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Plant Reproduction
Reproduction of plants

                            Plants




                                                Non-
          Flowering
                                             flowering



By Flowers &      Vegetative           Spores
                                                         Cones
    Seeds        reproduction        formation
Plant Asexual Reproduction
• Above ground Stems arch over and take
  root at the tips, forming new plants
  (Forsythia, Raspberry and Strawberry)
• Horizontal above ground stems are called
  stolons
Plant Asexual Reproduction
• Underground stems that serve for food
  storage and reproduction. Rhizomes, bulbs,
  corms and tubers
Plant Asexual Reproduction
• Leaves—Mitosis along the meristems at the
  leaf margins produce tiny plantlets that fall off
  and can take up an independent existence.
Advantages Of
      Vegetative Propagation
• The young plant uses the food resources of the
  parent plant, while it is developing.
• Only one parent plant is involved.
• Good and desirable parental characters are
  retained in the offspring.
• The new plant formed matures more rapidly than
  the plant which grows from seeds.
• A large number of desired varieties of plant are
  produced in a very short time.
Disadvantages Of
      Vegetative Propagation
• No new varieties are produced.
• Over crowding of the vegetative produced
  plants leads to severe competition for survival
  among them.
• Lack of variety leads to reduce resistance to
  disease and changes in the environment.
• Colonization of the new localities is unlikely.
  Thus the plants are not widely distributed.
PMR Form 3 Science Chapter 4 Plant Reproduction
The life cycle of a
                flowering plant
                                 4. Pollination

   3. Flower
    blossom
                                                      5. Fertilization



   2. Plant
development &
  maturation
                                                                         6. Seed/Fruit
                                                                           formation


                1. Germination
                                           7. Seed
                                          dispersal
Seed Structure
 Seed coat / Testa
 Forms a tough           Plumule
 protective layer        Embryo
                         shoot
                                   Embryo –
                                   grows into
                                   seedlings
Cotyledon / Food store
Provides the embryo      Radicle
plant with food.         Embryo
                         root
Seed Germination
Plant grow & mature
The Parts of a Flower




                             • Most flowers have
                               four parts:
This is a bisexual plant!!     –   sepals,
                               –   petals,
                               –   stamen,
                               –   carpels / pistil
Carpel



         Stamen
Petals
Colourful to attract the insects pollinators
Sepals
 Protect the flower bud
Carry out photosynthesis
Nectaries
give out sugary liquid to attract insects
Stamen
- Pollen grains
       -Anther
    - Filament
Pistils
- Stigma
- Style
- Ovary
- Ovule




           • Receive
                           Style
                                    • Protect ovule
             pollen    • Supports   • Ovule becomes seed
             grains      stigma       after fertilization

             Stigma                         Ovary
PMR Form 3 Science Chapter 4 Plant Reproduction
Pollen

 Pollen grains

Male gametes

    Stigma

  Pollen tube

    Ovary

    Ovule

Female gametes
Pollination

• Pollination involves the transfer of pollen (male
  gamete) from the anther to the stigma (outermost
  female part)
Types of pollination
Self pollination
No variation
Types of pollination
Cross – Pollination
   – Pollen of a plant pollinates
     another plant.
   – Still genetically the same,
     with variations
Advantages of Cross Pollination

Better Quality Fruits

Healthier Plants

Resistant to disease
Increase the chance of Cross-pollination
Plant pollinators - Animals
Plant pollinators - Wind
Unpollinated   Pollinated
  Flowers       flowers
Insect Pollinated Plants
Some flowers provide food (e.g., nectar or pollen) to
                 their pollinators




                      Honey bee
                    collecting pollen
                       and nectar
Wind Pollinated Plants
Pollination Comparison
Structure      Wind              Insect
             Pollinated        Pollinated
  Size           Small            Large
 Petals           dull         bright colour
  Scent          none            scented
 Pollen          light            sticky
 Stamen     dangling outside   inside flower
 Stigma         feathery          sticky

 Nectar          none          makes sugar
Pollen grain and Fertilisation
Formation of Pollen Tube
Pollination >>> Fertilization
After Fertilisation

Once fertilization has taken place the
zygote (fertilized ovule)becomes a seed,
and the ovary becomes a fruit.
The petals die and fall off.
The plant seeds are in the fruit.
Development of the seed and fruit

       Ovule >>>> seed

 Tissues of the ovary >>>> fruit
Development of the seed and fruit
Development of the seed and fruit

                    There are many kinds of fruits

                                                                Carpels
                                                                                                       Flower

                            Stigma



                                                                 Stamen

                           Ovule


                                     Carpel
                                                                          Each
                                     (fruitlet)              Stigma       segment
                                                                          develops
                    Seed
                                                                          from the
                                                                          carpel of
                                     Stamen
                                                                          one flower



              Pea
                                                            Raspberry                                Pineapple


Simple fruit - single carpel of       Aggregate fruit - many separate          Multiple fruit - many carpels
one flower                            carpels of one flower                    of many flowers
What are fruits like?

The fruits can be:
              - soft & fleshy
              - hard & dry
• What fruits can you think of?
• What are their seeds like?
Soft & Fleshy Fruits
Hard & Dry Fruit
Seed Dispersal- why?
Seeds must be carried away (dispersed /
scattered) from the parent plant to:
• Reduce overcrowding


• Reduce competition for:
                            - Water
                            - Light
                            - Nutrients
PMR Form 3 Science Chapter 4 Plant Reproduction
How birds and animals help
        seed dispersal

• Birds and animals
  eat the fruits and
  excrete the seeds
  away from the
  parent plant.
Development of the seed and fruit

    Fruits aid seed dispersal

Many dry fruits are wind dispersed
Development of the seed and fruit

      Fruits aid seed dispersal

Some dry fruits are animal dispersed
Development of the seed and fruit

       Fruits aid seed dispersal

Many fleshy fruits are animal dispersed
Development of the seed and fruit

       Fruits aid seed dispersal

Some fruits disperse seeds explosively
       (e.g., some mistletoes)
Development of the seed and fruit

    Fruits aid seed dispersal

Some fruits make seeds buoyant,
   to aid dispersal by water
Seed Dispersal
Dispersal        Description        Seeds/
method                               Fruits
 Wind       Seeds are designed to
            travel as far as
            possible.
            May have extensions
            which act as
            parachutes or wings.
            Fruits may be shaken
            like a pepper pot.
Seed Dispersal
Dispersal        Description         Seeds/
method                                Fruits

 Animal    Some have little hooks
(external) or sticky substances so
           they stick onto the
           animal’s fur, are
           carried away and
           rubbed off later.
           Some carried away by
           animals and dropped.
Types of Seeds
Dicotyledonous Seed
PMR Form 3 Science Chapter 4 Plant Reproduction
Stages of Seed Germination
 Absorption of
                     Testa         Radicle Grows
 water through
                    Ruptures        downwards
  micropyle



   Cotyledons is
                     Hypocotyl      Lateral roots
   pulled above
                     lengthens        formed
      ground


     Plumule
                      Hypocotyl         1st foliage
    exposed to
                      straighten     leaves exposed
     sunlight



                   Second leaves    Photosynthesis
Seed Germination Process
Monocotyledonous Seed
Cotyledon
                Hypogeal      remains
                            underground




Types of seed
 germination




                           Cotyledon above
                 Epigeal
                             the ground
Conditions for Seed Germination
PMR Form 3 Science Chapter 4 Plant Reproduction
PMR Form 3 Science Chapter 4 Plant Reproduction
PMR Form 3 Science Chapter 4 Plant Reproduction
GM Crops & Foods
PMR Form 3 Science Chapter 4 Plant Reproduction
Advantages of GM foods
(1) Pesticide alternative Crop loss due to pests can be financially crippling for farmers
which is the reason most farmers use pesticides. As an alternative to pesticides, crops
such as corn and soybeans can be genetically altered to resist pests - making the farmer,
the consumer and the environmentalist happy.
(2) Disease resistance There are many diseases - including fungi, viruses and bacteria -
that can attack crops. With new GM technology, scientists can create crops that are
genetically resistant to these attackers.
(3) Cold tolerance In order to prevent cold temperatures from killing crops, scientists can
take a gene that causes cold water fish to produce "antifreeze", and place it into certain
plants that are susceptible to frost.
(4) Drought resistance Genetically altering crops to resist drought and grow in otherwise
non-ideal conditions (like poor soil quality), farmers are able to grow crops in areas that
were previously unsuitable for agriculture.
(5) Adding nutritional value Scientists are able to identify nutritional deficiencies in
specific parts of the world, and genetically enhance the corn in order to satisfy the
nutritional need.

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PMR Form 3 Science Chapter 4 Plant Reproduction

  • 2. Reproduction of plants Plants Non- Flowering flowering By Flowers & Vegetative Spores Cones Seeds reproduction formation
  • 3. Plant Asexual Reproduction • Above ground Stems arch over and take root at the tips, forming new plants (Forsythia, Raspberry and Strawberry) • Horizontal above ground stems are called stolons
  • 4. Plant Asexual Reproduction • Underground stems that serve for food storage and reproduction. Rhizomes, bulbs, corms and tubers
  • 5. Plant Asexual Reproduction • Leaves—Mitosis along the meristems at the leaf margins produce tiny plantlets that fall off and can take up an independent existence.
  • 6. Advantages Of Vegetative Propagation • The young plant uses the food resources of the parent plant, while it is developing. • Only one parent plant is involved. • Good and desirable parental characters are retained in the offspring. • The new plant formed matures more rapidly than the plant which grows from seeds. • A large number of desired varieties of plant are produced in a very short time.
  • 7. Disadvantages Of Vegetative Propagation • No new varieties are produced. • Over crowding of the vegetative produced plants leads to severe competition for survival among them. • Lack of variety leads to reduce resistance to disease and changes in the environment. • Colonization of the new localities is unlikely. Thus the plants are not widely distributed.
  • 9. The life cycle of a flowering plant 4. Pollination 3. Flower blossom 5. Fertilization 2. Plant development & maturation 6. Seed/Fruit formation 1. Germination 7. Seed dispersal
  • 10. Seed Structure Seed coat / Testa Forms a tough Plumule protective layer Embryo shoot Embryo – grows into seedlings Cotyledon / Food store Provides the embryo Radicle plant with food. Embryo root
  • 12. Plant grow & mature
  • 13. The Parts of a Flower • Most flowers have four parts: This is a bisexual plant!! – sepals, – petals, – stamen, – carpels / pistil
  • 14. Carpel Stamen
  • 15. Petals Colourful to attract the insects pollinators
  • 16. Sepals Protect the flower bud Carry out photosynthesis
  • 17. Nectaries give out sugary liquid to attract insects
  • 18. Stamen - Pollen grains -Anther - Filament
  • 19. Pistils - Stigma - Style - Ovary - Ovule • Receive Style • Protect ovule pollen • Supports • Ovule becomes seed grains stigma after fertilization Stigma Ovary
  • 21. Pollen Pollen grains Male gametes Stigma Pollen tube Ovary Ovule Female gametes
  • 22. Pollination • Pollination involves the transfer of pollen (male gamete) from the anther to the stigma (outermost female part)
  • 25. Types of pollination Cross – Pollination – Pollen of a plant pollinates another plant. – Still genetically the same, with variations
  • 26. Advantages of Cross Pollination Better Quality Fruits Healthier Plants Resistant to disease
  • 27. Increase the chance of Cross-pollination
  • 30. Unpollinated Pollinated Flowers flowers
  • 32. Some flowers provide food (e.g., nectar or pollen) to their pollinators Honey bee collecting pollen and nectar
  • 34. Pollination Comparison Structure Wind Insect Pollinated Pollinated Size Small Large Petals dull bright colour Scent none scented Pollen light sticky Stamen dangling outside inside flower Stigma feathery sticky Nectar none makes sugar
  • 35. Pollen grain and Fertilisation
  • 38. After Fertilisation Once fertilization has taken place the zygote (fertilized ovule)becomes a seed, and the ovary becomes a fruit. The petals die and fall off. The plant seeds are in the fruit.
  • 39. Development of the seed and fruit Ovule >>>> seed Tissues of the ovary >>>> fruit
  • 40. Development of the seed and fruit
  • 41. Development of the seed and fruit There are many kinds of fruits Carpels Flower Stigma Stamen Ovule Carpel Each (fruitlet) Stigma segment develops Seed from the carpel of Stamen one flower Pea Raspberry Pineapple Simple fruit - single carpel of Aggregate fruit - many separate Multiple fruit - many carpels one flower carpels of one flower of many flowers
  • 42. What are fruits like? The fruits can be: - soft & fleshy - hard & dry • What fruits can you think of? • What are their seeds like?
  • 43. Soft & Fleshy Fruits
  • 44. Hard & Dry Fruit
  • 45. Seed Dispersal- why? Seeds must be carried away (dispersed / scattered) from the parent plant to: • Reduce overcrowding • Reduce competition for: - Water - Light - Nutrients
  • 47. How birds and animals help seed dispersal • Birds and animals eat the fruits and excrete the seeds away from the parent plant.
  • 48. Development of the seed and fruit Fruits aid seed dispersal Many dry fruits are wind dispersed
  • 49. Development of the seed and fruit Fruits aid seed dispersal Some dry fruits are animal dispersed
  • 50. Development of the seed and fruit Fruits aid seed dispersal Many fleshy fruits are animal dispersed
  • 51. Development of the seed and fruit Fruits aid seed dispersal Some fruits disperse seeds explosively (e.g., some mistletoes)
  • 52. Development of the seed and fruit Fruits aid seed dispersal Some fruits make seeds buoyant, to aid dispersal by water
  • 53. Seed Dispersal Dispersal Description Seeds/ method Fruits Wind Seeds are designed to travel as far as possible. May have extensions which act as parachutes or wings. Fruits may be shaken like a pepper pot.
  • 54. Seed Dispersal Dispersal Description Seeds/ method Fruits Animal Some have little hooks (external) or sticky substances so they stick onto the animal’s fur, are carried away and rubbed off later. Some carried away by animals and dropped.
  • 58. Stages of Seed Germination Absorption of Testa Radicle Grows water through Ruptures downwards micropyle Cotyledons is Hypocotyl Lateral roots pulled above lengthens formed ground Plumule Hypocotyl 1st foliage exposed to straighten leaves exposed sunlight Second leaves Photosynthesis
  • 61. Cotyledon Hypogeal remains underground Types of seed germination Cotyledon above Epigeal the ground
  • 62. Conditions for Seed Germination
  • 66. GM Crops & Foods
  • 68. Advantages of GM foods (1) Pesticide alternative Crop loss due to pests can be financially crippling for farmers which is the reason most farmers use pesticides. As an alternative to pesticides, crops such as corn and soybeans can be genetically altered to resist pests - making the farmer, the consumer and the environmentalist happy. (2) Disease resistance There are many diseases - including fungi, viruses and bacteria - that can attack crops. With new GM technology, scientists can create crops that are genetically resistant to these attackers. (3) Cold tolerance In order to prevent cold temperatures from killing crops, scientists can take a gene that causes cold water fish to produce "antifreeze", and place it into certain plants that are susceptible to frost. (4) Drought resistance Genetically altering crops to resist drought and grow in otherwise non-ideal conditions (like poor soil quality), farmers are able to grow crops in areas that were previously unsuitable for agriculture. (5) Adding nutritional value Scientists are able to identify nutritional deficiencies in specific parts of the world, and genetically enhance the corn in order to satisfy the nutritional need.

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