7. PHASE CHANGES Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change Solid to liquid Melting Heat goes into the solid as it melts. Liquid to solid Freezing Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes.

8. PHASE CHANGES Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change Liquid to gas Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes. Gas to liquid Condensation Heat leaves the gas as it condenses. Solid to gas Sublimation Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates.

9. But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels… between 1000 °C and 1,000,000,000°C ? Will everything just be a gas?

11. STATES OF MATTER SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA Tightly packed, in a regular pattern Vibrate, but do not move from place to place Close together with no regular arrangement. Vibrate, move about, and slide past each other Well separated with no regular arrangement. Vibrate and move freely at high speeds Has no definite volume or shape and is composed of electrical charged particles

12. Some places where plasmas are found… 1. Flames

13. 2. Lightning

14. 3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

15. 5. Stars Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe. Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.

16. The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

17. 4. Neon lights

18. 6 6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars

20. So now we know all about four states of matter: LIQUIDS SOLIDS GASES Higher Temperature Lower Temperature PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases)

21. But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to 100 nano degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C) Will everything just be a frozen solid?

23. The 5 th state of matter: Bose-Einstein Condensate Finally, in 1995 (only 16 years ago!), Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students (like you in only few years) discovered the 5 th state of matter for the first time. Ketterle and his students

24. In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as individuals. Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell them apart!

25. In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for discovering Bose-Einstein condensate: The Nobel Prize (like you in some years. Why not? YOU CAN )

26. The five states of matter: LIQUIDS SOLIDS GASES Higher Temperature Lower Temperature PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases) BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE