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Daylightingapplicationspresentation
- 2. Lighting Timeline
70,000 B.C. – Rock and Animal Fat Lamp
700 B.C. – TerraCotta Oil Lamp
1700 – Glass Chimney Lamp – Whale Oil, Sesame Oil,
Beeswax, Olive Oil
1792 – Coal Gas Lamp
1859 – Kerosene Lamp
1870 – Joseph Swan & Thomas Edison Each Claim Invention of Electric
Lighting
1879 – Thomas Edison Produces First Commercially Viable
Incandescent Lamp
1927 – The First Fluorescent Lamp Developed
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 3. Brief History of Early
Commercial/Industrial Lighting
Pre-electric: Dominated by daylighting; supplemented with
combustion (open fire, oil lamps) sources.
Prior to mercury vapor and fluorescent, incandescent was
the only practical artificial light source.
Difficult to illuminate industrial spaces with incandescent, so
architectural daylighting remained prominent.
Similar techniques as seen today- window walls, skylights,
monitors, clearstories.
Glazing materials were unsophisticated – heat gain/loss and
glare were significant problems.
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 4. 1940s Box Factory
Daylight as Primary Light
Source
Incandescent as
Supplemental Source
Machinery Located at
Windows
Majority of Work Performed
on Day Shift
Photo: US Library of Congress
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 5. Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant
Cambridge, Mass - 1913
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 6. Kendall Boiler and Tank Company 1894
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 7. Cotton Processing and Packing Plant - 2004
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 8. Tool & Die Shop - 2004
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 9. Industrial Lighting: Where Would You
Rather Work?
Older non-daylit industrial
spaces were dark and
hazardous.
Natural light and reflective
colors brighten the space and
improve the environment for
workers.
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 10. 1970s Energy Crisis
Steep increase in energy costs.
Windows, monitors and skylights boarded over and
insulated.
Many industrial spaces still poorly-lit with incandescent
lighting.
Natural ventilation through windows is disabled.
Fluorescent and HID lighting developed in the 40s and 50s
gained widespread usage.
Daylighting virtually replaced as a primary lighting source.
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 11. Daylighting Makes a Comeback
Ironically, the interest in passive solar energy during the
1980s began the current interest in daylighting.
Heat gain and glare were major problems with early direct
solar heating systems.
Glazing materials have made great advances, reducing glare,
solar gain and heat loss.
Techniques from the past were updated for use in modern
buildings, bringing back monitors, skylights, and
clearstories.
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 12. Lighting for Human
Performance
Why is lighting
important
Elements of good
lighting
Illumination level
Brightness
Color temperature
and color rendering
Glare and other
visual comfort
issues
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 13. Advantages of Daylighting
Advantages of Properly Designed Daylighting:
Human performance is improved under daylighting
Delivers abundant, high-quality lighting that many activities require
Colors are rendered accurately
Natural light improves morale and productivity
Lower risks of accidents and errors
Natural ventilation is facilitated
Reduced operation and maintenance costs
Demand savings during daytime peaks
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 14. 2. Productivity
Growing body of evidence on the relationship between
productivity in the workplace and various features of
lighting…
e.g. Heschone Mahone Group studies on daylighting:
Retail sales in daylit stores up to 40% higher that in similar non-daylit
stores
School students progress 20% faster
math tests and 26% faster in reading
daylight classrooms
Database of evidence at www.betterbricks.com
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 15. Obtainable Goals for Daylighting
Create a Pleasant Comfortable Environment
Provide Uniform Light Distribution
Provide Adequate Illumination During Full-Sun and Overcast
Conditions
Eliminate Visual Glare
Incorporate View Windows to Connect Workers to the Outdoors
Avoid Heating and Cooling Penalties
Provide Low Maintenance Lighting System
Save Energy
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 16. Footcandle
The illuminance on a surface
one square foot in area on
which there is a uniformly
distributed flux of one lumen.
The lumens incident on a
surface = footcandles x the
area in square feet.
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 17. Luminous Efficacy (Lm/W)
Sun
Low-Pressure Sodium
Metal Halide
New Fluorescent
High-Pressure Sodium
New Compact Fluorescent
Old Fluorescent
Mercury Vapor
Incandescent
Candle
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
lumens/watt
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 18. Evolution of Commercial/Industrial
Buildings
Today’s Facilities: New Industries, New Demands, New Ideas
Many high-tech industries such as electronics and pharmaceuticals are
very different from traditional industrial spaces.
Intricate work demands abundant, high-quality light.
Proper lighting contributes to safety and sanitation demanded in
today’s industrial facilities.
As the economy transitions from heavy industry, lighting needs are
changing.
Properly designed, daylighting provides the highest-quality lighting.
Artificial lighting should strive to match daylighting as closely as
possible when used in the same space.
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 19. Recent Applications of Old Ideas
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 20. Modeling Light Output with AGI-32
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 21. Designing for Performance: Lighting
Design Tools
Non-Computer Based Tools
Some
architects,
relying
on
rather
software
to
than
model
daylight performance, prefer to use
physical modeling. Bruce Coldham
(right), a Massachusetts architect
well-known for his daylit designs,
has developed a daylight modeling
stand that is adjustable to model
daylight conditions for any time or
day of the year. Light sensors can
be inserted into the various spaces
to record foot-candles delivered to
various spaces.
Courtesy of Bruce Coldham
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 25. Redirected Beam Systems
Sunlight is Redirected off Reflective Surfaces or Bent
Through Refraction
Advantages:
Building/glazing Orientation Less Critical
Glare Reduction
Heat Gain Reduction
Reduced Reliance on Blinds or Other Adjustable Architectural Elements
Improved Uniformity of Illumination
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 26. Redirected Beam System Types
Architectural Light Shelves
Integral Between-pane Light Shelves
Laser-cut Refractive Acrylic Glazing Panels
Prismatic Panels Similar to Artificial Lighting Lenses
Holographic Optical Diffracting Elements (Experimental)
Curved Panel Sun-directing Glass
Anidolic (non-imaging) Optical Systems With Light Ducts
Skylight Reflective Tubes
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 29. Controlling Heat Gain/Loss with
Improved Glazing
Multiple layers of glass
Low-E coatings and Low-E membranes installed between
glass layers
Materials with a low “U” value
Tinted glass for various degrees of reduced heat gain
and glare treated with materials that offer reflectance of
UV and IR rays
Gazing assemblies that include auto-adjusting shading
features
Improved gasketing and flashings to reduce or eliminate
the leakage problems that previously plagued skylights
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 30. Integrating Daylighting with Electric
Lights
Daylight Harvesting – On/off
Commissioning is essential to avoid cycling and inconsistent levels
Best when daylighting is designed to provide 100% lighting under most weather
conditions.
Daylight Harvesting – Continuous or Stepped Dimming
Sensor choice, placement, and adjustment is critical.
Again commissioning is essential for proper performance.
Best where daylighting is designed as supplemental light source.
Lamp Selection
Daylight is a “cool” light source; 4100K or 5000K lamps should be selected
Use the highest color rendering level (80-90) that still provides good lamp efficacy.
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 31. Key Objectives In Day-Lighting
Design
Designing spaces to use controlled natural light (reduce
glare and address low solar angles)
Using day-lighting to provide the primary illumination
within a space (where possible)
Optimizing the use of natural and electric lighting
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.
- 32. The Future of Daylighting
Improved Glazing Materials
Higher insulating values
Selective wavelength reflection
Light bending glazings
Better Control
New pre-engineered, prefabricated light shelves
Pre-engineered site-built and prefabricated redirected beam systems.
Advanced interior and exterior shades.
New Ideas
Daylight collectors with photo-optic delivery to remote spaces (a pipe dream?)
Integrated daylight and fluorescent light fixtures that deliver a continuously
adjustable mix of light from both sources through the same aperture.
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© 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.