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Wetland management
     and more
comprehensiveness in
 LULUCF and REDD
Susanna Tol, Tianjin, 2010
Content presentation                      2

• ‘Wetland management’

• Elements of a roadmap towards more comprehensive,
  accounting in LULUCF
Emissions from wetland drainage                                       3

•   Emissions from drained peatland:
     – Disproportionally large: 0.3% of global land surface ~6% of global
       anthropogenic CO2 emissions (2000 Mt/2Gton)
     – Annex 1: 0.5 Gton CO2

•   What to do about it?
     – Drainage can only be halted by rewetting
     – Huge emissions reduction potentials are readily available
     – Incentive: accounting for the emissions
New Activity Wetland Management             4

•   Applies to:
     All land that has been drained
     and/or rewetted since 1990.

•   Currently, when accounting for ‘drainage’
    and ‘rewetting’ (e.g. under cropland- or
    grazing land management) all emissions
    relevant to land activities must be
    accounted

•   Under new activity Wetland
    Management, rewetting becomes:
     – a practice under a new activity ‘wetland
       management’
     – applicable to the categories forestland,
       cropland or grazing land when the
       associated activities (FM, CM, GM) are
       NOT elected.
Is Wetland Management Cherry Picking? 5
•   Yes it is.

•   As long as no LBA or mandatory accounting of 3.4 activities, key
    ‘wetland management’ practices (incl. rewetting drained peatlands)
    could achieve substantial emissions reductions.

•   Problems should be solved in the most cost-effective way.


             Cherry pick the best for the climate!

•   Drained peatlands are such ‘hotspots:
     – Responsible for large emissions from land use (>25%, IPCC AR4)
     – Rewetting is relatively cost-effective.

•   Perverse cherry picking: if only positive practises are selected while
    associated negative ones neglected.

•   Wetland management: fully symmetrical.
Is methane a problem?                                      6

•   In some cases, but generally not.

•   Peatland drainage: CH4 from peat soils   whereas CO2 (and N2O)

•   Peatland rewetting: CO2 (+ N2O) strongly CH4 emissions
    (but less important than the decrease of CO2 and N2O)
    Methane emissions strongly depend on water level

                       substantial positive balance

•   Only in case when luscious crops or grasses are flooded CH4 climatic
    effects > CO2 and N20 emissions reduction (only short term)

•   The scientific data base for methane is good
Can we monitor emissions from    7
                peatlands adequately?
•   Yes we can.

•   Some particularities,
    not unique for WM

•   IPCC default values exist  need
    for revision. Already concrete
    proposals.

•   Detailed methodologies (all gases,
    all significant situations) either well
    established or rapidly developing.

•   But generally too expensive for
    widespread application

•   Apply parameters ‘mean water
    level’ and ‘vegetation type’ as
    proxies
How to deal with uncertainties?                                    8


• Some uncertainties (some countries, some situations)

• Apply in such cases ‘the principle of conservativeness’:

    – reductions should be estimated at low side of the range.

    – in the baseline accounting: lowest reasonable emissions
    – In the commitment period: the highest reasonable emissions

    – is already applied in the Kyoto Protocol

    – contributes to the climatic integrity of LULUCF

    – will stimulate increase of quality of reporting and more accuracy in
      estimates
Wetland management a ‘risk’?   9

•   No

•   Interesting for countries with:
     – substantial areas of drained
       peatlands
     – that are abandoned and/or can
       easily be rewetted
     – and used for wet agriculture
       (‘paludiculture’), nature
       conservation, or improved
       water management.

•   Annex I countries have hardly
    drained new areas since 1990.

•   Therefore:
    Drained peatland area in 2010 can
    – in absence of other data - be
    used as reliable and conservative
    proxy for the area of drained
    peatland in 1990.
Land based accounting                                  10

•   All emissions and removals (from all managed land) are accounted as
    reported in Parties national greenhouse gas inventories.

•   Provides a complete picture of what is really happening in the
    landscape across the entire land use sector

•   No emissions can be hidden
•   No perverse selection of activities
•   No (unaccounted) displacement of emissions between sectors and
    land categories
•   No emission can increase without being accounting for

     Best incentives to reduce emissions
Mitigation potential huge                               11
•   Mitigation potential is huge.

•   Largest share of emissions takes place on concentrated areas of land.

•   In the EU, for example, emissions from cropland management amount to
    70 Megatonnes CO2/yr (Personal communication by Giacomo Grassi (JRC)

•   Only 12% of the cropland area is responsible for over 95% of the
    emissions
Concerns more comprehensive accounting 12

Include:

•   The consequences of land-based accounting are not foreseeable.

•   Not yet able to manage the necessary inventory and monitoring.

•   While such methods exist, they tend to be expensive.

•   Indeed:
     – Data are needed before conclusions can be drawn
     – And countries need to monitor their carbon reservoirs (pools) and
       GHG fluxes with reliable methods.
More comprehensive accounting 13

•   Since 2005 AI Parties already report emissions and removal data
    (since 1990) following IPCC land categories  no additional burden on
    the reporting system

•   Although reporting data from CP1 are overall inadequate

•   Getting the data right is most and for all a matter of political will

•   Technical capacity, practical methodologies, user-friendly guidance
    already available or within reach before start of CP2 for reporting and
    accounting for the most significant sources of emissions.

•   Any outstanding issues during CP2  adoption of a strong roadmap

•   SBSTA conclusion to improve reporting guidelines on annual
    inventories and exploring the clarification of methodological issues
Proposed approach for 2nd CP                                       14

•   Make all existing 3.4 activities mandatory (not elected when voluntary).

•   Add ‘wetland management’ as an accounting activity

•   Collect better data, with requirements for spatially explicit Tier 3
    reporting.

•   Concentrate MRV efforts on ‘hotspots’ (most significant sources)

•   Review the proposed SBSTA work programme to support and facilitate
    countries in meeting these more onerous reporting requirements.

•   Establish a work programme for joint effort (joint implementation) to
    support countries that lack capacity.

•   Reduce compliance risk, deal with natural disturbances and
    catastrophic events

•   Apply the conservativeness principle
Hotspot Approach             15
  •   Estimate the most significant sources
      with Tier 2 or 3 methods.

  •   Tier 1 is sufficient (and available) for
      remaining area of land activities.

  •   Thus, accounting for an activity does
      not mean estimating everything,
      everywhere with tier 2/3 methods

  •   Concerns on accuracy of data are
      addressed

  •   Feasible because most emissions take
      place on concentrated areas of land
      and are a result of a limited subset of
      activities

      From personal communication
      by Giacomo Grassi (JRC)


Picture: Holme Post UK: 4 m subsidence in 150 years…
REDD++                           17

REDD+: Should incentivize reducing emissions from organic soils:
   •    Protecting intact natural peatswamp forests
   •    Restoring degraded peatswamp forests

BUT:

Emissions from loss and
degradation of other natural
ecosystems are also
significant (e.g. emissions
from non-forested peat soils:
500 Mtons per year)

Work towards REDD++,
with incentives for:
• Protection and restoration of
 other carbon rich natural
 ecosystems
Further reading…


                   Downloadable from
                   www.wetlands.org/peatclimate
                   and www.imcg.net



                         THANK YOU

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Wetland management and more comprehensiveness in LULUCF and REDD -Side event presentation Wetlands International in Tianjin (5-10-2010)

  • 1. Wetland management and more comprehensiveness in LULUCF and REDD Susanna Tol, Tianjin, 2010
  • 2. Content presentation 2 • ‘Wetland management’ • Elements of a roadmap towards more comprehensive, accounting in LULUCF
  • 3. Emissions from wetland drainage 3 • Emissions from drained peatland: – Disproportionally large: 0.3% of global land surface ~6% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions (2000 Mt/2Gton) – Annex 1: 0.5 Gton CO2 • What to do about it? – Drainage can only be halted by rewetting – Huge emissions reduction potentials are readily available – Incentive: accounting for the emissions
  • 4. New Activity Wetland Management 4 • Applies to: All land that has been drained and/or rewetted since 1990. • Currently, when accounting for ‘drainage’ and ‘rewetting’ (e.g. under cropland- or grazing land management) all emissions relevant to land activities must be accounted • Under new activity Wetland Management, rewetting becomes: – a practice under a new activity ‘wetland management’ – applicable to the categories forestland, cropland or grazing land when the associated activities (FM, CM, GM) are NOT elected.
  • 5. Is Wetland Management Cherry Picking? 5 • Yes it is. • As long as no LBA or mandatory accounting of 3.4 activities, key ‘wetland management’ practices (incl. rewetting drained peatlands) could achieve substantial emissions reductions. • Problems should be solved in the most cost-effective way. Cherry pick the best for the climate! • Drained peatlands are such ‘hotspots: – Responsible for large emissions from land use (>25%, IPCC AR4) – Rewetting is relatively cost-effective. • Perverse cherry picking: if only positive practises are selected while associated negative ones neglected. • Wetland management: fully symmetrical.
  • 6. Is methane a problem? 6 • In some cases, but generally not. • Peatland drainage: CH4 from peat soils whereas CO2 (and N2O) • Peatland rewetting: CO2 (+ N2O) strongly CH4 emissions (but less important than the decrease of CO2 and N2O) Methane emissions strongly depend on water level  substantial positive balance • Only in case when luscious crops or grasses are flooded CH4 climatic effects > CO2 and N20 emissions reduction (only short term) • The scientific data base for methane is good
  • 7. Can we monitor emissions from 7 peatlands adequately? • Yes we can. • Some particularities, not unique for WM • IPCC default values exist  need for revision. Already concrete proposals. • Detailed methodologies (all gases, all significant situations) either well established or rapidly developing. • But generally too expensive for widespread application • Apply parameters ‘mean water level’ and ‘vegetation type’ as proxies
  • 8. How to deal with uncertainties? 8 • Some uncertainties (some countries, some situations) • Apply in such cases ‘the principle of conservativeness’: – reductions should be estimated at low side of the range. – in the baseline accounting: lowest reasonable emissions – In the commitment period: the highest reasonable emissions – is already applied in the Kyoto Protocol – contributes to the climatic integrity of LULUCF – will stimulate increase of quality of reporting and more accuracy in estimates
  • 9. Wetland management a ‘risk’? 9 • No • Interesting for countries with: – substantial areas of drained peatlands – that are abandoned and/or can easily be rewetted – and used for wet agriculture (‘paludiculture’), nature conservation, or improved water management. • Annex I countries have hardly drained new areas since 1990. • Therefore: Drained peatland area in 2010 can – in absence of other data - be used as reliable and conservative proxy for the area of drained peatland in 1990.
  • 10. Land based accounting 10 • All emissions and removals (from all managed land) are accounted as reported in Parties national greenhouse gas inventories. • Provides a complete picture of what is really happening in the landscape across the entire land use sector • No emissions can be hidden • No perverse selection of activities • No (unaccounted) displacement of emissions between sectors and land categories • No emission can increase without being accounting for  Best incentives to reduce emissions
  • 11. Mitigation potential huge 11 • Mitigation potential is huge. • Largest share of emissions takes place on concentrated areas of land. • In the EU, for example, emissions from cropland management amount to 70 Megatonnes CO2/yr (Personal communication by Giacomo Grassi (JRC) • Only 12% of the cropland area is responsible for over 95% of the emissions
  • 12. Concerns more comprehensive accounting 12 Include: • The consequences of land-based accounting are not foreseeable. • Not yet able to manage the necessary inventory and monitoring. • While such methods exist, they tend to be expensive. • Indeed: – Data are needed before conclusions can be drawn – And countries need to monitor their carbon reservoirs (pools) and GHG fluxes with reliable methods.
  • 13. More comprehensive accounting 13 • Since 2005 AI Parties already report emissions and removal data (since 1990) following IPCC land categories  no additional burden on the reporting system • Although reporting data from CP1 are overall inadequate • Getting the data right is most and for all a matter of political will • Technical capacity, practical methodologies, user-friendly guidance already available or within reach before start of CP2 for reporting and accounting for the most significant sources of emissions. • Any outstanding issues during CP2  adoption of a strong roadmap • SBSTA conclusion to improve reporting guidelines on annual inventories and exploring the clarification of methodological issues
  • 14. Proposed approach for 2nd CP 14 • Make all existing 3.4 activities mandatory (not elected when voluntary). • Add ‘wetland management’ as an accounting activity • Collect better data, with requirements for spatially explicit Tier 3 reporting. • Concentrate MRV efforts on ‘hotspots’ (most significant sources) • Review the proposed SBSTA work programme to support and facilitate countries in meeting these more onerous reporting requirements. • Establish a work programme for joint effort (joint implementation) to support countries that lack capacity. • Reduce compliance risk, deal with natural disturbances and catastrophic events • Apply the conservativeness principle
  • 15. Hotspot Approach 15 • Estimate the most significant sources with Tier 2 or 3 methods. • Tier 1 is sufficient (and available) for remaining area of land activities. • Thus, accounting for an activity does not mean estimating everything, everywhere with tier 2/3 methods • Concerns on accuracy of data are addressed • Feasible because most emissions take place on concentrated areas of land and are a result of a limited subset of activities From personal communication by Giacomo Grassi (JRC) Picture: Holme Post UK: 4 m subsidence in 150 years…
  • 16. REDD++ 17 REDD+: Should incentivize reducing emissions from organic soils: • Protecting intact natural peatswamp forests • Restoring degraded peatswamp forests BUT: Emissions from loss and degradation of other natural ecosystems are also significant (e.g. emissions from non-forested peat soils: 500 Mtons per year) Work towards REDD++, with incentives for: • Protection and restoration of other carbon rich natural ecosystems
  • 17. Further reading… Downloadable from www.wetlands.org/peatclimate and www.imcg.net THANK YOU