Physiology Pharmacy

1. The Cell and Its Functions
( Cellular Physiology )
- Organization of the cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
- Principle organelles include
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lyso-Somes
Peroxisomes
secretory vesicles
Mitochondria
centrioles
- Nucleus
contain
- nuclear membrane
- nucleoplasm
- nuleolus
- DNA
In the cell, there are two major parts are
-The nucleus
Separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane
-The cytoplasm
Separated from the surrounding fluids by a cell membrane

2. - Protoplasm
A substance that makes up the cell
- It's composed of five substances
1. Water
- 70 - 80 % of most cells
- Function
serves as solvent
essential for many metabolic reactions
- Electrolytes
atoms or molecules with unequal numbers of electrons and protons
Involves in chemical reactions
2. Electrolytes
- definition
important ions that present in the cell
- Function
Provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions
They are necessary for operation of some of the cellular mechanisms
- example of essential electrolyte
potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg), phosphate (Po4-3), sulfate (S), bicarbonate (CHO3-), sodium
(Na), chloride (Cl), and calcium (Ca)
- quantities of essential electrolytes ( as low or high )
Large quantities of K+, Mg, Po4-3, S, CHO3Small quantities of Na, Cl, Ca
3. Proteins
- definition
abundant substances in most cells
- percentage
- 10 - 20 % of the cell mass

3. - types with example and their function
- structure proteins
part of the cell structure
- like those in cell membrane
- globular (functional) proteins
Enzymes
- Catalysts
- Bind temporarily to one or more of the reactions
- Lower amount of activation
Thus, speed up reactions
4. Lipids
- percentage
-
2 % of the cell mass
- Solubility
-
lipids are mainly insoluble in water
- Function
long - term energy storage
- Types
phospholipids and cholestriol triglycerides (neutral fat)
- Structure
messangers
hormones
play roles in communication
5. Carbohydrates
- percentage
- 1 % of the cell mass
- except
muscle cell
- 3%
liver cell
- 6%

4. - Function
- nutrition of cell
- little structural function
- Common forms of carbohydrate
In form of dissolved glucose
Stored in the form of glycogen
- Insoluble polymer of glucose
Can be depolymerized
- Membranous Structures of the Cell
- Membranes include
Cell membrane
Nuclear membrane
Membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum
Membrane of the Golgi apparatus
Membrane of the mitochondria
Membrane of the lysosomes / peroxisomes
- membrane consists of
Lipids
Proteins
- general functions of membrane
The lipids of the membranes provide barriers
Prevent movement water soluble substances
Protein molecules in membrane often penetrate through the membrane