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Minnesota Plant Press
                                   The Minnesota Native Plant Society Newsletter


Volume 21 Number 3                                                                                  Spring 2002

     Monthly meetings
  Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge
                                              Buckthorn can be
      Visitor Center, 3815 East 80th St.
       Bloomington, MN 55425-1600
               952-854-5900
                                              controlled or reduced
 6:30 p.m. — Building east door opens
                                              Part II
 6:30 p.m. — Refreshments,                    By Janet R. Larson, Consulting Arborist and Master Gardener
             information, Room A              [Note: Part I, published in the Winter 2002 issue, discussed the
 7 – 9 p.m. —Program, society business
 7:30 p.m. — Building door is locked          differences between common and glossy buckthorn and the reasons
 9:30 p.m. — Building closes                  why both species are listed as noxious weeds in Minnesota.]
                                              Control or reduction?
              Programs                       Where buckthorn has not completely infested an area, control is a
  The MNPS meets the first Thursday in     reality. Where it has created a near monoculture throughout a sizable
October, November, December, February,     area, reduction might be a better reality than control. A single stem of
March, April, May and June. Check the
Web page for additional program            buckthorn cut down to the ground and not chemically treated will re-
information.                               sprout from the stump and grow many new stems up to six feet in a
                                           single season. In one to two years, the plant can be producing fruit
May 2: “Gardening with Butterflies,” again. “If you cut it, you just anger it,” says Norm Erickson of
by Dean Hanson; Plant of the Month: Rochester. This aggressive re-growth must be stopped or the plant
Wild Lupine, by Robert Dana, DNR.          will soon reach its former size, take up more space, and continue to
June 6: “Sustainable Spiritual Design: exist indefinitely.
Visioning Your Own Sacred Space,” by Chemical treatments
Douglas Owens-Pike, Energyscapes;            For larger buckthorn control projects, some type of chemical
Plant Sale following the meeting.          treatment is the best control method. It is important not to treat during
                                           the spring-flush growth period. This is a time when the plant is using
Plant sale guidelines                      its stored energy reserves to grow, from the break of dormancy in late
  Members are urged to donate plants for March until about June 1. During the spring-flush, the plant generally
                                           does not store energy, it spends energy. Chemical treatments work
the June 6 sale, which is our annual
                                           best when the plant is dormant or transporting sugars to its root system
fundraiser. Plants must have been grown
                                           (storing energy).
in your garden or started from seed. Do
not dig wild plants. Put the plants in       Summer, autumn, and winter are the three seasons when chemical
individual containers and label them. treatment of buckthorn is effective. Late September through November
Members who help will have first choice is a convenient time, since buckthorn leaves remain green and attached,
of plants. To volunteer, call Gerry Drewry while leaves of our native plants are turning color, falling, and
at 651-463-8006.                           gone.When using herbicides, always follow label instructions and take
                                           recommended precautions; be certain that your chemical is labeled
MNPS Web site                              for your site.
http://www.stolaf.edu/depts/biology/mnps
e-mail: MNPS@HotPOP.com                                                                      Continued on page 4
every two weeks throughout the MNPS Board of
Be a Prairie Care                     process. Being a Species Steward
volunteer at Wild                     will give you an opportunity to learn Directors
                                      a tremendous amount about your            President: Joel Dunnette, 4526
River State Park                      species, and see parts of the park that Co. Rd. 3 S.W., Byron, MN 55920;
                                      you might otherwise miss. Wild 507-284-3914 (W); 507-365-8091
by Dave Crawford                      River provides detailed data on
  If you like plants, being outdoors, identification, observation, and (H); dunnette.joel@mayo.edu
and learning about the natural world, locations of your species.                Vice-President: Harriet Mason,
consider helping with Wild River                                              905 5th St., St. Peter, MN 56082-
State Park’s Prairie Care Project. We   Collector: Arrange in advance to
need your help (and the help of other come to the park on a specific day 1417; 507-931-3253;
                                                                               cmason@gac.edu
interested persons you know) to and collect seeds of one or more
make the project a success this species that are ripe at the time of            Secretary: Deborah Strohmeyer,
summer. You will make a big           your visit, using directions we Education and Outreach Chair, 7900
difference to the future of the park, provide. We also need people whom Wyoming Ave. S., Bloomington, MN
and you’ll learn about prairies we can call on short notice to collect 55438; 952-943-9743;
firsthand.                            seed that is ripe and about to be lost.
                                                                              debstrohmeyer@yahoo.com
                                        All seeds collected will be used on
  There are two ways you can help.                                              Meredith Cornett, Conservation
                                      restoration sites within Wild River
The ability to use maps and to walk                                           Committee Co-Chair, 1520 N. 9th
                                      State Park. Prairie Care participants
off-trail on uneven ground are
                                      who meet or exceed our goals are Ave. E., Duluth, MN 55805; 218-
needed for both.                      eligible for recognition awards such 728-6258; mwc@duluth.com
  Species Steward: Locate, identify, as Prairie Care patches or certificates.   Linda Huhn, 2553 Dupont Ave.
and mark sites of occurrence and        To volunteer with the Prairie Care S., Minneapolis, MN 55405; 612-
record blooming and ripening time Project, please call or e-mail Dave 374-1435
of a native plant species assigned by Crawford, Park Naturalist, Wild
park staff. Collect seed when it is River StatePark, 39797 Park Trail,          Jason Husveth, 1284 N. Avon St.,
ripe. Stewards are needed starting Center City, MN 55012, 651-583-            St. Paul, MN 55117; 651-222-2009;
in mid-spring to mid-summer, with 2925             (Visitor        Center), j.husveth@att.net
a minimum commitment of once dave.crawford@dnr.state.mn.us.                     Janet Larson, 7811 W. 87th St.,
                                                                             Bloomington, MN 55438; 952-941-
Minnesota Native Plant Society’s purpose                                     6876; janetlars@pclink.com

 (Abbreviated from the bylaws)                                                 Esther McLaughlin, Biology
   This organization is exclusively organized and operated for educational   Dept.,   Augsburg      College,
 and scientific purposes, including the following:                           Minneapolis, MN 55454; 612-330-
                                                                             1074; mclaugh@augsburg.edu
 1. Conservation of all native plants.
 2. Continuing education of all members in the plant sciences.                 Ethan Perry, Conservation
 3. Education of the public regarding environmental protection of plant      Committee Co-Chair, 1520 N. 9th
 life.                                                                       Ave. E., Duluth, MN 55805; 218-
 4. Encouragement of research and publications on plants native to           728-6258; etperry@hotmail.com
 Minnesota.                                                                    Treasurer: David Johnson, 6437
 5. Study of legislation on Minnesota flora, vegetation and ecosystems.      Baker Ave. N.E., Fridley, MN 55432;
 6. Preservation of special plants, plant communities and scientific and      763-571-6278;
 natural areas.                                                              MNPS@HotPOP.com
 7. Cooperation in programs concerned with the ecology of natural              Listserve Coordinator: Charles
 resources and scenic features.                                              Umbanhowar, ceumb@stolaf.edu
 8. Fellowship with all persons interested in native plants through
                                                                               Editor: Gerry Drewry, 651-463-
 meetings, lectures, workshops and field trips.
                                                                             8006; gdrewry@infi.net
Three field trips                         In memory of Tom Morley
scheduled in May                            Dr. Thomas Morley, professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota,
                                          died Saturday, Feb. 2, 2002, at his home. He was 85.
Two Duluth trips May 19
  The Minnesota Native Plant                Dr. Morley received his A.B. (1940), M.A. (1941), and Ph.D. (1949) degrees
Society, the Hartley Nature Center,       in botany at the University of California, Berkeley. A scholar’s son, his father,
and the Arrowhead Chapter of Wild         S. Griswold Morley, was the president of the Modern Language Association
Ones are sponsoring two field trips       of America during the 1950s. Dr. Morley was predeceased by a sister, and is
in Duluth Sunday, May 19. Trip            survived by her children and a brother.
leaders will be Carol Reschke, DNR          Tom Morley joined the Botany Department (now Plant Biology) in the fall
County Biological Survey                  of 1949 to share in the teaching of taxonomy with Gerald Ownbey (then
ecologist, and Ethan Perry and            curator of the herbarium). He was successful in helping recruit such
Meredith Cornett, Minnesota               distinguished faculty as Eville Gorham. After advising several graduate
Native Plant Society board                students, including Kingsley Stern, Lawrence C.W. Jensen, and Barbara
members.                                  Delaney, he retired in 1987.
9 a.m. to noon: Magney-Snively              Dr. Morley was a specialist in the genera Mouriri and Votomita (tropical
City Park, Duluth                         trees of the Melastomataceae), and he described several new species in these
  If the season progresses normally,      groups from central Amazonia, where he conducted field work around Manaus
this hardwood forest should host a        and Belem, Brazil. During his tenure at the University of Minnesota, Dr.
wide variety of spring-blooming           Morley also developed an extensive, firsthand knowledge of Minnesota’s
wildflowers at their most                 native flora. He revised and updated Frederic Clements’ original “Guide to
spectacular peak. Chances are that        Spring Flowers,” which is now used as a standard spring text. He co-authored
one of them will be Moschatel, a          with Gerald Ownbey “Vascular Plants of Minnesota: A Checklist and Atlas,”
rarity of mature sugar maple forests      another seminal work for the state.
that is listed as a species of “special
concern” by the DNR.                        A strong advocate for the preservation of nature, Tom Morley was a charter
                                          member of the Minnesota Chapter of the Nature Conservancy and served on
 1:30 to 3:30 p.m.: Lighthouse            the board during the 1970s. He was also active in the Minnesota Native
Point, Two Harbors                        Plant Society, having a special concern for rare plants and serving as an early
  This will be a unique chance to         champion of buckthorn eradication in Minnesota natural areas. He enjoyed
have the unusual plants of the rocky      canoeing and was a generous contributor to the Friends of the Boundary
shoreline identified and described        Waters Wilderness.
by Carol Reschke, who studies the
natural communities that persist in         In retirement, Tom Morley maintained an office adjacent to the herbarium
the harsh conditions along Lake           in the Biological Sciences Building on the Saint Paul campus of the University.
Superior.                                 He was a familiar face around the department — remembered for his habit of
                                          walking to work each day across the expanse of experimental fields, even in
   There is no cost for these trips,      the coldest of Minnesota winters. His daily routines contributed to the rhythm
but each will be limited to 20 to 25      of life at the University, including his climbing the eight flights of stairs to
people. Register for one or both          his office, which he performed until the very day before his death. A soft
trips by contacting Ethan Perry at        spoken and kind man, he is missed by his colleagues.
etperry@hotmail.com or by calling
him at 218-728-6258. He will send           The family asks that memorials be sent to the Lake Itasca Forestry & Biology
directions to the meeting locations       Station, University of Minnesota Foundation, 200 Oak St. NE (Suite 500),
to those who sign up.                     Minneapolis MN 55455.
                                          how to identify herbaceous plants, Participants will visit prairie, forest
Wildflower Walk May 25                    shrubs and trees in the valley.          and wetland plant communities close
  Jason Husveth will lead a Spring                                                 to the building.
                                            Participants will meet in the
Wildflower Walk from 9 a.m. to
                                          Fireplace Room at the refuge at 9 a.m.      The walk will be held rain or shine,
12:30 p.m. Saturday, May 25, at the       Jason, a professional ecologist/ for up to 30 participants. Bring a
Minnesota Valley Wildlife Refuge.
                                          botanist, will give an introductory talk wildflower guide, boots and a hand
  During the walk, beginners and          on the spring flora and the use of plant lens or magnifying glass. To register,
experienced naturalists will learn        keys and wildflower guides. call the refuge at 952-854-5900.
Buckthorn                                 circumference of the tree. For           mixing chemicals. Be sure to read
                                          diameters 2 inches or less, only one     and follow label instructions.
Continued from page 1                     side of the stem needs to be sprayed.
Cut stump treatment                       This is a fast, effective way of         Mechanical control
  During cutting and brush-hauling        controlling trees up to 6 inches in         Mechanical control is not possible
operations, stumps are easily lost        diameter on large sites. Dead trees      with large infestations of buckthorn;
under leaves and debris. Marking          can be left standing or cut at a later   it is extraordinarily labor-intensive.
stump locations with wire flags,          time. Garlon 4 and Crossbow are          The following methods are
similar to those used by utilities to     effective brand-name chemicals for       recommended for people who wish
mark underground pipes or wires, is       basal bark treatment.                    to avoid chemicals and have small
helpful when it comes time to locate                                               areas to clear.
the stump for treatment after an area     Herbicides that work well
has been cleared. Secure the flags        1. Roundup (now off patent;              Hand pulling
well, so they will not be dragged         Glyphosate active ingredient) =            Pulling plants out of the ground by
away with the brush.                      Razor, GlyStar Plus, others. Mix         hand works well for stems 1/2-inch
                                          with water for stump, frill and foliar   diameter or less. The soil must be
  Stumps can be chemically treated        applications.                            moist, or your efforts will be
with a paint brush, a wick applicator,    • A 25 percent solution is needed for    frustrating and with very little result.
or with an ultra low volume spray            stump and frill methods.              When the soil is dry, the plants won’t
nozzle and wand. It is very important     • A 3 percent solution is needed for     budge. If they do budge, they break
that bark on the sides of the stump,         foliar spray.                         off, leaving the root system intact. To
including exposed root flares, be                                                  remove, pull at the base of the stem
treated as well as the top of the         2. Rodeo (now off patent; for aquatic    lightly to loosen the soil, then pull
stump. Under the bark, many latent        use; Glyphosate active ingredient) =     again to dislodge the plant from the
buds have the capability to re-sprout     Aqua Neat, others.                       ground. When you pull buckthorn,
with vigor. Chemicals are most            • Same rates as Roundup apply for        you will discover buckthorn’s dense,
effective if applied within 24 hours,        Rodeo                                 black, highly successful, fibrous, root
but can be applied up to 48 hours         3. Garlon 3A (Triclopyramine active      system.
after the cutting.                        ingredient) = Ortho Brush B-Gon
                                          • Mix with water for stump and frill     Digging
Frill cuts with chemical spray                                                       With a sharp shovel blade, it is
                                             applications.
  Wound the bark with an axe at a 45-                                              possible to cut the roots around small
degree       angle     around       the   4. Garlon 4 (Triclopyr ester active      stems (about 1 inch in diameter or
circumference of the tree, to create a    ingredient) = Crossbow, (Pathfinder      less). Stomp your shovel blade into
frill. It’s not necessary to girdle the   is ready-to-use)                         the ground up to a foot away from
stem completely. Then apply               • Mix with diluent or kerosene for       the stem, and pull the shovel handle
herbicide spray to exposed cut areas         stump, frill, and basal bark          back; this will sever roots, but may
and adjacent bark. This is an                treatments                            need to be repeated. Do this all
effective method when trees can be        • Mix with water for foliar              around the stem until all lateral roots
left standing. Consider this method          applications                          are severed. There will likely be a
especially when buckthorn has              Tordon is not recommended.              couple of central roots to cut, too.
overtaken steep slopes. If you                                                     This method works well with single-
physically remove all the buckthorn,      Spraying in a buckthorn thicket          stemmed plants, but is quite difficult
you set the site up for erosion. This     1. In densely infested areas, use a      with shrubby individuals that have
method works well on stems greater                                                 re-sprouted after a previous cutting.
                                          hand-held tank sprayer; backpack
than 4 inches in diameter.
                                          sprayers can be difficult to negotiate   Wrenching
Basal bark treatment                      through the woods.                         A few tools are available on the
  When mixed with a diluent (a                                                     market to facilitate the manual
                                          2. An ultra low volume spray wand
solvent that may contain dye that can                                              leveraging of a woody stem or stems
be mixed with some herbicides),           can cut chemical use by 75 percent.
                                                                                   out of the ground. With a steel clamp
ester formulations of Triclopyr can       3. Wear appropriate clothing when        or claw, a stem is grasped; then the
be applied directly to the bark at the    using chemicals, especially when         tool handle becomes a lever, bending
base of the tree to provide effective     mixing concentrate. Use neoprene
control. Spray the lowest 1 1/2 feet                                               the stem down and lifting the roots
                                          gloves, not latex, cloth, or leather.
of bark around the entire                                                          out of the ground. Tools range in size
                                          Wear goggles or safety glasses when
                                                                                   and will pull stems up to 2 inches in
diameter. The largest tools are heavy     eliminate buckthorn. A recent study     6. Prioritize removals to be in high-
and need to be wielded by large,          out of DePaul University explains       profile areas (along bike paths,
strong      individuals.       Some       why it is difficult to burn in          parkways, play areas).
communities have organized to             buckthorn-infested sites, due to the    7. Publicize what you’re doing. Put
purchase various wrench sizes and         rapid degradation of the leaf litter.   up informational signs in the project
have made them available for free                                                 area, distribute flyers to nearby
rental from local hardware stores.        Overwhelmed by it all?
                                            If you’ve worked in a heavily residents, write an article for your
Continuous cutting                                                                local paper or association.
                                          buckthorn-infested area, it is easy to
   Cutting buckthorn without              feel overwhelmed. Don’t give up. 8. Stop to answer questions of all
chemically treating the stump is not      Buckthorn has had decades to get a those who inquire.
recommended unless there are only         root-hold ahead of those of us who
a few plants to remove and you are                                                Hope for a biological control
                                          would like to eliminate it. However,
willing to re-cut new sprout-growth                                                 “Good news came this month,”
                                          with the control methods described
nearly every week for the entire                                                  wrote Cynthia Boyd in the St. Paul
                                          here, total elimination is not really a
growing season and beyond.                                                        Pioneer Press, Sept. 26, 2001, “in a
                                          possibility. These plants are simply
Continuous cutting will exhaust the                                               $20,000 report commissioned by the
                                          too widespread, and the volume of
plant of its extensive energy reserves.                                           state Department of Natural
                                          their biomass is staggering. The cost
It may exhaust you, too!                                                          Resources from the Center for
                                          in terms of human-power, time,
                                                                                  Applied Bioscience International in
Tin can method                            equipment and funds is unreasonably
                                                                                  Delmont, Switzerland. The 100-
                                          high in economic terms. Reduction
  This approach, developed by Steve                                               page research paper includes a list of
                                          of the critical mass is a possibility.
Glass, University of Wisconsin                                                    14 insects that are possible natural
                                          Following are my suggestions for
Arboretum, is only recommended for        those who would like to do predators (of buckthorn), thus
very small removal projects and for       something, but have limited time and potential control agents.” According
stump sizes small enough to fit under     budget. Prioritize. Doing something to Luke Skinner and Jay Rendall,
a metal can. Find a can large enough      is far better than leaving the invasion coordinators in the DNR’s exotic
to fit over the stump and root flare.     unchecked.                              species program, the feasibility study
Cut the stump 1 to 2 inches shorter                                               was completed in August, but the
than the height of the can. Since         Priorities for a limited budget entire study may take up to 10 years
buckthorn re-sprouts from latent          1. Partner with conservation groups, to complete, provided funds to
buds under the bark, including stump      neighborhood groups, your continue the research materialize.
bark, it is important that the inverted   municipality, volunteers.               The next step will be to test the 14
can cover all exposed bark. Drive                                                 species and determine which ones
long nails through the can into the       2. Search locally for potential grant harm buckthorn exclusively. Tax-
stump to secure it in place. Sprouts      funding, then write grant proposals. deductible contributions can be made
that grow into the can will not have      Ask        local businesses and to: DNR Buckthorn Research Fund,
enough light and will die. Leave the      foundations for assistance.             Exotic Species Program, 500
can in place for one to two complete
                                          3. Survey your site to find treasure Lafayette Rd., St. Paul, MN 55155-
growing seasons.
                                          pockets of remaining native plants. 4025.
Burning                                   Clear around these plants first to        A Web page within the MN DNR
  John Moriarty, Ramsey County            release them from their buckthorn Web site contains buckthorn
Parks and Recreation Department,          competition. Protect them during biocontrol research updates at:
reported on a study he conducted          cutting and removal. Sometimes www.dnr.state.mn.us. (Search on
with Hennepin Parks to control            these natives are very, very small, but buckthorn biocontrol).
buckthorn in Carver Park. Burning         when they are freed, they bounce The herbicide information given in this
can be a good technique for forest or     back with new growth. Find a local article is for educational purposes only.
park-like settings, but is not really     native plant expert to help you with Reference to commercial products or
practical for homeowners. Burn            identification. Mark them with flags. trade names is made with the
timing is very critical, and it may be                                            understanding that no discrimination is
                                          4. Protect quality areas that are only intended and no endorsement is implied.
difficult to coordinate factors such as   marginally infested.
ground fuel, moisture, wind speed in                                               The MNPS has received a
the woods, and approval from the           5. Remove female buckthorn first. donation to the Think Native
local fire department. Fire is a          Mark them in late fall, when full of Program in memory of Wright and
management tool, but it will not          fruit, for later removal.              Elizabeth Reed.
Birds are most diverse in rural areas
by Kim Chapman, visiting assistant        large areas. In suburban“structural”    development were concentrated and
professor,     biology          and       grasslands and savannas, often with     modified, leaving more vegetation
environmental studies, Macalester         short grass, pavement and buildings,    and larger expanses of wild land and
College. Abstract of his Nov. 1,          the abundance of non-native species     forests. Rural lands represent an
2001, talk on “For the Birds: Nature      was much higher than elsewhere in       unrecognized          conservation
reserves, rural lands and suburbs’        the region. But on a positive note,     opportunity threatened by dispersed
contribution to the avifauna of the       wild vegetation and forest remnants     residential and suburban-style
Twin Cities region.”                      in suburbs were used by several         development.          Conservation
                                          native bird species, such as Gray       measures taken in rural lands would
  Kim Chapman spoke about his             Catbird and Baltimore Oriole.
doctoral research. His message was                                                increase the likelihood that most
positive, yet cautionary. The               Interestingly, the bird communities members of the region’s biota would
increasingly intensive use of land        of forests in reserves and rural lands persist well into the future.
which the Twin Cities region is           were similar, while the grasslands
experiencing raises concerns that         and savannas in reserves and rural
species might disappear from the          lands were less similar to each other. Showy locoweed
regional biota. Kim studied the           Those species most likely to require
responses of bird, tree, and shrub        special management, or which were      in Minnesota
species to the variety of land-use        decreasing steadily in the region, by Michael Heinz
types and habitats in the region.         preferred grasslands, savannas, and
                                                                                    Oxytropis splendens (showy
Working in some 300 plots located         nature reserves.
                                                                                  locoweed) thrives on the northern
in nature reserves such as Wild River       Kim and his colleagues in the field plains, but in Minnesota this
State Park and Sherburne National         encountered some 120 species of handsome species of locoweed has
Wildlife Refuge, in rural lands, and      birds in the two-year study. Of 63 been collected only once. On June
in the suburbs of the north metro         bird species common enough for 25,1853, while members of a railroad
area, Kim measured species                detailed analysis, one-fifth appeared expedition camped on the Chippewa
abundances in a variety of habitats,      intolerant of development (e.g., River in Pope County, in the west-
from grasslands to forests. He sought     Vesper Sparrow, Eastern Towhee, central part of the state, one of the
to understand how communities or          Least Flycatcher), two-fifths scientists added the species to the
species simultaneously varied as land     tolerated agriculture but not expedition’s extensive plant
use and habitat varied.                   suburbanization (e.g., Eastern collection.
  Unexpectedly, within single plots       Bluebird, Indigo Bunting, Yellow-
he found that bird richness and           throated Vireo), and 29 percent           Members of the surveying party,
diversity were equal at all land-use      benefited from suburbanization (e.g.,   under the command of Lt. E. G.
intensities — in nature reserves, rural   House Sparrow, House Wren, Gray Beckwith, had left Pike Lake and
lands or suburbs. But looking across      Catbird). Even though forest stopped at the Chippewa before
the entire region, the rural lands        songbirds have been considered quite heading to a camp on the Bois de
supported the greatest bird richness      sensitive to habitat fragmentation, Sioux River, which flows out of Lake
and diversity, with reserves being        the grassland and savanna birds of Traverse along the South Dakota
slightly lower. His results for trees     the region are more vulnerable border. In a report published by the
and shrubs (which he did not present)     because grassland-savanna habitat U.S. War Department, John Torrey
were somewhat different than results      loss is greater than forest loss in the and Asa Gray listed the specimen as
for birds. For example, rural lands       region, and grasslands and savannas Oxytropis splendens Dougl.
supported fewer species of woody          are more intensively used.                They wrote: “A most elegant plant,
plants than reserves and suburbs, but       Kim        presented        several with its crowded silvery-villous
the increased woody plant diversity       recommendations for conservation. foliage and spikes, and deep blue
in suburbs was largely due to             Reserves may best serve as refuges corollas. It was gathered on the
planting of non-native species.           for regionally declining grassland Chippewa River.” This note refers
  In general, suburban style              and savanna birds, while suburbs to the specimen in the collection at
development depressed bird species        could support large populations of Gray Herbarium. Showy locoweed
diversity and shrub abundance over        development-tolerant native birds if
                                                                                                Continued on page 7
for the specialist. The database is
Minnesota fungi                          searchable in multiple ways,               Plant Lore
are on centralized                       including by plant host and habitat,
                                         and it can produce reports that can        by Thor Kommedahl
database                                 be sorted by up to three fields. The
                                         database contains about two-thirds of
                                                                                    What is blue cohosh?
                                                                                      Blue cohosh is Caulophyllum
by David J. McLaughlin, Professor, the herbarium records. Record entry              thalictroides in the barberry family.
Department of Plant Biology, and is continuing.                                     It is a perennial that grows in moist
Curator of Fungi, Bell Museum of                                                    woods throughout most of Minnesota
Natural History, University of             An example of the way the                except in the northeast. Another
Minnesota, St. Paul                      database can be used is in analyzing       common name is blue ginseng.
  The fungi of Minnesota are poorly the results of last summer’s North
documented. To aid in their study, a American Mycological Association               How did it get its names?
centralized database for mushrooms, Foray held at St. John’s University,              The name cohosh comes from an
plant pathogens, and other fungi has Collegeville, July 5-8. Half-day               Algonquian word that means rough
been produced as a result of collecting trips were made to various                  because of the knotty, rough
consolidation of the two University sites, including three Scientific and           rhizomes; its stems and pea-sized
of Minnesota fungal collections, with Natural Areas, Quarry Park, Partch            seeds are bluish. Caulophyllum is
support from the Legislative Woods, and Clear Lake. Specimens                       derived from the Greek words stem
Commission for Minnesota were brought to a laboratory on the                        and leaf and alludes to the emergence
Resources. Access to the database St. John’s University Campus for                  in spring of a naked stem that ends
is available at www.fungi.umn.edu. processing and identification by                 in a compound leaf without a petiole.
                                         scientists. Through the efforts of staff   The stem seems to form a stalk for
  This database provides information of the Field Museum of Natural                 the three-parted leaf.
on the distribution, ecology, and History, Chicago, especially Dr.
history of the fungi of the state. It Patrick Leacock, the data have been           What about thalictroides?
includes a non-technical general compiled and specimens processed.                    Its leaves resemble meadow rue, in
introduction to the fungi, illustrations Vouchers specimens will be                 the buttercup family, whose genus is
of mushrooms and plant pathogens, deposited in the University                       Thalictrum.
a history of the collection and the herbarium.                                      What about its growth?
state of knowledge of the fungi of                                                    It is striking in spring as the
Minnesota, and a taxonomic outline         The specimens collected during           unfolding leaf is prominent over the
                                         this foray not only provide an             still barren forest floor. Later, the
Showy locoweed                           important initial survey of the fleshy
Continued from page 6                                                               attractive, large, cluster of blue seeds
                                         fungi for these Scientific and Natural     captures one’s attention. The ovary
grows about a foot tall from a taproot Areas, but also are among the first
and woody root crown. The collector mushroom records for Stearns                    wall splits to expose two blue drupe-
probably was James Snyder, who is County. Our previously documented                 like seeds. It is somewhat shrub-like
credited by Torrey and Gray with collections showed 19 Stearns                      and can be two to three feet tall. It
collecting and submitting many of County records, but almost all of                 blooms from April to May.
the expedition’s plants, including all these are microscopic plant                  Has it medicinal properties?
of those from Minnesota.                 pathogens. Continued surveys are             Yes, American Indians used
  The expedition was following the needed to obtain a complete picture              infusions from the roots for treating
Red River Cart Trail used to transport of the fungal diversity, i.e., to observe    rheumatism and in aiding childbirth.
goods from Selkirk’s settlement at species that appear in early spring,             The Chippewa Indians used a strong
Pembina, on the Canadian border, to late summer, and fall.                          root decoction as a contraceptive.
St. Paul. Quite possibly, the seeds                                                 Research since then has shown its
                                           Of the 217 species collected during      value in treating menopausal
of Oxytropis splendens were this foray, approximately 45 are new
transported from the settlement, an state records. Members of the                   symptoms, and the root is officinal
area within or near the species’ range, Minnesota Native Plant Society can          in the “U.S. Pharmacopeia.”
to the hills of the Chippewa in make an important contribution to                   Is any part of the plant edible?
Minnesota. The chief range of the the study of Minnesota fungi by                     Plant parts, including seeds, can be
species is from the northern counties assisting in future collecting,               poisonous. The plant is also an
of North Dakota into the prairie documenting, or processing of                      irritant to the skin. Its seeds have
provinces of Canada. It reappears specimens.                                        been roasted to make a beverage.
on the foothills of the Rockies.
Minnesota Native Plant Society   NON-PROFIT ORG.
University of Minnesota           U.S. POSTAGE
220 Biological Sciences Center         PAID
St. Paul, MN 55108                 Minneapolis, MN
                                   Permit No. 2233




Spring 2002 Issue

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Spring 2002 Minnesota Plant Press

  • 1. Minnesota Plant Press The Minnesota Native Plant Society Newsletter Volume 21 Number 3 Spring 2002 Monthly meetings Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge Buckthorn can be Visitor Center, 3815 East 80th St. Bloomington, MN 55425-1600 952-854-5900 controlled or reduced 6:30 p.m. — Building east door opens Part II 6:30 p.m. — Refreshments, By Janet R. Larson, Consulting Arborist and Master Gardener information, Room A [Note: Part I, published in the Winter 2002 issue, discussed the 7 – 9 p.m. —Program, society business 7:30 p.m. — Building door is locked differences between common and glossy buckthorn and the reasons 9:30 p.m. — Building closes why both species are listed as noxious weeds in Minnesota.] Control or reduction? Programs Where buckthorn has not completely infested an area, control is a The MNPS meets the first Thursday in reality. Where it has created a near monoculture throughout a sizable October, November, December, February, area, reduction might be a better reality than control. A single stem of March, April, May and June. Check the Web page for additional program buckthorn cut down to the ground and not chemically treated will re- information. sprout from the stump and grow many new stems up to six feet in a single season. In one to two years, the plant can be producing fruit May 2: “Gardening with Butterflies,” again. “If you cut it, you just anger it,” says Norm Erickson of by Dean Hanson; Plant of the Month: Rochester. This aggressive re-growth must be stopped or the plant Wild Lupine, by Robert Dana, DNR. will soon reach its former size, take up more space, and continue to June 6: “Sustainable Spiritual Design: exist indefinitely. Visioning Your Own Sacred Space,” by Chemical treatments Douglas Owens-Pike, Energyscapes; For larger buckthorn control projects, some type of chemical Plant Sale following the meeting. treatment is the best control method. It is important not to treat during the spring-flush growth period. This is a time when the plant is using Plant sale guidelines its stored energy reserves to grow, from the break of dormancy in late Members are urged to donate plants for March until about June 1. During the spring-flush, the plant generally does not store energy, it spends energy. Chemical treatments work the June 6 sale, which is our annual best when the plant is dormant or transporting sugars to its root system fundraiser. Plants must have been grown (storing energy). in your garden or started from seed. Do not dig wild plants. Put the plants in Summer, autumn, and winter are the three seasons when chemical individual containers and label them. treatment of buckthorn is effective. Late September through November Members who help will have first choice is a convenient time, since buckthorn leaves remain green and attached, of plants. To volunteer, call Gerry Drewry while leaves of our native plants are turning color, falling, and at 651-463-8006. gone.When using herbicides, always follow label instructions and take recommended precautions; be certain that your chemical is labeled MNPS Web site for your site. http://www.stolaf.edu/depts/biology/mnps e-mail: MNPS@HotPOP.com Continued on page 4
  • 2. every two weeks throughout the MNPS Board of Be a Prairie Care process. Being a Species Steward volunteer at Wild will give you an opportunity to learn Directors a tremendous amount about your President: Joel Dunnette, 4526 River State Park species, and see parts of the park that Co. Rd. 3 S.W., Byron, MN 55920; you might otherwise miss. Wild 507-284-3914 (W); 507-365-8091 by Dave Crawford River provides detailed data on If you like plants, being outdoors, identification, observation, and (H); dunnette.joel@mayo.edu and learning about the natural world, locations of your species. Vice-President: Harriet Mason, consider helping with Wild River 905 5th St., St. Peter, MN 56082- State Park’s Prairie Care Project. We Collector: Arrange in advance to need your help (and the help of other come to the park on a specific day 1417; 507-931-3253; cmason@gac.edu interested persons you know) to and collect seeds of one or more make the project a success this species that are ripe at the time of Secretary: Deborah Strohmeyer, summer. You will make a big your visit, using directions we Education and Outreach Chair, 7900 difference to the future of the park, provide. We also need people whom Wyoming Ave. S., Bloomington, MN and you’ll learn about prairies we can call on short notice to collect 55438; 952-943-9743; firsthand. seed that is ripe and about to be lost. debstrohmeyer@yahoo.com All seeds collected will be used on There are two ways you can help. Meredith Cornett, Conservation restoration sites within Wild River The ability to use maps and to walk Committee Co-Chair, 1520 N. 9th State Park. Prairie Care participants off-trail on uneven ground are who meet or exceed our goals are Ave. E., Duluth, MN 55805; 218- needed for both. eligible for recognition awards such 728-6258; mwc@duluth.com Species Steward: Locate, identify, as Prairie Care patches or certificates. Linda Huhn, 2553 Dupont Ave. and mark sites of occurrence and To volunteer with the Prairie Care S., Minneapolis, MN 55405; 612- record blooming and ripening time Project, please call or e-mail Dave 374-1435 of a native plant species assigned by Crawford, Park Naturalist, Wild park staff. Collect seed when it is River StatePark, 39797 Park Trail, Jason Husveth, 1284 N. Avon St., ripe. Stewards are needed starting Center City, MN 55012, 651-583- St. Paul, MN 55117; 651-222-2009; in mid-spring to mid-summer, with 2925 (Visitor Center), j.husveth@att.net a minimum commitment of once dave.crawford@dnr.state.mn.us. Janet Larson, 7811 W. 87th St., Bloomington, MN 55438; 952-941- Minnesota Native Plant Society’s purpose 6876; janetlars@pclink.com (Abbreviated from the bylaws) Esther McLaughlin, Biology This organization is exclusively organized and operated for educational Dept., Augsburg College, and scientific purposes, including the following: Minneapolis, MN 55454; 612-330- 1074; mclaugh@augsburg.edu 1. Conservation of all native plants. 2. Continuing education of all members in the plant sciences. Ethan Perry, Conservation 3. Education of the public regarding environmental protection of plant Committee Co-Chair, 1520 N. 9th life. Ave. E., Duluth, MN 55805; 218- 4. Encouragement of research and publications on plants native to 728-6258; etperry@hotmail.com Minnesota. Treasurer: David Johnson, 6437 5. Study of legislation on Minnesota flora, vegetation and ecosystems. Baker Ave. N.E., Fridley, MN 55432; 6. Preservation of special plants, plant communities and scientific and 763-571-6278; natural areas. MNPS@HotPOP.com 7. Cooperation in programs concerned with the ecology of natural Listserve Coordinator: Charles resources and scenic features. Umbanhowar, ceumb@stolaf.edu 8. Fellowship with all persons interested in native plants through Editor: Gerry Drewry, 651-463- meetings, lectures, workshops and field trips. 8006; gdrewry@infi.net
  • 3. Three field trips In memory of Tom Morley scheduled in May Dr. Thomas Morley, professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota, died Saturday, Feb. 2, 2002, at his home. He was 85. Two Duluth trips May 19 The Minnesota Native Plant Dr. Morley received his A.B. (1940), M.A. (1941), and Ph.D. (1949) degrees Society, the Hartley Nature Center, in botany at the University of California, Berkeley. A scholar’s son, his father, and the Arrowhead Chapter of Wild S. Griswold Morley, was the president of the Modern Language Association Ones are sponsoring two field trips of America during the 1950s. Dr. Morley was predeceased by a sister, and is in Duluth Sunday, May 19. Trip survived by her children and a brother. leaders will be Carol Reschke, DNR Tom Morley joined the Botany Department (now Plant Biology) in the fall County Biological Survey of 1949 to share in the teaching of taxonomy with Gerald Ownbey (then ecologist, and Ethan Perry and curator of the herbarium). He was successful in helping recruit such Meredith Cornett, Minnesota distinguished faculty as Eville Gorham. After advising several graduate Native Plant Society board students, including Kingsley Stern, Lawrence C.W. Jensen, and Barbara members. Delaney, he retired in 1987. 9 a.m. to noon: Magney-Snively Dr. Morley was a specialist in the genera Mouriri and Votomita (tropical City Park, Duluth trees of the Melastomataceae), and he described several new species in these If the season progresses normally, groups from central Amazonia, where he conducted field work around Manaus this hardwood forest should host a and Belem, Brazil. During his tenure at the University of Minnesota, Dr. wide variety of spring-blooming Morley also developed an extensive, firsthand knowledge of Minnesota’s wildflowers at their most native flora. He revised and updated Frederic Clements’ original “Guide to spectacular peak. Chances are that Spring Flowers,” which is now used as a standard spring text. He co-authored one of them will be Moschatel, a with Gerald Ownbey “Vascular Plants of Minnesota: A Checklist and Atlas,” rarity of mature sugar maple forests another seminal work for the state. that is listed as a species of “special concern” by the DNR. A strong advocate for the preservation of nature, Tom Morley was a charter member of the Minnesota Chapter of the Nature Conservancy and served on 1:30 to 3:30 p.m.: Lighthouse the board during the 1970s. He was also active in the Minnesota Native Point, Two Harbors Plant Society, having a special concern for rare plants and serving as an early This will be a unique chance to champion of buckthorn eradication in Minnesota natural areas. He enjoyed have the unusual plants of the rocky canoeing and was a generous contributor to the Friends of the Boundary shoreline identified and described Waters Wilderness. by Carol Reschke, who studies the natural communities that persist in In retirement, Tom Morley maintained an office adjacent to the herbarium the harsh conditions along Lake in the Biological Sciences Building on the Saint Paul campus of the University. Superior. He was a familiar face around the department — remembered for his habit of walking to work each day across the expanse of experimental fields, even in There is no cost for these trips, the coldest of Minnesota winters. His daily routines contributed to the rhythm but each will be limited to 20 to 25 of life at the University, including his climbing the eight flights of stairs to people. Register for one or both his office, which he performed until the very day before his death. A soft trips by contacting Ethan Perry at spoken and kind man, he is missed by his colleagues. etperry@hotmail.com or by calling him at 218-728-6258. He will send The family asks that memorials be sent to the Lake Itasca Forestry & Biology directions to the meeting locations Station, University of Minnesota Foundation, 200 Oak St. NE (Suite 500), to those who sign up. Minneapolis MN 55455. how to identify herbaceous plants, Participants will visit prairie, forest Wildflower Walk May 25 shrubs and trees in the valley. and wetland plant communities close Jason Husveth will lead a Spring to the building. Participants will meet in the Wildflower Walk from 9 a.m. to Fireplace Room at the refuge at 9 a.m. The walk will be held rain or shine, 12:30 p.m. Saturday, May 25, at the Jason, a professional ecologist/ for up to 30 participants. Bring a Minnesota Valley Wildlife Refuge. botanist, will give an introductory talk wildflower guide, boots and a hand During the walk, beginners and on the spring flora and the use of plant lens or magnifying glass. To register, experienced naturalists will learn keys and wildflower guides. call the refuge at 952-854-5900.
  • 4. Buckthorn circumference of the tree. For mixing chemicals. Be sure to read diameters 2 inches or less, only one and follow label instructions. Continued from page 1 side of the stem needs to be sprayed. Cut stump treatment This is a fast, effective way of Mechanical control During cutting and brush-hauling controlling trees up to 6 inches in Mechanical control is not possible operations, stumps are easily lost diameter on large sites. Dead trees with large infestations of buckthorn; under leaves and debris. Marking can be left standing or cut at a later it is extraordinarily labor-intensive. stump locations with wire flags, time. Garlon 4 and Crossbow are The following methods are similar to those used by utilities to effective brand-name chemicals for recommended for people who wish mark underground pipes or wires, is basal bark treatment. to avoid chemicals and have small helpful when it comes time to locate areas to clear. the stump for treatment after an area Herbicides that work well has been cleared. Secure the flags 1. Roundup (now off patent; Hand pulling well, so they will not be dragged Glyphosate active ingredient) = Pulling plants out of the ground by away with the brush. Razor, GlyStar Plus, others. Mix hand works well for stems 1/2-inch with water for stump, frill and foliar diameter or less. The soil must be Stumps can be chemically treated applications. moist, or your efforts will be with a paint brush, a wick applicator, • A 25 percent solution is needed for frustrating and with very little result. or with an ultra low volume spray stump and frill methods. When the soil is dry, the plants won’t nozzle and wand. It is very important • A 3 percent solution is needed for budge. If they do budge, they break that bark on the sides of the stump, foliar spray. off, leaving the root system intact. To including exposed root flares, be remove, pull at the base of the stem treated as well as the top of the 2. Rodeo (now off patent; for aquatic lightly to loosen the soil, then pull stump. Under the bark, many latent use; Glyphosate active ingredient) = again to dislodge the plant from the buds have the capability to re-sprout Aqua Neat, others. ground. When you pull buckthorn, with vigor. Chemicals are most • Same rates as Roundup apply for you will discover buckthorn’s dense, effective if applied within 24 hours, Rodeo black, highly successful, fibrous, root but can be applied up to 48 hours 3. Garlon 3A (Triclopyramine active system. after the cutting. ingredient) = Ortho Brush B-Gon • Mix with water for stump and frill Digging Frill cuts with chemical spray With a sharp shovel blade, it is applications. Wound the bark with an axe at a 45- possible to cut the roots around small degree angle around the 4. Garlon 4 (Triclopyr ester active stems (about 1 inch in diameter or circumference of the tree, to create a ingredient) = Crossbow, (Pathfinder less). Stomp your shovel blade into frill. It’s not necessary to girdle the is ready-to-use) the ground up to a foot away from stem completely. Then apply • Mix with diluent or kerosene for the stem, and pull the shovel handle herbicide spray to exposed cut areas stump, frill, and basal bark back; this will sever roots, but may and adjacent bark. This is an treatments need to be repeated. Do this all effective method when trees can be • Mix with water for foliar around the stem until all lateral roots left standing. Consider this method applications are severed. There will likely be a especially when buckthorn has Tordon is not recommended. couple of central roots to cut, too. overtaken steep slopes. If you This method works well with single- physically remove all the buckthorn, Spraying in a buckthorn thicket stemmed plants, but is quite difficult you set the site up for erosion. This 1. In densely infested areas, use a with shrubby individuals that have method works well on stems greater re-sprouted after a previous cutting. hand-held tank sprayer; backpack than 4 inches in diameter. sprayers can be difficult to negotiate Wrenching Basal bark treatment through the woods. A few tools are available on the When mixed with a diluent (a market to facilitate the manual 2. An ultra low volume spray wand solvent that may contain dye that can leveraging of a woody stem or stems be mixed with some herbicides), can cut chemical use by 75 percent. out of the ground. With a steel clamp ester formulations of Triclopyr can 3. Wear appropriate clothing when or claw, a stem is grasped; then the be applied directly to the bark at the using chemicals, especially when tool handle becomes a lever, bending base of the tree to provide effective mixing concentrate. Use neoprene control. Spray the lowest 1 1/2 feet the stem down and lifting the roots gloves, not latex, cloth, or leather. of bark around the entire out of the ground. Tools range in size Wear goggles or safety glasses when and will pull stems up to 2 inches in
  • 5. diameter. The largest tools are heavy eliminate buckthorn. A recent study 6. Prioritize removals to be in high- and need to be wielded by large, out of DePaul University explains profile areas (along bike paths, strong individuals. Some why it is difficult to burn in parkways, play areas). communities have organized to buckthorn-infested sites, due to the 7. Publicize what you’re doing. Put purchase various wrench sizes and rapid degradation of the leaf litter. up informational signs in the project have made them available for free area, distribute flyers to nearby rental from local hardware stores. Overwhelmed by it all? If you’ve worked in a heavily residents, write an article for your Continuous cutting local paper or association. buckthorn-infested area, it is easy to Cutting buckthorn without feel overwhelmed. Don’t give up. 8. Stop to answer questions of all chemically treating the stump is not Buckthorn has had decades to get a those who inquire. recommended unless there are only root-hold ahead of those of us who a few plants to remove and you are Hope for a biological control would like to eliminate it. However, willing to re-cut new sprout-growth “Good news came this month,” with the control methods described nearly every week for the entire wrote Cynthia Boyd in the St. Paul here, total elimination is not really a growing season and beyond. Pioneer Press, Sept. 26, 2001, “in a possibility. These plants are simply Continuous cutting will exhaust the $20,000 report commissioned by the too widespread, and the volume of plant of its extensive energy reserves. state Department of Natural their biomass is staggering. The cost It may exhaust you, too! Resources from the Center for in terms of human-power, time, Applied Bioscience International in Tin can method equipment and funds is unreasonably Delmont, Switzerland. The 100- high in economic terms. Reduction This approach, developed by Steve page research paper includes a list of of the critical mass is a possibility. Glass, University of Wisconsin 14 insects that are possible natural Following are my suggestions for Arboretum, is only recommended for those who would like to do predators (of buckthorn), thus very small removal projects and for something, but have limited time and potential control agents.” According stump sizes small enough to fit under budget. Prioritize. Doing something to Luke Skinner and Jay Rendall, a metal can. Find a can large enough is far better than leaving the invasion coordinators in the DNR’s exotic to fit over the stump and root flare. unchecked. species program, the feasibility study Cut the stump 1 to 2 inches shorter was completed in August, but the than the height of the can. Since Priorities for a limited budget entire study may take up to 10 years buckthorn re-sprouts from latent 1. Partner with conservation groups, to complete, provided funds to buds under the bark, including stump neighborhood groups, your continue the research materialize. bark, it is important that the inverted municipality, volunteers. The next step will be to test the 14 can cover all exposed bark. Drive species and determine which ones long nails through the can into the 2. Search locally for potential grant harm buckthorn exclusively. Tax- stump to secure it in place. Sprouts funding, then write grant proposals. deductible contributions can be made that grow into the can will not have Ask local businesses and to: DNR Buckthorn Research Fund, enough light and will die. Leave the foundations for assistance. Exotic Species Program, 500 can in place for one to two complete 3. Survey your site to find treasure Lafayette Rd., St. Paul, MN 55155- growing seasons. pockets of remaining native plants. 4025. Burning Clear around these plants first to A Web page within the MN DNR John Moriarty, Ramsey County release them from their buckthorn Web site contains buckthorn Parks and Recreation Department, competition. Protect them during biocontrol research updates at: reported on a study he conducted cutting and removal. Sometimes www.dnr.state.mn.us. (Search on with Hennepin Parks to control these natives are very, very small, but buckthorn biocontrol). buckthorn in Carver Park. Burning when they are freed, they bounce The herbicide information given in this can be a good technique for forest or back with new growth. Find a local article is for educational purposes only. park-like settings, but is not really native plant expert to help you with Reference to commercial products or practical for homeowners. Burn identification. Mark them with flags. trade names is made with the timing is very critical, and it may be understanding that no discrimination is 4. Protect quality areas that are only intended and no endorsement is implied. difficult to coordinate factors such as marginally infested. ground fuel, moisture, wind speed in The MNPS has received a the woods, and approval from the 5. Remove female buckthorn first. donation to the Think Native local fire department. Fire is a Mark them in late fall, when full of Program in memory of Wright and management tool, but it will not fruit, for later removal. Elizabeth Reed.
  • 6. Birds are most diverse in rural areas by Kim Chapman, visiting assistant large areas. In suburban“structural” development were concentrated and professor, biology and grasslands and savannas, often with modified, leaving more vegetation environmental studies, Macalester short grass, pavement and buildings, and larger expanses of wild land and College. Abstract of his Nov. 1, the abundance of non-native species forests. Rural lands represent an 2001, talk on “For the Birds: Nature was much higher than elsewhere in unrecognized conservation reserves, rural lands and suburbs’ the region. But on a positive note, opportunity threatened by dispersed contribution to the avifauna of the wild vegetation and forest remnants residential and suburban-style Twin Cities region.” in suburbs were used by several development. Conservation native bird species, such as Gray measures taken in rural lands would Kim Chapman spoke about his Catbird and Baltimore Oriole. doctoral research. His message was increase the likelihood that most positive, yet cautionary. The Interestingly, the bird communities members of the region’s biota would increasingly intensive use of land of forests in reserves and rural lands persist well into the future. which the Twin Cities region is were similar, while the grasslands experiencing raises concerns that and savannas in reserves and rural species might disappear from the lands were less similar to each other. Showy locoweed regional biota. Kim studied the Those species most likely to require responses of bird, tree, and shrub special management, or which were in Minnesota species to the variety of land-use decreasing steadily in the region, by Michael Heinz types and habitats in the region. preferred grasslands, savannas, and Oxytropis splendens (showy Working in some 300 plots located nature reserves. locoweed) thrives on the northern in nature reserves such as Wild River Kim and his colleagues in the field plains, but in Minnesota this State Park and Sherburne National encountered some 120 species of handsome species of locoweed has Wildlife Refuge, in rural lands, and birds in the two-year study. Of 63 been collected only once. On June in the suburbs of the north metro bird species common enough for 25,1853, while members of a railroad area, Kim measured species detailed analysis, one-fifth appeared expedition camped on the Chippewa abundances in a variety of habitats, intolerant of development (e.g., River in Pope County, in the west- from grasslands to forests. He sought Vesper Sparrow, Eastern Towhee, central part of the state, one of the to understand how communities or Least Flycatcher), two-fifths scientists added the species to the species simultaneously varied as land tolerated agriculture but not expedition’s extensive plant use and habitat varied. suburbanization (e.g., Eastern collection. Unexpectedly, within single plots Bluebird, Indigo Bunting, Yellow- he found that bird richness and throated Vireo), and 29 percent Members of the surveying party, diversity were equal at all land-use benefited from suburbanization (e.g., under the command of Lt. E. G. intensities — in nature reserves, rural House Sparrow, House Wren, Gray Beckwith, had left Pike Lake and lands or suburbs. But looking across Catbird). Even though forest stopped at the Chippewa before the entire region, the rural lands songbirds have been considered quite heading to a camp on the Bois de supported the greatest bird richness sensitive to habitat fragmentation, Sioux River, which flows out of Lake and diversity, with reserves being the grassland and savanna birds of Traverse along the South Dakota slightly lower. His results for trees the region are more vulnerable border. In a report published by the and shrubs (which he did not present) because grassland-savanna habitat U.S. War Department, John Torrey were somewhat different than results loss is greater than forest loss in the and Asa Gray listed the specimen as for birds. For example, rural lands region, and grasslands and savannas Oxytropis splendens Dougl. supported fewer species of woody are more intensively used. They wrote: “A most elegant plant, plants than reserves and suburbs, but Kim presented several with its crowded silvery-villous the increased woody plant diversity recommendations for conservation. foliage and spikes, and deep blue in suburbs was largely due to Reserves may best serve as refuges corollas. It was gathered on the planting of non-native species. for regionally declining grassland Chippewa River.” This note refers In general, suburban style and savanna birds, while suburbs to the specimen in the collection at development depressed bird species could support large populations of Gray Herbarium. Showy locoweed diversity and shrub abundance over development-tolerant native birds if Continued on page 7
  • 7. for the specialist. The database is Minnesota fungi searchable in multiple ways, Plant Lore are on centralized including by plant host and habitat, and it can produce reports that can by Thor Kommedahl database be sorted by up to three fields. The database contains about two-thirds of What is blue cohosh? Blue cohosh is Caulophyllum by David J. McLaughlin, Professor, the herbarium records. Record entry thalictroides in the barberry family. Department of Plant Biology, and is continuing. It is a perennial that grows in moist Curator of Fungi, Bell Museum of woods throughout most of Minnesota Natural History, University of An example of the way the except in the northeast. Another Minnesota, St. Paul database can be used is in analyzing common name is blue ginseng. The fungi of Minnesota are poorly the results of last summer’s North documented. To aid in their study, a American Mycological Association How did it get its names? centralized database for mushrooms, Foray held at St. John’s University, The name cohosh comes from an plant pathogens, and other fungi has Collegeville, July 5-8. Half-day Algonquian word that means rough been produced as a result of collecting trips were made to various because of the knotty, rough consolidation of the two University sites, including three Scientific and rhizomes; its stems and pea-sized of Minnesota fungal collections, with Natural Areas, Quarry Park, Partch seeds are bluish. Caulophyllum is support from the Legislative Woods, and Clear Lake. Specimens derived from the Greek words stem Commission for Minnesota were brought to a laboratory on the and leaf and alludes to the emergence Resources. Access to the database St. John’s University Campus for in spring of a naked stem that ends is available at www.fungi.umn.edu. processing and identification by in a compound leaf without a petiole. scientists. Through the efforts of staff The stem seems to form a stalk for This database provides information of the Field Museum of Natural the three-parted leaf. on the distribution, ecology, and History, Chicago, especially Dr. history of the fungi of the state. It Patrick Leacock, the data have been What about thalictroides? includes a non-technical general compiled and specimens processed. Its leaves resemble meadow rue, in introduction to the fungi, illustrations Vouchers specimens will be the buttercup family, whose genus is of mushrooms and plant pathogens, deposited in the University Thalictrum. a history of the collection and the herbarium. What about its growth? state of knowledge of the fungi of It is striking in spring as the Minnesota, and a taxonomic outline The specimens collected during unfolding leaf is prominent over the this foray not only provide an still barren forest floor. Later, the Showy locoweed important initial survey of the fleshy Continued from page 6 attractive, large, cluster of blue seeds fungi for these Scientific and Natural captures one’s attention. The ovary grows about a foot tall from a taproot Areas, but also are among the first and woody root crown. The collector mushroom records for Stearns wall splits to expose two blue drupe- probably was James Snyder, who is County. Our previously documented like seeds. It is somewhat shrub-like credited by Torrey and Gray with collections showed 19 Stearns and can be two to three feet tall. It collecting and submitting many of County records, but almost all of blooms from April to May. the expedition’s plants, including all these are microscopic plant Has it medicinal properties? of those from Minnesota. pathogens. Continued surveys are Yes, American Indians used The expedition was following the needed to obtain a complete picture infusions from the roots for treating Red River Cart Trail used to transport of the fungal diversity, i.e., to observe rheumatism and in aiding childbirth. goods from Selkirk’s settlement at species that appear in early spring, The Chippewa Indians used a strong Pembina, on the Canadian border, to late summer, and fall. root decoction as a contraceptive. St. Paul. Quite possibly, the seeds Research since then has shown its Of the 217 species collected during value in treating menopausal of Oxytropis splendens were this foray, approximately 45 are new transported from the settlement, an state records. Members of the symptoms, and the root is officinal area within or near the species’ range, Minnesota Native Plant Society can in the “U.S. Pharmacopeia.” to the hills of the Chippewa in make an important contribution to Is any part of the plant edible? Minnesota. The chief range of the the study of Minnesota fungi by Plant parts, including seeds, can be species is from the northern counties assisting in future collecting, poisonous. The plant is also an of North Dakota into the prairie documenting, or processing of irritant to the skin. Its seeds have provinces of Canada. It reappears specimens. been roasted to make a beverage. on the foothills of the Rockies.
  • 8. Minnesota Native Plant Society NON-PROFIT ORG. University of Minnesota U.S. POSTAGE 220 Biological Sciences Center PAID St. Paul, MN 55108 Minneapolis, MN Permit No. 2233 Spring 2002 Issue