‫يان‬:
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ئة‬‫ئةوةندة‬‫تةنها‬ ‫مي‬‫ر‬‫فة‬‫بؤ‬ ‫مي‬‫ر‬‫نافة‬‫قسةكردني‬‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬‫بؤ‬‫الدةبةين‬ ‫شانة‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫و‬
‫ميين‬‫ر‬‫فة‬‫كة‬‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬ ‫ني‬َ‫شوي‬‫لة‬ ‫تر‬ ‫وهي‬:‫نمونة‬:
Ex : People say that early human lived here. (informal)‫مية‬‫ر‬‫نافة‬
It said that early human lived there.(formal)‫مية‬‫ر‬‫فة‬
Ex : A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next
century.‫مي‬‫ر‬‫نافة‬
It thought that the oil will be finished next century.‫مي‬‫ر‬‫فة‬
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q / ……………. the citadel is repairing now .formal.
(a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that
d- a lot of people say that )

45. Lesson 1: Ways of comparing quantities: ‫ة‬ِ‫بر‬‫دكردني‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬‫ةييةكان‬‫ر‬‫ذما‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫هةية‬‫ةكانمان‬ِ‫بر‬ ‫وانةكردني‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫ضةندين‬:
1-‫ي‬ِ‫بر‬‫سةدي‬:percentage
•25%,75%,80%,50%...‫هتد‬
EX: The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30% less than the
highest.
EX: Over 50% of the world’s people now live in urban
communities.
2-‫ي‬ِ‫بر‬‫ي‬ ‫بةش‬ ‫يان‬ ‫تي‬‫ر‬‫كة‬fractions‫نمونة‬:
• half (of)=1/2, a third of=1/3, a quarter of=1/4, a fifth of=1/5,,
،‫نج‬َ‫ثي‬‫يةك‬‫لة‬,‫ضوار‬، ‫لة‬ ‫يةك‬‫يةك‬َ‫سي‬‫لة‬،‫نيوة‬‫لة‬
a sixth of=1/6, a seventh of=1/7
، ‫لة‬ ‫يةك‬ ‫حةفت‬‫شةش‬‫يةك‬،‫لة‬
•an eighth of1/8, a tenth of=1/10, a twentieth of=1/20
• ‫بيستيةك‬، ‫لة‬، ‫لة‬‫دةيةك‬‫لة‬ ‫يةك‬ ‫هةشت‬

46. Lesson 1: Ways of comparing quantities:‫ةييةكان‬‫ر‬‫ذما‬‫ة‬ِ‫بر‬‫دكردني‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬
Ex: Three quarters of the Earth’s surface is water.
Ex: A half of the students passed the exam.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:
1-‫ئةم‬‫ثيتي‬ ‫هةميشة‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫جؤ‬A‫شةي‬‫و‬‫و‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫شيان‬َ‫لةثي‬OF‫بةآلم‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫لةدواي‬half‫نية‬ ‫لةطةل‬ ‫ئةوانةي‬ ‫جار‬ ‫بةي‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬.
Ex : You already know half and quarter.
•
2-‫لة‬‫دةكةينةوة‬ ‫بضوكتر‬ ‫بتوانين‬‫تا‬‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫سة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫بةش‬‫هةميشة‬ ‫ئةوا‬ ‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫كؤ‬ ‫تةكة‬‫ر‬‫كة‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫بر‬ ‫ئةطةر‬‫ئةوةي‬ ‫جياتي‬
‫هةشت‬ ‫لةسةر‬‫شةش‬ ‫ين‬َ‫بلي‬(sixth eight)‫ك‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ضا‬ َ‫ي‬ ‫س‬‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬(three quarter)‫نمونة‬‫بؤ‬:
Ex: Three quarters of the Earth’s surface is water.(no sixth eighth)
•
•‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬:
Q /…………… of the forest was cut by people.
(a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )
Q / Change the 25% to fraction …………….
(a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )
Q /Eighth in percentage is …………… (a- 20% b- 30% c-50% d-12.5%)
Q /choose the right fraction for (66.7) (a-2/3 b-3/4 c-1/8 d-1/3)

47. Lesson 1: Ways of comparing quantities:‫ةييةكان‬‫ر‬‫ذما‬‫ة‬ِ‫بر‬‫دكردني‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫سةدي‬‫ي‬ِ‫بر‬ ‫بؤ‬‫ي‬ ‫بةش‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫بر‬‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬:change fractions to percentage
•A half -50% ,a quarter -25% ,a tenth – 10% ,an eighth -12.5%
Q / A third change to percentage:…………… (a-20% , b-33.5% , c-50% ,
d-80%)
Q / 12.5% is : (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
3-‫ةي‬‫ر‬‫ذما‬‫يزكردن‬‫ر‬ordinal numbers :
•First ,second ,third , fourth, fifth ,sixth…………
Ex: He is the first in the class.
Ex: The three friends came second ,third, fourth in the race.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q / Dana came the …………. In the class. (a- twice b-half c-first d-
25%)
Q / He was the …………….in the race. (a-second b-quarter c-50%
d- five times)

48. Lesson 1: Ways of comparing quantities:‫ةييةكان‬‫ر‬‫ذما‬‫ة‬ِ‫بر‬‫دكردني‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬
4-‫ي‬ِ‫بر‬‫ي‬‫جار‬ ‫ضةند‬amount/quantity:
•Twice ,three times ,four times ,five times….
•‫ندة‬َ‫هي‬ ‫نج‬َ‫ثي‬،‫ندة‬َ‫هي‬ ‫ضوار‬،‫ندة‬َ‫هي‬ ‫جار‬َ‫سي‬،‫ندة‬َ‫هي‬‫جار‬‫و‬‫دو‬
Ex:Water near the surface is five times the amount /
quantity in the atmosphere.
Ex: The new city is three times bigger than old one.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫هةلبذا‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q /This building is ………… higher than yours.
(a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )
Q / The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly
…………. the amount in all living things.
.(a-five times b- first c-third d-50%)

49. Lesson 2: conjunction + present + future: ‫ي‬‫از‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬
‫بةستنةوة‬+‫سادة‬ ‫و‬‫انةبردو‬‫ر‬ ‫ستةي‬‫ر‬+‫سادة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬‫ستةي‬‫ر‬
•‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬ ‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬if ,when ))‫ت‬َ‫دةبي‬ ‫وةية‬َ‫شي‬‫بةم‬:
• If /when +present simple +future simple. ‌‫یاسای‬‌‫‌رجی‬‫ه‬‫‌ی‌م‬‫ه‬‫رست‬‫‌م‬‫ه‬‫‌ك‬‫ه‬‫ی‬
‫سادة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫سادة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬‫ستةي‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬
If /when + S+ base + o , s +will +base +o.‌‫ه‬‫‌ی‌یاساك‬‫ه‬‫‌و‬‫ه‬‫رونكردن‬
Ex: When the population reaches eight billion, we will face
many problems.
Ex: If the population reaches as high as ten billion, we will
face disaster.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫دةتوانين‬‫وة‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بةهةمان‬after‫و‬as‫ست‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬‫بةكار‬‫ة‬.‫بؤ‬
‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫وستكردني‬‫و‬‫در‬:
As/after+ present simple +future simple . (as, after)‫ياساي‬( ‫ست‬‫ر‬‫يةكةم‬‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬‫ةي‬ )

50. Lesson 2: conjunction + present + future:
‫بةستنةوة‬ ‫ي‬‫ئامراز‬+‫سادة‬ ‫و‬‫انةبردو‬‫ر‬ ‫ستةي‬‫ر‬+‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬ ‫ستةي‬‫ر‬
As/after+ present simple +future simple . (as, after)‫(ياساي‬ ‫ست‬‫ر‬‫يةكةم‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ةي‬ )
Ex: After the plant cover disappears, farming will become impossible.
Ex: As food prices increase, families will have less to eat.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ئ‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬ ‫دةبةستينةوة‬ ‫بةيةكتريان‬ ‫ن‬‫ضؤ‬ ‫ت‬َ‫هةبي‬‫ستةمان‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ئةطةر‬‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫سة‬‫انةي‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ام‬:
1-‫ت‬َ‫دةبي‬‫بة‬‫جية‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫وةالمي‬ ‫ئةوةيتريش‬‫جية‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫كة‬‫بكةين‬‫ستةية‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ئةوة‬‫وان‬َ‫لةني‬ ‫ي‬‫جياواز‬‫طةيشتن‬َ‫تي‬ ‫ي‬‫هؤ‬
‫لةماناكةيان‬.
2-‫ستةي‬‫ر‬‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫سادةو‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫تة‬َ‫دةبي‬‫هؤكار‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ئةنجام‬ ‫ستةي‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫هةية‬ ‫مان‬‫هؤكار‬‫ئةنجام‬ ‫ي‬
‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬ ‫تة‬َ‫دةبي‬.
3-‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬‫بةستنةوة‬((if/when/as/after‫ت‬َ‫دةبي‬ ‫كة‬‫ن‬َ‫دي‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬َ‫لةثي‬ ‫هةميشة‬
‫ت‬َ‫بي‬ ‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬.
4-‫وان‬َ‫لةني‬‫دان‬ ‫شةوة‬َ‫لةثي‬ ‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ئةطةر‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫يزة‬‫ر‬‫فا‬‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬‫ر‬‫هة‬‫ئةطةر‬‫بةآلم‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬
‫ت‬َ‫ني‬َ‫نامي‬‫يزة‬‫ر‬‫فا‬‫ئةوكان‬ ‫شةوة‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫كةوتة‬ ‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬.‫نمونة‬:They will win
the game as they prepared well.

51. Lesson 2: conjunction + present + future:
‫بةستنةوة‬ ‫ي‬‫ئامراز‬+‫سادة‬ ‫و‬‫انةبردو‬‫ر‬ ‫ستةي‬‫ر‬+‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬ ‫ستةي‬‫ر‬
‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬ ‫نمونةي‬:
Ex: Q/she study well . she pass the exam . (combine use :if )
A /If she study well ,she will pass the exam.
Ex: Q/they use all water . the trees became fruit less.
(combine use : after )
A/After they use all water, the trees will become fruitless .
‫دن‬‫ر‬‫هةلبذا‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q / the team …….. the game as they ……… to it. (a- prepare,
will win b-will win ,prepare c-prepared, will win d-
would win , prepare )
Q /after we ……….. building , we ……….. nature. (a- increased,
will save b- will save , increase c-increase ,will save d-
increase , will saved )

52. Lesson 3 : forms of conditional statements:
1 ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬:
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:َ‫ثي‬ ‫كة‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫باسك‬‫كة‬ ‫و‬‫شو‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫ئةمةي‬‫يةكةم‬‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫ة‬‫و‬‫كهاتو‬:
(‫سادة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬ ‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬+‫سادو‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬‫ر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬if+)
•‫لة‬ ‫ة‬‫و‬‫كهاتو‬َ‫ثي‬‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬:
‫تةواوكةر‬+‫ط‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬would++‫بكةر‬,+‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬if /when +
S+ v(ed)+o , s+ would + base + o.
Ex: If humans lived in space, they would grow their
crops this way.
Ex: Humans would grow their crops this way if they
lived in space.‫اوة‬‫ر‬‫ك‬‫ستةكان‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بة‬ َ‫كي‬‫ر‬‫طؤ‬َ‫جي‬ ‫ضونكة‬ ‫نةماوة‬ ‫يزة‬‫ر‬‫فا‬ ‫رة‬َ‫لي‬

53. Lesson 3 : forms of conditional statements:
1 ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬:
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫بةستنةوةي‬ ‫ي‬‫از‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬ ‫دةتوانين‬as long as‫يةكةم‬‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬
‫طاي‬َ‫جي‬ ‫لة‬ ‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬‫بةكار‬‫ةم‬‫و‬‫ودو‬if‫هةية‬ ‫ي‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ئة‬ ‫ماناي‬‫ئةويش‬‫ضونكة‬:‫نمونة‬
Ex: As long as we look after our land well, it will be
productive. ‫يةكةم‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬
Ex: Our land will be productive as long as we look after it
well. ‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬‫ستةكان‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ني‬َ‫شوي‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬‫نةماوة‬ ‫يزة‬‫ر‬‫فا‬. .(‫يةكةم‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫)مة‬
Ex: As long as people used hydroponics in space, they would
have fresh food.‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬
Ex: People would have fresh food in space as long as they
used hydroponics. ‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬) )‫يزة‬‫ر‬‫فا‬ ‫نةماني‬

54. Lesson 3 : forms of conditional statements:
1 ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬:
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q/If we worked hard, we……………. The exam.
(a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would
have been )
Q /as long as he ………… fast , he would make accidents.
(a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )
Q /The student would fail ………….they …………. During the
test period.
(a- as long as , playing b-as long as , play
c- played ,as long as d-as long as , played)
Q/……… the child .……. their parents ,they would be nice.
(a- if ,obey b- if, obeyed c- if ,to obey d- if
,obeying )

55. Lesson 4: third conditional :‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
If +s+had+p.p+o , s +would +not +have +p.p +o. ‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬
Ex: If the grassland had remained, those storms would not have happened.
•‫يزة‬‫ر‬‫ةوةفا‬‫ر‬‫خوا‬ ‫نمونةي‬ ‫لةم‬‫طاي‬َ‫جي‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬ ‫بةؤهي‬ ‫نةماية‬‫ستةكان‬ِ‫ر‬:
•Ex: Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had
remained.‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬:
Q / If they …………… the lesson , they would have got high mark.
(a- had not postponed b-have postponed
c-postponed d-postponed )
Q / They …………… the enemy if they had not broken leaders order.
A-Would defeat b-would have defeated
c-will defeat d-will have defeat )
Q /if we had not ………….. accident ,we would …………….. the party on time .
a-Make , have attend b-made , have attend
c-made ,have attended d-have been attended

56. Lesson 4: third conditional :‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫د‬ ‫لةوة‬ ‫باس‬ ‫بةآلم‬ ‫ة‬‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫كة‬َ‫وداوي‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ستةية‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫ئةم‬‫ئةم‬ ‫ئةطةر‬ ‫كة‬ ‫ةكات‬
‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫واتة‬‫و‬‫دةبو‬‫تر‬ ‫وةكي‬َ‫بةشي‬ ‫وداوةكة‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ئةوا‬‫ر‬‫هؤكا‬ ‫شتةنةبواية‬((unreal‫نية‬ ‫حةقيقي‬ ‫ة‬.
•‫ناحةقيقي‬ ‫ي‬‫وداو‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫هةي‬ ‫تريش‬ ‫طاي‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬:‫بؤنمونة‬:
The farmers could have / might have grown different crops. (But they didn’t).
The farmers should have / ought to have thought more carefully. (But they
didn’t).
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫دةتوانين‬could have ,would have, should have ,ought have‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫لة‬
‫لةجياتي‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫وةالمي‬ ‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬would have::‫نمونة‬:
Ex: If the farmers had known more about soil science, they might have saved
their farms.
Ex: If they had received the right advice ,the farmers could have stayed in
Oklahoma .
•‫يزة‬‫ر‬‫فا‬ ‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫خوا‬ ‫نمونةي‬ ‫لةم‬‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬ ‫نةماوة‬َ‫كي‬‫ر‬‫طؤ‬َ‫جي‬:
Ex: The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right
advice.

57. Lesson 4: third conditional :‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ثرسيار‬:
Q / They ………. the match if the team had played well.
(a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would
win )
Q /If the farmer………. Sensitively, they might have grown more.
(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)
Q /If the so had not escaped from the battle ,they…………. The
victory.
a-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might
get )
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫جياتي‬ ‫لة‬ ‫دةتوانين‬if only‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬ ‫بةطار‬ ‫طةية‬ِ‫بر‬ ‫ئةم‬:I really ,really wish‫نمونة‬:
Ex: If only they had thought more carefully!
I really, really wish they had thought more carefully

58. Lesson 1: full and reduced relative clauses:
‫ي‬‫ئامراز‬‫تةواو‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬‫وناتةواو‬
•‫بني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ئةمانةن‬ ‫كة‬‫دةكةين‬‫باس‬‫رةدا‬َ‫لي‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬ ‫ي‬‫از‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬‫و‬‫دو‬:
•1-who:‫و‬‫بو‬‫ظ‬‫ؤ‬‫مر‬ ‫يةكةم‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫بكةر‬‫ئةطةر‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬.
•2-which:‫و‬‫نةبو‬ ‫ظ‬‫ؤ‬‫مر‬‫يةكةم‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫بكةر‬‫ئةطةر‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬.
•‫كيان‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫ر‬‫هة‬ ‫لةجياتي‬ ‫دةتوانين‬that‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬ ‫بةكار‬.
•‫لة‬‫ك‬َ‫يةكي‬‫ر‬‫هة‬who ,which‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ئةطةر‬‫بكةر‬‫دةبنة‬‫جار‬ َ‫هةندي‬
‫نمونةية‬ ‫لةم‬ ‫،وةكو‬‫و‬‫نةبو‬‫ي‬‫بكةر‬:
Ex: A printer is an office machine which / that allows us to
produce paper copies.
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫بكة‬‫رةدا‬َ‫لي‬which
Ex: A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) /
(that) we can ask to create internet sites.
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫بكة‬who‫رةدا‬َ‫لي‬

59. Lesson 1: full and reduced relative clauses:
‫وناتةواو‬‫تةواو‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬‫ي‬‫ئامراز‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ث‬ ‫ي‬‫انيار‬‫ز‬ ‫يان‬ ، ‫دةكةن‬ ‫تةواو‬ ‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ماناي‬ ‫بةستنةوة‬ ‫ي‬‫از‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬ ‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫سة‬ ‫ستانةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫جؤ‬ ‫لةم‬‫ةي‬‫ر‬‫با‬‫ر‬‫دة‬ ‫ويست‬َ‫ي‬
‫دةدةن‬ َ‫ثي‬ ‫شتةكةمان‬ ‫يان‬ ‫كةسةكة‬.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ئةوان‬‫ئيتر‬ ‫و‬‫هةبو‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫لة‬ ‫ك‬َ‫كاتي‬ ‫تةواوكةر‬‫دةبنة‬ ‫ة‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫جار‬ َ‫هةندي‬‫ي‬‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫دةبنة‬
‫يةكةم‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬.‫نمونة‬:
• These are the new computers which are going to replace the old
ones. ‫ة‬ ‫بكةر‬.‫ة‬‫ر‬‫تةواوكة‬ ‫ئةمةش‬ which
• These are the new computers which the manager bought last
month.‫ة‬‫ر‬‫تةواوكة‬ ‫ستةيةدا‬‫ر‬‫لة‬
• ‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫بكةر‬
(subject) (object)
• There’s the manager who bought the new computers.
• ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫بكة‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫تةواوكة‬
• There’s the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computers.
• ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫تةواوكة‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫بكة‬

60. Lesson 1: full and reduced relative clauses:
‫وناتةواو‬‫تةواو‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬‫ي‬‫ئامراز‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬‫بؤ‬who‫بةر‬‫دةطرينة‬ ‫هةنطاوانة‬ ‫ئةم‬:
•1-‫ئينجا‬ ‫دةنوسينةوة‬‫يةكةم‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫بكةر‬who‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬‫ئةو‬‫لةدواي‬.
•2-‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫تةواوكةر‬‫و‬‫ودواترفرمان‬ ‫الدةبةين‬‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫بكةر‬ ‫ئينجا‬‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ي‬
‫لةدواي‬who‫دةنوسينةوة‬.
•3-‫دةنوسينةوة‬‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫تةواوكةر‬‫دواتر‬.
Ex: This is the man. He give me the book.‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬‫دو‬
• This is the man who give me the book.(who) ‫بةستنةوةي‬‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬
Ex: The doctor is very clever. He treats the very sick
man.‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬‫دو‬
• The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever.
.(who)‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬

61. Lesson 1: full and reduced relative clauses:
‫وناتةواو‬‫تةواو‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬‫ي‬‫ئامراز‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬‫بؤ‬which‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬‫بكةر‬‫تةنها‬
‫و‬ ‫الدةبةين‬which‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬ ‫ني‬َ‫شوي‬‫لة‬:‫نمونة‬
Ex:. I buy the computer today . The computer is new. ‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬‫دو‬
I bought the computer today which is new.(which) ‫بةستنةوةي‬‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬
Ex: These cars are very old. They are able to use now.
These cars are very old which are able to use today.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
• Q /He is the man …………….. helped me in my life. (a-
which b-when c-who d-when )
• Q /This is the mobile phone ………….. I bought
yesterday. (a-when b-who c-where d-which )

62. Lesson 2: clauses introduced by
when, where and why: ‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬ ‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬
1-When:‫ت‬َ‫هةبي‬ time ‫بؤ‬‫ماناي‬ ‫شةيةك‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫يان‬ ‫ندن‬َ‫خوي‬ ‫قؤناغةكاني‬ ‫ئةطةر‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫كات‬‫شةي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫يان‬ ‫كات‬
Ex: Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career.
2-Where: ‫ت‬َ‫هةبي‬place ‫شةي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ين‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫ن‬َ‫شوي‬ ‫بؤ‬
Ex:Witney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills.
3-Why : ‫هةية‬ reason ‫شةي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫يان‬ ‫دةكاتةوة‬ ‫ن‬‫و‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫كةوة‬َ‫كةسي‬ ‫لةالي‬ ‫ك‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫كا‬ ‫ئةنجامداني‬ ‫ي‬‫هؤكار‬ ‫بؤ‬
• My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q / The financial crisis is the reason …………. I left the school. (a-why b-
when c-where d-who )
Q /Baghdad is the place ………….. he doesn’t want to visit. (a-when b- why
c-where d-which)
Q/ Summer is the time ………… I want to have picnic. (a-where b-when c-
who d-which )
Q / Grade 11 is the …………..where he decided to left the school.(a-place b-
reason c-time d-tool)

63. Lesson 3: relative clauses with extra information
‫ي‬‫انيار‬‫ز‬‫يادة‬‫ز‬‫ستةكاندا‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫دواي‬ ‫لة‬ ‫كة‬‫تةوة‬َ‫دةناسري‬‫بةوة‬ ‫ستةدا‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫يادة‬‫ز‬ ‫ي‬‫انيار‬‫ز‬who ,which))‫ت‬َ‫دي‬
َ‫دةتوانري‬ ‫ةكة‬‫ر‬‫انيا‬‫ز‬‫و‬‫يزةدا‬‫ر‬‫فا‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫وان‬َ‫لةني‬ ‫يان‬‫ة‬‫و‬‫هاتو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬َ‫لةثي‬ ‫و‬‫يز‬‫ر‬‫فا‬‫ةها‬‫و‬‫وهةر‬‫ت‬َ‫الببري‬‫ت‬
‫نادات‬ ‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫ك‬َ‫ياني‬‫ز‬‫وهيض‬:‫نمونة‬:
Ex:Fibre optics interested NASA scientists, who then used the
technology on Apollo.
‫ي‬‫انيار‬‫ز‬‫ئةوة‬‫يادةية‬‫ز‬ extra information
Ex: The Photophone, which Bell invented in 1880, was the first
practical use of fibre optics.
• Extra information ‫يادة‬‫ز‬ ‫ي‬‫انيار‬‫ز‬
• ‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q /Kurdistan people, who were very friendly, welcome new
tourists. Extra information is
(a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly
c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly
welcome new tourists.)

64. Lesson 4: expressing purpose :
‫مةبةست‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫بر‬‫ر‬‫دة‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬ ‫بةكار‬‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫خوا‬‫شانةي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫مةبةست‬‫يني‬ِ‫بر‬‫ر‬‫دة‬ ‫بؤ‬:
1-To +infinitive ( (‫ضاوط‬ ‫تةنها‬
Ex: Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone.
2-In order to + ‫ط‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬
Ex: Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human
body.
3-So as to +‫ط‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬
Ex: Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share
information.
4-So that +s + can /could /will+‫ط‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬
Ex :He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely.
5-For the purpose of +v(ing)
Ex: School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting
schools to the internet.

65. Lesson 4: expressing purpose :
‫مةبةست‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫بر‬‫ر‬‫دة‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:
•‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬(1‫و‬2‫و‬3)‫بةكار‬‫،بةالم‬‫ن‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫مةبةست‬‫يني‬ِ‫بر‬‫ر‬‫دة‬ ‫بؤ‬‫ياتر‬‫ز‬ ‫بؤ‬‫ناني‬َ‫هي‬to
‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬‫ترينشيان‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬‫ترةو‬ ‫مي‬‫ر‬‫نافة‬ ‫تر‬‫ئةواني‬‫و‬‫لةهةمو‬.
•‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬in order to +infinitive‫ترة‬ ‫مي‬‫ر‬‫فة‬‫يان‬‫و‬‫لةهةمو‬(formal)
‫ترة‬.‫ت‬َ‫نري‬َ‫دةهي‬ ‫بةكار‬‫وقسةكردنيش‬ ‫نوسين‬‫كةلة‬.
•So as ,in order‫هةية‬‫يان‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫نة‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
• So as +not +to +infinitive (‫ط‬‫و‬‫)ضاو‬ َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ياساي‬
Ex: We’re leaving home early so as not to be late for the
big match.
• In order not to +infinitive َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ياساي‬
Ex: We’re leaving home early in order not to be late for
the big match.

66. Lesson 4: expressing purpose :
‫مةبةست‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫بر‬‫ر‬‫دة‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫دةتوانين‬so that‫وةية‬َ‫شي‬‫بةم‬‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫دا‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫نة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬:
So that + s +will +not +verb +o
Ex:We’re leaving home early so that we will not (won’t) be late for the big match.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q /We are practicing ………… be stronger . (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that
d- for )
Q / They are preparing …………….. not to fail . ( a- so that b- to c- for the
purpose d- so as )
Q / The scientists reduced the energy ……………….. we will not lose it . (a- for the
purpose of b-in order not
c- so that d- so as )
Q / eople stayed at home ……………. avoiding the danger . (a- so as b- so that c-
for the purpose of d- to)
Q /the boy ran to the door ……………he can close it. (a-so that b- in order to c- so
as d- to )

67. Unite seven : grammar :
Lesson 1: participle clauses 1: describing actions
‫ك‬َ‫وداوي‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬:
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:ِ‫ر‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬‫اوة‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ئةنجام‬ ‫اوةوة‬‫ر‬‫يك‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫كي‬َ‫كةسي‬ ‫لةاليةن‬‫كة‬ ‫ك‬َ‫وداوي‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬‫هةية‬ ‫طا‬َ‫ي‬:
•1-‫ئ‬ ‫ةكو‬‫و‬‫هةر‬ ‫داوة‬ ‫ئةنجامي‬‫كة‬ ‫دةكةين‬ ‫ةكة‬‫ر‬‫كا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫باس‬ ‫ودواتريش‬ ‫دةكةين‬ ‫كةسةكة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫باس‬ ‫يةكةمجار‬‫ةم‬
‫ياساية‬:
That was my +brother/cousin/father/uncle/ ‫ي‬‫ناو‬‫يان‬‫ك‬َ‫كةسي‬ .+v ( ing )+o. ‫يةكةم‬‫ياساي‬
Ex: That was my cousin talking on the phone.
Ex: that was my brother playing football.
2-‫طاي‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫شانة‬‫و‬‫و‬‫ئةم‬ ‫لةوةي‬ ‫بريتية‬‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬(watched, saw, heard, recorded,
noticed ,remembered)‫ياساية‬ ‫بةم‬:
S + watched, saw, heard, recorded, noticed ,remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ياساي‬
Ex: We watched my uncle appearing on TV.
Ex: I recorded Leon arguing for Priority

68. Unite seven : grammar :
Lesson 1: participle clauses 1: describing actions
‫ك‬َ‫وداوي‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬:
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q1 / That was my cousin …………… guitar .
(a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )
Q2 /……………. Tom brown reading the story .
(a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isn’t )
Q3 /Which form is write .
(a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother
winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is
my brother to win the race )
Q4 /We watched my uncle ………………. On TV .
( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )
Q5 /I …………….. Dana talking about new events.
( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )

69. Lesson 2: verb + infinitive; verb + ~ing form:
‫كة‬‫فرمانانةي‬ ‫ئةم‬‫كي‬َ‫فرماني‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫لةدوا‬ ‫تريان‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫لةدوا‬ ‫تريان‬ ‫كي‬َ‫فرماني‬‫كة‬ ‫هةن‬ ‫فرمان‬ َ‫هةندي‬
•‫يةكةم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫بةش‬:‫ف‬‫ضاوطة‬‫كة‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫لةدوا‬ ‫تريان‬ ‫كي‬َ‫فرماني‬‫كة‬ ‫فرمانانةي‬‫ئةم‬‫رمانةكان‬
‫ئةمانةن‬:
• (afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, choose, decide, fail,
hope, intend, learn, manage, need, offer, prepare,
promise, refuse, seem, try, want)
‫لة‬‫ة‬‫و‬‫كهاتو‬َ‫كةثي‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫تر‬ ‫كي‬َ‫ةوةفرماني‬‫ر‬‫سة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫فرمانانة‬‫ئةم‬‫لةدواي‬(‫ضاو‬‫ط‬+to)
• (verb + infinitive) ‫فرمان‬ ‫ياساي‬+‫ط‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬
Ex: he agree to sell the house.
Ex: he tried to win the race.
Ex: she refused to play the game.
Ex: We decided to stop the war.

70. Lesson 2: verb + infinitive; verb + ~ing form:
‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫لةدوا‬‫تريان‬‫كي‬َ‫فرماني‬ ‫كة‬‫فرمانانةي‬ ‫ئةم‬
‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫بةش‬:‫لةدواي‬‫فرمانةي‬‫ئةم‬‫بةآلم‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫لةدوا‬‫تريان‬‫كي‬َ‫فرماني‬ ‫كة‬‫فرمانانةن‬‫ئةم‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫ان‬ing
‫ئةمانةن‬ ‫فرمانةكان‬‫ت‬َ‫دةطري‬‫ر‬‫وة‬:
(avoid, can’t help, consider, dislike, enjoy, finish, keep, mind, miss, succeed
in, suggest) ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬. (ing )‫بة‬ ‫فرمان‬ ‫ئةمانة‬ ‫لةدواي‬
• Ex : he avoid commenting on the event.
• Ex: we dislike participating in the battle.
• Ex: I miss travelling to mountains .
• Ex: we enjoyed living in the camp.
‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫بةش‬:‫كة‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫دوا‬ ‫لة‬‫تريان‬‫كي‬َ‫فرماني‬ ‫كة‬‫فرمانانةي‬‫ئةم‬‫ط‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬+to‫ولةهةمان‬‫ن‬‫دةطر‬‫ر‬‫وة‬
‫كاتيشدا‬‫بة‬‫فرمان‬ing‫ئةمانةن‬ ‫،فرمانةكان‬‫ن‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬ ‫ك‬َ‫كةمي‬ ‫ماناكان‬‫بةالم‬،‫ن‬‫دةطر‬‫ر‬‫وة‬:
• (begin, continue, dislike, hate, like, love, prefer ,start.)
• Ex: She started to explain her ideas.
• Ex :We should start listening to her ideas.