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China low-temperature wind turbine
       design and its application
             - Qiying Zhang Guodian United Power China
             - Professor He Dexin, CWEA




                                                         1
China low-temperature wind turbine
                   design and its application




•   Status of Wind Power Development
•   Cold Climate in China
•   Technical solutions , effect and problems
•   Further actions




                                                   2
Status of Wind Power Development




- In order to cope with climate change and reduce GHG emissions, the
Chinese government put forward the strategic objective that “Non-
fossil energy will represent 15% of the energy by 2020.”

 -The government also has the target to reduce carbon emissions “40%
 to 45% by 2020 per GDP compared to the level of 2005.”


-To achieve the goals, Chinese government began implementing “The
Renewable Energy Law “ in 2005




                                                                       3
Status of Wind Power Development




By 2010, the newly installed capacity is 18.9 GW. The total installed
capacity is 44.7GW. China has ranked on top in the world.

By the end of 2011, the installed capacity is above 60GW. The newly
grid-connected wind power in 2011 is 15.85GW and accumulated
amount is 47GW.




                                                                        4
Status of Wind Power Development


            50000                                                                                   200%


            40000
                                                                                                    150%

            30000

                                                                                                    100%
            20000

                                                                                                    50%
            10000


                     0                                                                              0%
                           2001   2002   2003   2004   2005   2006   2007   2008    2009    2010
Newly Installed Capacity    42     66     98    197    507    1288   3311   6154    13803   18928
Total Installed Capacity   381    448    546    743    1250   2537   5848   12002   25805   44733
Increasing Rate of NIC     -46%   59%    48%    100%   158%   154%   157%    86%    124%     37%
Increasing Rate of TIC     12%    17%    22%    36%    68%    103%   131%   105%    115%     73%



                                                                                                          5
Status of Wind Power Development




   2010 Annual Installed Market Share
             by Capacity

                                        6
Status of Wind Power Development




                                   United Power




                                                  7
Status of Wind Power Development



                     Multi-MW wind turbines




   Sinovel 6MW         Guodian United Power 6MW       Goldwind 2.5MW


At present, the main WEC type is 1.5-3MW,some 6MW machines has
been produced for prototype, and the even bigger wind turbine is under
development.

                                                                         8
Status of Wind Power Development
Pressure from Price



                      Unit: Yuan RMB/kW




                                                        Trend of WEC Price
                                                                             9
Status of Wind Power Development



The ground test platform of WEC components




                                             10
Status of Wind Power Development



                            WEC should support the grid!




                                      Low voltage ride-through (LVRT)
                                                                        11
Source: China Electric Power Research Institute
Status of Wind Power Development


                                0.6

Basic Research(973 and 863      0.5

Program)                        0.4



“Aerodynamics Basic          Cp 0.3


Research for Large Scale        0.2
                                                                          FVM

WEC”                            0.1                                       CFD
                                                                          EXP

                                  0
                                      2   4   6      8          10   12         14
                                              Tip speed ratio




     4mX3m        8mX6m/12 mX16m                Φ3.2m                                Numerical simulation
   wind tunnel       wind tunnel              wind tunnel
                                                                                                            12
Cold Climate in China




                                                                     Most area of North China is Cold
                                                                     Climate for wind turbine!




http://www.cma.gov.cn/tqyb/v2/product/product2011.php   http://news.86516.com/tupian/h005/h77/577481.shtml   13
Cold Climate in China




                                                               At the same time, some of these
                                                               areas is also Hot Climate for
                                                               wind turbine!




From: China Meteorological Administration
                                                                                          14
Cold Climate in China




                                                               There are also sandstorms in
                                                               these area every year!




From: China Meteorological Administration
                                                                                              15
Cold Climate in China




                   Wind Turbines will be installed
                   the area from the sea level from
                   0 to 4,000 meters!




                                               16
Technical solutions
                   effect and problems




The environment of the wind parks is normally the
combination of the above mentioned two factors or even
more!

Not only Cold Climate…, but...




                                                         17
Cold Climate in China


North West China
  - Cold Climate + Hot Climate + Sandstorm
  - air density is 1.401kg/m^3 in winter, and 1.088 kg/m^3 in summer

                                                                ALaShankou(North West China) Temperature 1957-2011
                                                       1   2       3      4      5        6    7      8      9     10   11   12
                                                  50
                                                  40
                               Temperature ° C    30
                                                  20
                                                  10
                                                   0
                                                 -10
                                                 -20
                                                 -30
                                                 -40
                                                               average high temperature       average low temperature
                                                               extreme high temperature       extreme low temperature



                                                                                                                             18
Cold Climate in China


North China
  - Cold Climate + Sandstorm
  - air density is 1.102kg/m^3 in winter, and 0.902kg/m^3 in summer

                                                                   HuiTengXiLe(North China) Temperature 1957-2008
                                                       1   2       3      4      5        6    7      8      9     10   11   12
                                                 40
                                                 30
                                                 20
                               Temperature ° C

                                                 10
                                                  0
                                                 -10
                                                 -20
                                                 -30
                                                 -40
                                                               average high temperature       average low temperature
                                                               extreme high temperature       extreme low temperature



                                                                                                                              19
Cold Climate in China


North East China
  - Cold Climate
  - air density is 1.349kg/m^3 in winter, and 1.065kg/m^3 in summer


                                                                    HaiLaEr(North East China) Temperature 1957-2008
                                                        1   2       3      4      5        6    7      8      9     10   11   12
                                                   50
                                                   40
                                Temperature ° C    30
                                                   20
                                                   10
                                                    0
                                                  -10
                                                  -20
                                                  -30
                                                  -40
                                                  -50
                                                  -60
                                                                average high temperature       average low temperature
                                                                extreme high temperature       extreme low temperature


                                                                                                                              20
Technical solutions
                     effect and problems


 The environment of the wind parks is normally the
 combination of the above mentioned two factors or even
 more!


The design of wind turbine suitable for all of these areas is a
        great challenge for the manufacturer in China.




                                                                  21
22




                                                                                                  Different Control
                                                                                                  Different Control
                                                    Platform Strategy




                                                                                          Different Configuration
                                                                                          Different Configuration
                                                                                                  Different Material
                                                                                                  Different Material
                                                                                            Same structure design
                                                                                            Same structure design
effect and problems
 Technical solutions




                                 Cost & Quality
                                 Cost & Quality
                                                                                Plateau climate
                       Cold Climate

                                      Hot Climate

                                                                    Sandstorm
Technical solutions
                                 effect and problems


Loads
   - Winter and Summer – big difference
                         altitude      low     air density high    air density density
             wind park
                            (m)     temperature winter temperature summer difference
 North        A La
                           300       -30°C      1.401     40°C       1.088     129%
West China  Shankou
              Hui
North China               2100       -26°C       1.102    30°C       0.902     122%
            TengXiLe
   North
            Hai LaEr       612       -30°C      1.349     35°C       1.065     127%
 East China

 In China the cold area is in high altitude region, this compensate
        somewhat the increase of air density because of low
    temperature. But it is not always the case! Capability to design
                       blade is very important!
                                                                                   23
Technical solutions
                             effect and problems


Material
     - deep cooperation wind suppliers
     - deep cooperation with certification body

                                                   Bearing
 Component           Hub         Main Frame
                                                   Housing
Normal Climate    QT400-18AL       Q345D          QT400-18AL
                  QT400-18AL                   QT400-18AL
 Cold Climate     (impact test     Q345E       (impact test
                 12J at -40°C)                12J at -40°C)




                                                               24
Technical solutions
                        effect and problems


Components

   - All the components must be cold climate
   - Cold climate test at the suppliers
   - Gearbox cold climate start up test,
      generator cold climate test
   - Control System, Pitch System…


      Integrated Development is the
      solution, because 50% “know-how” is at
      supplier!


                                               25
Technical solutions
                          effect and problems


Cooling System
 - standard wind turbine
   be afraid of hot in summer and afraid of cold
    in winter.
 - High altitude => low air density => lower
    cooling capacity => larger air cooler or limit the power
 - Sandstorm => Sealing of the Nacelle Cover => Filter System

                           altitude dependent specific
                           cooling capacity
                              0m 2.2 kW/K
                              800m 2.0 kW/K
                              2000m 1.6 kW/K
                                                                26
Technical solutions
                            effect and problems


Heating System
   - standard wind turbine
     be afraid of hot in summer and afraid of cold in winter.
   - EFFICIENT COLD START UP
     => distributed heating equipments
         oil sump heating, heating jackets or hoses,
         winding heating
     => Supporting fan heating
          commissioning and maintenance(important)
     => good nacelle cover thermal isolation
      The time for Cold Start Up has big influence on
      productivity, so that it is a important parameter
      for Customer Satisfaction

                                                                27
Technical solutions
                          effect and problems


Sensors
   - ICE Detecting Sensor
   - Cold Climate Wind Speed Sensor and Wind Direction
     Sensor
   - Redundancy for wind Speed Sensor
   - Plastic or Metal
   - DEEP cooperation with supplier
     (Technology, Cost and Quality)


          Working Sensors is the
          precondition for load
          assumptions!
                                                         28
Technical solutions
                            effect and problems


ICE
      - Expensive Task
      - Experience
        new blade has less ice than old one
         => smooth?
         => clean?
         => maintained?
      - Ideas and Reality
         solutions, some patents, less industrial use




                                                        29
Technical solutions
                           effect and problems


Effect and problems
   -   newly installed wind turbines shows good availability
   -   cooling system works also well in summer
   -   cold start up works well, but time is relative long => productivity
   -   duty blade or sandstorm => ice on the blade




                                                                             30
Technical solutions
                          effect and problems


Effect and problems
   - far from residential area => bad maintenance condition
   - far from consumer => relative weak grid => grid connection
     => more cold start up
   - cost pressure / technology => active de-ice system is not widely used
     => productivity




                                                                             31
Further Action


The Optimization should go further!

   - intelligent Control (big air density difference, cold climate and hot climate)
   - better maintenance
   - cheaper de-ice system
   - all kinds of measurement
   - cooling system for hub because of also hot climate
   -…
   -…




                                                                              32
Further Action



Ice Rain: Cold Climate in Normal Climate




                                           33
Thank you for your attention!



                                34

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China low-temperature wind turbine design and application

  • 1. China low-temperature wind turbine design and its application - Qiying Zhang Guodian United Power China - Professor He Dexin, CWEA 1
  • 2. China low-temperature wind turbine design and its application • Status of Wind Power Development • Cold Climate in China • Technical solutions , effect and problems • Further actions 2
  • 3. Status of Wind Power Development - In order to cope with climate change and reduce GHG emissions, the Chinese government put forward the strategic objective that “Non- fossil energy will represent 15% of the energy by 2020.” -The government also has the target to reduce carbon emissions “40% to 45% by 2020 per GDP compared to the level of 2005.” -To achieve the goals, Chinese government began implementing “The Renewable Energy Law “ in 2005 3
  • 4. Status of Wind Power Development By 2010, the newly installed capacity is 18.9 GW. The total installed capacity is 44.7GW. China has ranked on top in the world. By the end of 2011, the installed capacity is above 60GW. The newly grid-connected wind power in 2011 is 15.85GW and accumulated amount is 47GW. 4
  • 5. Status of Wind Power Development 50000 200% 40000 150% 30000 100% 20000 50% 10000 0 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Newly Installed Capacity 42 66 98 197 507 1288 3311 6154 13803 18928 Total Installed Capacity 381 448 546 743 1250 2537 5848 12002 25805 44733 Increasing Rate of NIC -46% 59% 48% 100% 158% 154% 157% 86% 124% 37% Increasing Rate of TIC 12% 17% 22% 36% 68% 103% 131% 105% 115% 73% 5
  • 6. Status of Wind Power Development 2010 Annual Installed Market Share by Capacity 6
  • 7. Status of Wind Power Development United Power 7
  • 8. Status of Wind Power Development Multi-MW wind turbines Sinovel 6MW Guodian United Power 6MW Goldwind 2.5MW At present, the main WEC type is 1.5-3MW,some 6MW machines has been produced for prototype, and the even bigger wind turbine is under development. 8
  • 9. Status of Wind Power Development Pressure from Price Unit: Yuan RMB/kW Trend of WEC Price 9
  • 10. Status of Wind Power Development The ground test platform of WEC components 10
  • 11. Status of Wind Power Development WEC should support the grid! Low voltage ride-through (LVRT) 11 Source: China Electric Power Research Institute
  • 12. Status of Wind Power Development 0.6 Basic Research(973 and 863 0.5 Program) 0.4 “Aerodynamics Basic Cp 0.3 Research for Large Scale 0.2 FVM WEC” 0.1 CFD EXP 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Tip speed ratio 4mX3m 8mX6m/12 mX16m Φ3.2m Numerical simulation wind tunnel wind tunnel wind tunnel 12
  • 13. Cold Climate in China Most area of North China is Cold Climate for wind turbine! http://www.cma.gov.cn/tqyb/v2/product/product2011.php http://news.86516.com/tupian/h005/h77/577481.shtml 13
  • 14. Cold Climate in China At the same time, some of these areas is also Hot Climate for wind turbine! From: China Meteorological Administration 14
  • 15. Cold Climate in China There are also sandstorms in these area every year! From: China Meteorological Administration 15
  • 16. Cold Climate in China Wind Turbines will be installed the area from the sea level from 0 to 4,000 meters! 16
  • 17. Technical solutions effect and problems The environment of the wind parks is normally the combination of the above mentioned two factors or even more! Not only Cold Climate…, but... 17
  • 18. Cold Climate in China North West China - Cold Climate + Hot Climate + Sandstorm - air density is 1.401kg/m^3 in winter, and 1.088 kg/m^3 in summer ALaShankou(North West China) Temperature 1957-2011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 50 40 Temperature ° C 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 average high temperature average low temperature extreme high temperature extreme low temperature 18
  • 19. Cold Climate in China North China - Cold Climate + Sandstorm - air density is 1.102kg/m^3 in winter, and 0.902kg/m^3 in summer HuiTengXiLe(North China) Temperature 1957-2008 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 40 30 20 Temperature ° C 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 average high temperature average low temperature extreme high temperature extreme low temperature 19
  • 20. Cold Climate in China North East China - Cold Climate - air density is 1.349kg/m^3 in winter, and 1.065kg/m^3 in summer HaiLaEr(North East China) Temperature 1957-2008 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 50 40 Temperature ° C 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 average high temperature average low temperature extreme high temperature extreme low temperature 20
  • 21. Technical solutions effect and problems The environment of the wind parks is normally the combination of the above mentioned two factors or even more! The design of wind turbine suitable for all of these areas is a great challenge for the manufacturer in China. 21
  • 22. 22 Different Control Different Control Platform Strategy Different Configuration Different Configuration Different Material Different Material Same structure design Same structure design effect and problems Technical solutions Cost & Quality Cost & Quality Plateau climate Cold Climate Hot Climate Sandstorm
  • 23. Technical solutions effect and problems Loads - Winter and Summer – big difference altitude low air density high air density density wind park (m) temperature winter temperature summer difference North A La 300 -30°C 1.401 40°C 1.088 129% West China Shankou Hui North China 2100 -26°C 1.102 30°C 0.902 122% TengXiLe North Hai LaEr 612 -30°C 1.349 35°C 1.065 127% East China In China the cold area is in high altitude region, this compensate somewhat the increase of air density because of low temperature. But it is not always the case! Capability to design blade is very important! 23
  • 24. Technical solutions effect and problems Material - deep cooperation wind suppliers - deep cooperation with certification body Bearing Component Hub Main Frame Housing Normal Climate QT400-18AL Q345D QT400-18AL QT400-18AL QT400-18AL Cold Climate (impact test Q345E (impact test 12J at -40°C) 12J at -40°C) 24
  • 25. Technical solutions effect and problems Components - All the components must be cold climate - Cold climate test at the suppliers - Gearbox cold climate start up test, generator cold climate test - Control System, Pitch System… Integrated Development is the solution, because 50% “know-how” is at supplier! 25
  • 26. Technical solutions effect and problems Cooling System - standard wind turbine be afraid of hot in summer and afraid of cold in winter. - High altitude => low air density => lower cooling capacity => larger air cooler or limit the power - Sandstorm => Sealing of the Nacelle Cover => Filter System altitude dependent specific cooling capacity 0m 2.2 kW/K 800m 2.0 kW/K 2000m 1.6 kW/K 26
  • 27. Technical solutions effect and problems Heating System - standard wind turbine be afraid of hot in summer and afraid of cold in winter. - EFFICIENT COLD START UP => distributed heating equipments oil sump heating, heating jackets or hoses, winding heating => Supporting fan heating commissioning and maintenance(important) => good nacelle cover thermal isolation The time for Cold Start Up has big influence on productivity, so that it is a important parameter for Customer Satisfaction 27
  • 28. Technical solutions effect and problems Sensors - ICE Detecting Sensor - Cold Climate Wind Speed Sensor and Wind Direction Sensor - Redundancy for wind Speed Sensor - Plastic or Metal - DEEP cooperation with supplier (Technology, Cost and Quality) Working Sensors is the precondition for load assumptions! 28
  • 29. Technical solutions effect and problems ICE - Expensive Task - Experience new blade has less ice than old one => smooth? => clean? => maintained? - Ideas and Reality solutions, some patents, less industrial use 29
  • 30. Technical solutions effect and problems Effect and problems - newly installed wind turbines shows good availability - cooling system works also well in summer - cold start up works well, but time is relative long => productivity - duty blade or sandstorm => ice on the blade 30
  • 31. Technical solutions effect and problems Effect and problems - far from residential area => bad maintenance condition - far from consumer => relative weak grid => grid connection => more cold start up - cost pressure / technology => active de-ice system is not widely used => productivity 31
  • 32. Further Action The Optimization should go further! - intelligent Control (big air density difference, cold climate and hot climate) - better maintenance - cheaper de-ice system - all kinds of measurement - cooling system for hub because of also hot climate -… -… 32
  • 33. Further Action Ice Rain: Cold Climate in Normal Climate 33
  • 34. Thank you for your attention! 34