for sbdav students class 8

2. • MEANING OF AGRICULTUE.
• AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES.
• STEPS FOR AGRICULTURE PRACTICES.
• PREPIRATION OF SOIL.
• SOWING.
• ADDING MANURE AND FERTILIZERS.
• IRRIGATION.
• PROTECTION FROM WEEDS.
• HARVESTING.
• STORAGE.

3. AGRICULTURE
Agriculture is also called farming or husbandry. It is the cultivation of
animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, biofuel and
other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key
development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby
farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured
the development of civilization. The study of agriculture is known as
agricultural science. Agriculture generally speaking refers to human
activities, although it is also observed in certain species of ant and
termite. Agricultural practices such as irrigation, crop
rotation, fertilizers, pesticides and animals were developed long ago.

4. AGRICULTURE PRACTICES
Agricultural Practices means the steps involved in agriculture which
can be seen generally been done by farmers and gardeners. Agricultural
practices such as irrigation, crop rotation, fertilizers, pesticides and
animals were developed long ago, but have made great strides in the
past century. The history of agriculture has played a major role in
human history, as agricultural progress has been a crucial factor in
worldwide socio economic change. Division of labor in agricultural
societies made commonplace specializations rarely seen in hunter-
gatherer cultures. So, too, are arts such as epic literature and
monumental architecture, as well as codified legal systems. When
farmers became capable of producing food beyond the needs of their
own families, others in their society were freed to devote themselves to
projects other than food acquisition. Historians and anthropologists
have long argued that the development of agriculture made civilization
possible. The total world population probably never exceeded 15
million inhabitants before the invention of agriculture.

5. STEPS FOR AGRICULTURE
PRACTICES
 PREPERATION OF SOIL.
 SOWING.
 ADDING MANURE AND FERTILIZERS.
 IRRIGATION.
 PROTECTION FROM WEEDS.
 HARVESTING.
 STORAGE.

6. PREPIRATION OF SOIL
Prior to planting, the soil needs to be prepared, usually by some form of
tillage or chemical "burn-down" to kill the weeds in the seedbed that
would crowd out the crop or compete with it for water and nutrients.
Depending on the amount of crop residue they leave on the surface.
Residue slows the flow of runoff that can displace and carry away soil
particles.

7. SOWING PROCESS
Sowing is the process of planting seeds. Seed soaking is generally done
by placing seeds in medium hot water for at least 24 to up to 48 hours
Seed cleaning is done especially with fruit (as the flesh of the fruit
around the seed can quickly become prone to attack from insects or
plagues. To clean the seed, usually seed rubbings with cloth/paper is
performed, sometimes assisted with a seed washing. Seed washing is
generally done by submerging cleansed seeds 20 minutes in 50 degree
Celsius water. This (rather hot than moderately hot) water kills any
organisms that may have survived on the skin of a seed. Especially with
easily infected tropical fruit such as leeches and rambutans, seed
washing with high temperature water is vital

8. ADDING MANURES AND
FERTILZERS
Plant requires food/nutrients/elements for its growth and development
which are absorbed through soil. The nutrient supplying sources are
manures and fertilizers. Application of manures and fertilizers to the
soil is one of the important factors which help in increasing the crop
yield and to maintain the soil fertility.
 Manure: It is a well decomposed refuse from the stable and barn yards
including both animal excreta and straw or other litter. Or he term
manure implies to the any material with the exception of water which
when added to the soil makes it productive and promotes plant growth.
 Fertilizers: These are industrially manufactured chemicals containing
plant nutrients. Or It is an artificial product containing the plant
nutrients which when added to soil makes it productive and promotes
plant growth.

9. IRRIGATION
Irrigation is the process of supplying dry land with water by means
of ditches etc .It is the artificial application of water to the land or
soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural
crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils
in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall.
Additionally, irrigation also has a few other uses in crop
production, which include protecting plants against frost,

10. PROTECTION FROM WEEDS
A wild plant growing where it is not wanted and in competition with
cultivated plants. Weeds can compete with productive crops or
pasture, or convert productive land into unusable scrub. Weeds are also
often poisonous, distasteful, produce burrs, thorns or other damaging
body parts or otherwise interfere with the use and management of
desirable plants by contaminating harvests or excluding livestock.

11. HARVESTING.
Harvesting crops involves getting the crop out of the field and transported
to market. Most crops are harvested in the fall, except for hay which is cut
several times over the course of the summer. Field crops are harvested by
machine, while small fruits and other food crops are typically harvested by
hand, although in certain cases, they may be harvested by machine.
Equipment Used For Harvesting.
1. Tractors.
2. Forage Harvesters.
3. Combines.
4. Cotton Harvesters.
5. Grain Carts.
6. Balers.

12. STORAGE OF GRAIN
The purpose of any grain storage is to prevent grain quality loss from
weather, wind and moisture; rodents, birds and insects, and
microorganisms. Many types of buildings such as pole buildings used
for machinery storage, empty barns, and stud framed shops or garages
can be used for grain storage. Seed stored for more than six weeks must
be protected against insect damage. Seed should only be stored when
'dry', as grain of high moisture causes temperatures to rise and mould
to develop. High temperatures reduce the efficacy of grain
protectants, allowing insects to multiply. Cooling of grain (below 15
degrees C) helps to suppress insect activity.