female reproductive system disorders and diseases and how it affects female system as a whole

1. BY:
CHERRIE ROSE J. REYES,
AVILA, ERNIE C.
BSE 3B

2. BY:
CHERRIE ROSE J. REYES
BSE 3B

3. DYSMENORRHEA(Period Cramps,
Menstrual Cramps)
is painful cramps felt before or during
menstruation; the pain is sometimes so
severe as to interfere with daily activities.
Pain is adequately controlled with drugs that
block prostaglandin formation.
can be literally translated as "difficult
monthly flow." Although it's normal for most
women to have mild abdominal cramps on
the first day or two of their period, about 10%
of women experience severe pain.

4. Primary Dismenorhea
 is menstrual pain that's not a symptom of an
underlying gynecologic disorder but is related to
the normal process of menstruation.
 is the most common type of dysmenorrhea,
affecting more than 50% of women, and quite
severe in about 15%.
 is more likely to affect girls during adolescence.
Fortunately for many women, the problem eases
as they mature, particularly after a pregnancy.
Although it may be painful and sometimes
debilitating for brief periods of time, it is not
harmful.

5. Secondary dysmenorrhea
 is menstrual pain that is generally
related to some kind of gynecologic
disorder. Most of these disorders can
be easily treated with medications or
surgery.
 Secondary dysmenorrheal is more
likely to affect women during
adulthood.

6. Causes of Dysmenorrhea
 is thought to be caused by excessive levels of prostaglandins, hormones that
make your uterus contract during menstruation and childbirth.
 Its pain probably results from contractions of your uterus that occur when
the blood supply to its lining (endometrium) is reduced.
 Usually, the pain will happen only during menstrual cycles in which an egg is
released. The pain may progressively become worse as endometrial tissue
shed during a menstrual period passes through the cervix, particularly when
the cervical canal is narrow.
 Other factors that may make the pain of primary dysmenorrhea even worse
include a uterus that tilts backward (retroverted uterus)
 instead of forward, lack of exercise, and psychological or social stress.

7.  Secondary dysmenorrhea may be caused by a number of
conditions, including:
 fibroids - benign tumors that develop within the uterine wall or are
attached to it
 adenomyosis - the tissue that lines the uterus (called the endometrium)
begins to grow within its muscular walls
 a sexually transmitted infection (STI)
 endometriosis - fragments of the endometrial lining that are found on
other pelvic organs
 pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which is primarily an infection of the
fallopian tubes, but can also affect the ovaries, uterus, and cervix
 an ovarian cyst or tumour
 the use of an intrauterine device (IUD), a birth control method

8. Symptoms and Complications
of Dysmenorrhea
 The main symptom of dysmenorrhea is pain.
 It occurs in your lower abdomen during menstruation and may also be
felt in your hips, lower back, or thighs.
 Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
lightheadedness, or general achiness.
 For most women, the pain usually starts shortly before or during their
menstrual period, peaks after 24 hours, and subsides after 2 to 3 days.
Sometimes clots or pieces of bloody tissue from the lining of the uterus
are expelled from the uterus, causing pain
 Dysmenorrhea pain may be spasmodic (sharp pelvic cramps at the start
of menstrual flow) or congestive (deep, dull ache). The symptoms of
secondary dysmenorrhea often start sooner in the menstrual cycle than
those of primary dysmenorrhea, and usually last longer.

9. Treating and Preventing
Dysmenorrhea
 Primary dysmenorrhea is usually treated by
medication such as an analgesic medication. Many
women find relief with nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen,
naproxen, and acetylsalicylic acid* (ASA).
 Treatment for secondary dysmenorrhea will vary
with the underlying cause. Surgery can be done to
remove fibroids or to widen the cervical canal if it is
too narrow.
 If treatment isn't successful and the pain is extreme,
you may consider surgery that severs the nerves to
the uterus. While this can help, complications may
arise due to injury to nearby organs.

10. non-medicinal treatments for the pain of
dysmenorrhea include:
 lying on your back, supporting your knees with a
pillow
 holding a heating pad or hot water bottle on
your abdomen or lower back
 taking a warm bath
 gently massaging your abdomen
 doing mild exercises like stretching, walking, or
biking - exercise may improve blood flow and
reduce pelvic pain
 getting plenty of rest and avoiding stressful
situations as your period approaches

11. Dysmenorrhea: Primary and Secondary Managing Your Dysmenorrhea

13. Amenorrhea
 absence of menstruation
 is normal during pregnancy and for a variable
time after delivery. If the mother is breast-
feeding her baby, as much as six months may
pass before return of menstruation; earlier
return of menstruation is not abnormal and is
to be expected if the mother is not producing
milk.
 Pregnancy is the most common cause
of amenorrhea during the reproductive years.

14. There are two types of amenorrhea: primary and
secondary.
 Primary amenorrhea typically denotes the lack of
occurrence of the first menstrual period by 16 years
of age. Women who have been menstruating
regularly and whose periods then stop for at least
three months are considered to have secondary
amenorrhea.
 Secondary amenorrhea may also be caused by
anxiety or other emotional strain, excessive
exercise, eating disorders, or obesity. Women with
body fat of less than 15% often experience
amenorrhea. Hormonal imbalances may also
contribute to amenorrhea. Tumors of the pituitary
gland are a rare cause of amenorrhea.

15. Causes amenorrhea
 There are several possible reasons for primary
amenorrhea,
 including disorders of the ovaries,
 genetic defects,
 or an infection contracted while still in the womb or
shortly after birth
 another extremely rare cause of amenorrhea and
abnormal growth of hair.
 can result because of an abnormality in the
hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, anatomical
abnormalities of the genital tract, or functional
causes..

16. Symptoms amenorrhea
 Primary or secondary amenorrhea (respectively) is considered to be
present when a girl has:
 not developed menstrual periods by age 16; or
 a woman who has previously had a menstrual cycle stops having
menstrual periods for three cycles in a row, or for a time period of six
months or more and is not pregnant.
 , hormonal imbalance or male hormone excess can include
 irregular menstrual periods,
 unwanted hair growth,
 deepening of the voice,
 acne.

17. Treatments
 Chinese folk remedies
 Reduce stress
 Meditation
 Yoga
 Multivitamin supplement
 Multimineral supplement
 Avoid rapid weight loss
 Avoid excessive exercise
 Acupressure
 Acupuncture
 Qigong mind-body exercise

18. Treatment List for Amenorrhea
 Treat the underlying cause
 Avoid excessive exercise in case of eating
disorders
 Dopamine agonists
 Gonadotrophin therapy
 Hormone replacement therapy
 Surgery for hypothalamic and pituitary
tumours
 Refer to dietician
 See an endocrinologist

19. Menorrhagia
 excessive loss of blood during
menstruation

20. Causes Menorrhagia
 Hormonal imbalance  Changes in birth
 Trauma to the uterine control pills
 Uterine fibroids  Cancer
 Endometrial polyps  Menopause
 Ovarian cysts  Pelvic inflammatory
disease
 Dysfunction of the
ovaries  Thyroid problems
 Adenomyosis  Endometriosis
 Intrauterine device  Lupus
 Miscarriage  Liver disease
 Ectopic pregnancy  Kidney disease

21. Symptoms of Menorrhagia
 Menstrual flow that soaks through one or more sanitary pads or
tampons every hour for several consecutive hours
 The need to use double sanitary protection to control your
menstrual flow
 The need to change sanitary protection during the night
 Menstrual period that lasts longer than seven days
 Menstrual flow that includes large blood clots
 Heavy menstrual flow that interferes with your regular lifestyle
 Constant pain in the lower abdomen during menstrual period
 Irregular menstrual periods
 Fatigue
 Shortness of breath

22. Can Menorrhagia be Treated?
 Yes. Treatment options will depend on the
cause of menorrhagia, the severity of
menorrhagia and the overall health of the
patient.
 Some common treatments include iron
supplements, oral contraceptives, ibuprofen,
and progesterone.
 If medication therapy is not successful,
surgery may be needed.

24. Pre-menstrual syndrome
 (also called PMT or premenstrual tension) is a
collection of physical and emotional
symptoms related to a woman's menstrual
cycle.

25. Causes
 The exact causes of PMS are not fully
understood., measurements of sex hormone levels are
within normal levels. In twin studies, the concordance of
PMS is twice as high in monozygotic twins as in dizygotic
twins, suggesting the possibility of some genetic
component.
 Current thinking suspects that central-nervous-system
neurotransmitter interactions with sex hormones are
affected.It is thought to be linked to activity of serotonin (a
neurotransmitter) in the brain
 In one study of 71 women with PMS ,elevated levels of
serum pseudocholinesterase were found. This enzyme is
considered a possible marker for trait-anxiety.

26. Symptoms
 irritability, tension, and dysphoria
(unhappiness).
 Common emotional and non-specific
symptoms include stress, anxiety, difficulty in
falling asleep (insomnia), headache, fatigue,
mood swings, increased emotional
sensitivity, and changes in libido.
 bloating, abdominal cramps, constipation,
swelling or tenderness in the breasts, cyclic
acne, and joint or muscle pain.

27. Treatments
 Thyroid test. Because thyroid disease is common in women
of childbearing age, and some of the symptoms of PMS --
such as weight gain -- are similar to symptoms of thyroid
disease, your doctor may do a test to evaluate how well
your thyroid is functioning. This can help to rule out a
thyroid problem as a cause of your symptoms.
 PMS symptoms diary. Your doctor may ask you to keep a
diary of your PMS symptoms for two or three consecutive
months, when they occur, and how long they last. By doing
this, you can see if your symptoms correspond to certain
times in your monthly cycle. While your symptoms may
vary from month to month, a trend likely will appear after
tracking your symptoms for a few months.

29. Vaginitis
 Vaginitis refers to any type of inflammation
or infection of the vagina.
 Some forms of vaginitis are due to sexually-
transmitted diseases (STDs).

30. 3 kinds of vaginitis
A. Yeast infections
B. Bacterial vaginosis
C. Trichomoniasis

31. A.
 Candida or "yeast" infections -Yeast infections of
the vagina are probably the most familiar form
of vaginitis. They occur when too much of the
fungus Candida grows in the vagina.
 Yeast infections produce a thick, white discharge
from the vagina that can look like cottage
cheese. The discharge can be watery and often
has no smell. Yeast infections usually cause the
vagina and vulva (the area outside the vagina) to
become itchy and red.

32. B.
 Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal
infection in women of reproductive age. It is
caused by an overgrowth of bacteria that are
usually present in the vagina.
 Bacterial vaginosis will often cause a thin, milky
vaginal discharge that may have a "fishy" odor.
Many women with bacterial vaginosis have no
symptoms and only discover they have it during
a routine gynecologic exam.

33. C.
 Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted
disease that is caused by a single-cell
parasite. It can cause vaginal itching, burning,
and soreness of the vagina and vulva, as well
as burning during urination. Many women
with trichomoniasis do not develop any
symptoms.

34. symptoms of vaginitis
itching, irritation,
or abnormal vaginal discharge.
burning,
itching,
discomfort,
pain with urination or sexual intercourse,
and vaginal discharge.

35. Treatments for vaginitis
 Yeast infections are usually treated with an anti-yeast cream or
suppository placed inside the vagina. A health care provider can
write a prescription for most yeast infection treatments.
 Although you can also buy medicine to treat yeast infections over-
the-counter, it is a good idea to see a health care provider the first
time you have symptoms of a yeast infection.
 Bacterial vaginosis is treated with an antibiotic that gets rid of
the "bad" bacteria and leaves the "good" bacteria. There is no over-
the-counter treatment for bacterial vaginosis, so it is important to
see your health care provider for a prescription.
 Trichomoniasis and Chlamydia are both treated by antibiotics.
Neither genital herpes nor HPV can be cured, but both can be
controlled with the help of your health care provider and
medications.
 Non-infectious vaginitis can be treated by stopping the use of the
product that caused the allergic reaction or irritation. Your health
care provider may also be able to provide medicated cream to help
reduce the symptoms until the reaction goes away.

36.  Sexually transmitted forms of vaginitis need to be
treated by a health care provider right away. It is
important to avoid sexual contact until you have been
treated to prevent spreading the infection. A woman's
sexual partner(s) will need treatment as well.
 It is important to remember that each type of vaginitis
has a different treatment. Therefore it is very
important to see a health care provider to be sure you
are using the right treatment for your condition.
Also, some kinds of vaginitis have no symptoms so it is
important to have regular gynecologic exams.

37. Prevention
 Doctors are not exactly sure why bacterial vaginitis develops. Because it
occurs more commonly in people who are sexually active, bacterial vaginitis
is considered by some to be sexually transmitted. However, bacterial
vaginitis also occurs in people who either are not sexually active or have
been in long-term relationships with just one person.
 In some women, bacterial vaginitis continues to return after treatment.
Scientists don't understand why this happens. In some cases, treating the
male sex partner or routine use of condoms may help to prevent this, but
these interventions don't always help.
 Having bacterial vaginitis may make it easier for you to be infected with HIV
if your sexual partner has HIV. If you already have HIV, then bacterial
vaginitis may increase the chance that you will spread HIV to your sexual
partner.

38. Candida Vaginitis
Bacterial Vaginosis Trichomonas Vaginitis

39. Ectopic pregnancy
 embedding of fertilised egg outside of the
womb - usually in the fallopian tube
 A molar differs from an ectopic in that it is
usually a mass of tissue derived from an egg
with incomplete genetic information that
grows in the uterus in a grape-like mass that
can cause symptoms to those of pregnancy.
 The major health risk of ectopic pregnancy is
rupture leading to internal bleeding

40. signs and symptoms
 abdominal pain,
 the absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea), and
 vaginal bleeding or intermittent bleeding
(spottinOther)
 symptoms of pregnancy (for example, nausea and breast
discomfort, etc.) may also be present in ectopic
pregnancy. Weakness, dizziness, and a sense of passing
out upon standing can (also termed near-syncope) be
signs of serious internal bleeding and low blood pressure.

41. nine-week pregnancy
laparoscopic left
salpingectomy after
attempted salpingostomy
for a left tubal ectopic
pregnancy

42. Tumors and
Related Condition

43. Breast Cancer
 is a malignant tumor (a collection of cancer
cells) arising from the cells of the breast.
Although breast cancer predominantly occurs
in women it can also affect men. This article
deals with breast cancer in women.
 There are many types of breast cancer that
differ in their capability of spreading
(metastasize) to other body tissues.

44.  Inflammatory breast cancer: This cancer makes the skin of the breast
appear red and feel warm (giving it the appearance of an infection).
These changes are due to the blockage of lymph vessels by cancer cells.
 Triple-negative breast cancers: This is a subtype of invasive cancer with
cells that lack estrogen and progesterone receptors and have no excess
of a specific protein (HER2) on their surface. It tends to appear more
often in younger women and African-American women.
 Paget's disease of the nipple: This cancer starts in the ducts of the
breast and spreads to the nipple and the area surrounding the nipple. It
usually presents with crusting and redness around the nipple.
 Adenoid cystic carcinoma: These cancers have both glandular and
cystic features. They tend not to spread aggressively and have a good
prognosis.

45. Causes
 M enstruation: Women who started breast cancer.
their menstrual cycle at a younger  Breastfeeding for one and a half to
age (before 12) or went through two years might slightly lower the risk
menopause later (after 55) have a of breast cancer.
slightly increased risk.
 Being overweight or obese
 Breast tissue: Women with dense increases the risk of breast cancer.
breast tissue (as documented by
mammogram) have a higher risk of  Use of oral contraceptives in the
breast cancer. last 10 years increases the risk of
breast cancer.
 Race: White women have a higher
risk of developing breast cancer, but  Using combined hormone therapy
African-American women tend to after menopause increases the risk of
have more aggressive tumors when breast cancer.
they do develop breast cancer.  Alcohol use increases the risk of
 Exposure to previous chest breast cancer, and this seems to be
radiation or use of diethylstilbestrol proportional to the amount of alcohol
increases the risk of breast cancer. used.
 Having no children or the first child  Exercise seems to lower the risk of
after age 30 increases the risk of breast cancer.

46. symptoms
 Nipple discharge or redness
 Breast or nipple pain
 Swelling of part of the breast or dimpling

47.  Surgery
 Breast-conserving surgery
 Mastectomy
 Radical mastectomy
 External beam radiation
 Chemotherapy

49. Fibromyoma
 a benign tumour composed of fibrous and
muscle tissue found in the womb

50. Causes
 No clear cause of uterine fibroids is known.
Research indicates that fibroids may be
influenced by estrogen and progesterone, but
hormones are not the cause of fibroids. Fibroids
are diagnosed in black women two to three
times more often than in white women.
 hormone replacement therapy for menopause
 oral contraceptives, or birth control pills
 pregnancy

51. Signs and symptoms
 heavy or painful periods, abdominal
discomfort or bloating, painful defecation,
back ache, urinary frequency or retention,
and in some cases, infertility.[4] There may
also be pain during intercourse, depending on
the location of the fibroid. During pregnancy
they may be the cause of miscarriage,
bleeding, premature labor, or interference
with the position of the fetus.

52. Treatment
 medication to control symptoms
 medication aimed at shrinking tumours
 ultrasound fibroid destruction
 various surgically aided methods to reduce
blood supply of fibroids
 myomectomy or radio frequency ablation
 hysterectomy
 treatment for infection and anemia
 embolization

53. An enucleated uterine
large subserosal fibroid submucosal fibroid in
leiomyoma – external
hysteroscopy
surface on left, cut
surface on right.
Treatment of an intramural fibroid by
After treatment of an intramural fibroid
laparoscopic surgery

54. Endometriosis
 condition where lining of womb is found in
other sites, e.g.colon or pouch of Douglas

55. Causes
 The cause of endometriosis is unknown. One
theory is that the endometrial tissue is deposited
in unusual locations by the backing up of
menstrual flow into the Fallopian tubes and the
pelvic and abdominal cavity during menstruation
(termed retrograde menstruation).
 The cause of retrograde menstruation is not
clearly understood. But retrograde menstruation
cannot be the sole cause of endometriosis

56. Symtoms
 lower abdominal pain,
 diarrhea and/or constipation,
 low back pain,
 irregular or heavy menstrual bleeding, or
 blood in the urine.

57. Treatments
 Endometriosis can be treated with
medications and/or surgery. The goals of
endometriosis treatment may include pain
relief and/or enhancement of fertility.

59. Polycystic ovarian syndrome
 an increasingly common condition in women
in which there are multiple, enlarged follicles
of the ovary, together with high levels of
testosterone (male hormone). A cause of
infertility and also linked with Diabetes Type
II.

60. Causes
 number of both genetic (inherited) as well as environmental factors. Women with PCOS often
have a mother or sister with the condition, and researchers are examining the role that genetics or
gene mutations might play in its development. The ovaries of women with PCOS frequently
contain a number of small cysts, hence the name poly=many cystic ovarian syndrome. A similar
number of cysts may occur in women without PCOS. Therefore, the cysts themselves do not seem
to be the cause of the problem.
 A malfunction of the body's blood sugar control system (insulin system) is frequent in women with
PCOS, who often have insulin resistance and elevated blood insulin levels, and researchers believe
that these abnormalities may be related to the development of PCOS. It is also known that the
ovaries of women with PCOS produce excess amounts of male hormones known as androgens.
This excessive production of male hormones may be a result of or related to the abnormalities in
insulin production.
 Another hormonal abnormality in women with PCOS is excessive production of the hormone LH,
which is involved in stimulating the ovaries to produce hormones and is released from the
pituitary gland in the brain.
 Other possible contributing factors in the development of PCOS may include a low level of chronic
inflammation in the body and fetal exposure to male hormones.

61. Symptoms
 obesity and weight
gain,  skin discolorations,
 elevated insulin levels  high cholesterol levels,
and insulin resistance
 elevated blood
 oily skin, pressure, and
 dandruff,  multiple, small cysts in
the ovaries.
 infertility,

62. Treatment
 Ultrasound
 omputed tomography (CT scan) and
 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) also can
detect cysts.
 CT scans require X-rays and sometimes
injected dyes, which can be associated with
some degree of complications in certain
patients.

64. Papanicolaou
 Cancer of the cervix (cervical cancer) is the
second most common cause of cancer-
related deaths among women worldwide.
The best way to detect cervical cancer is by
having regular Papanicolaou tests, or Pap
smears. (Pap is a shortened version of the
name of the doctor who developed the
screening test.) A Pap smear is a microscopic
examination of cells taken from the uterine
cervix.

65. Causes
 abnormal changes in the cervical tissue.
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is
the cause of almost all cervical cancers.
 Other known risk factors for cervical cancer
include early sexual contact, multiple sexual
partners, cigarette smoking, HIV infection
and a weakened immune system, and taking
oral contraceptives (birth control pills).

66. Symptoms
 Cervical cancer does not usually cause pain,
although it may in very advanced stages.
 The most common symptom is abnormal
vaginal bleeding. This is any bleeding from
the vagina other than during menstruation.
 Abnormal vaginal discharge also may occur
with cervical cancer.

67. Treatment
 This is usually a step-by-step
process, involving the removal of cells or
tissue to diagnose cancer and to find out how
far it has invaded.
 If the deepest cells removed by biopsy were
normal, no further treatment may be needed.
 If the deepest cells removed by biopsy were
cancerous or precancerous, this means the
cancer has invaded farther than the biopsy.

68. Thank You!!!