This presentation will help you understand “Data”, Data Management, Data Communication System, Types of Data Transmission etc. and how data management effects business growth. To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html

1. Introduction

2. Data Communications
Data
Plural of datum
Raw material from which useful information
is derived
Objective measurements of attributes of entities
Can be numeric, text, voice & images
The terms data & information are often interchanged

3. Information
Data converted into useful &
meaningful form is information
subjected to a value added process
where:
I. Its form is aggregated, manipulated &
organised
II. Its content is analysed & manipulated
III. It is contextualised for human users

4. Data Communications
• Need to transfer information from one
storage location to another
• Need to transfer data from the CPU to
peripheral devices
• Need to transfer data from one local
computer to another or from local data
terminals to distant mainframe computers

5. Types of Transmission
• Internal (within a
computer )
• External (either local
peripheral equipment )

6. Communication system elements
I. Host computer handles the processing
II. Peripheral devices send data or receive
data from the host computer
III. Communication media transmit the data
IV. Modems convert computer signals into a
form compatible with the phonelines and
vice versa
V. Communication management devices
optimise the flow of messages

7. Tele-communication system for a mail catalog firm
First floor
1
1 2 3 4
1 P1
Second floor
5 6 7 88
P2
Host Ground floor
CPU
Telephone
line Head-office at Bangalore
P3
9
1 to 9 – Display terminals
P1 to P3 - Printers

8. Communication system
Device Device
(hardware unit) (Hardware unit)
A B

9. Communication System
Two Devices
• Physical Lines : Twisted wire pairs,
coaxial cable & fiber optic cable. This is
bounded media.
• Microwaves : Terrestrial microwave
stations, communications satellites. This
is unbounded media.

10. Communication model
Sender
Receiver
Encolding, content
selection, Medium
Channel Selection, Decoding
Symbol selection Message
Perceived Meaning
Intended
Meaning
Feedback on
decoding strategies
on message meaning

11. The Basic Communication Media
• The process is called mediated process
because no direct interaction is used except
the mediation of :
Software
Computers
Transmission technologies

12. Data communication system
components
• Message - pictures, numbers, text, sound,
video or combination of such items
• Sender Computer, workstation, telephone,
• Receiver handset, video camera etc.
• Medium – twisted pairwire, coaxial cable,
microwaves, optic cables, radio waves etc.
• Protocol – a set of rules that govern data
communication

13. Three Fundamentals for Effective
Data Communication
• Delivery - To the correct destination
• Accuracy – To deliver data accurately
• Timeliness – To deliver data at the
appropriate time. This is also termed as
real-time transmission

14. Data Communication system
1
Source data entry and
8 collection
Inter processor data 2
exchange Real time
7
Data interactive network
Communication 3
Real time data
acquisition and process System Remote job entry
control (RJE) data
6 collection
Message switching 5 4
Conversational time sharing Information
Retreival

15. Data Communication networks
are established -
• To collect data from remote points
• To transmit that data to a central point
• To perform the reverse process alternatively
• To combine some of the two
• To facilitate more efficient use of central
computers

16. Data Communication networks
are established - 2
• To improve the day-to-day control of a
business by providing faster information
flow
• To provide message transfer services
• To offer better and more timely interchange
of data among their users
• To bring the power of computers closer to
more users

17. Advantages of Distributed
System
• Security / encapsulation
• Distributed database
• Quick problem solving
• High degree of cohesiveness &
transparency
• Existence of multiple autonomous
computers

18. NETWORKS
• Resource sharing • Interactive
• High reliability entertainment
• Money saving • User to user
• Scalability communication
• Communication • Social issues
medium
• Access to remote
information

19. Network applications
Cellular
Financial Telephone
Services Smart
Electronic /
building
Online voice mail
Passenger reservation system
Data
Monopoly
Manufacturing Network
Application Tele- communiting
Electronic data inter Change
Cable TV
Marketing and sales
Directory Tele-
data flow Conferencing
Information Services
Iowa
Transborder Communication
data flow network

20. Teleconferencing in USA
• More than 20 million meetings are held
everyday
• 75% of the meetings last less than 30
minutes
• 50% of all meetings are handled by voice
communication only
• 90% of the American airlines travel is for
business

21. Financial Services
• Credit history searching
• Foreign exchange & investment services
• Electronic funds transfer (EFT) includes
ATM (Automated Teller Machine),
automatic paycheque deposit etc.

22. Data communication standards
Data
Communication
Standards By LAW
By FACT
De facto De jure or
Formal
Latin for “from the fact” Latin for “by law”
These standards are those that have just -Specification stage
happened , not involved of any formal
-Identification of choices stage
plan
-Acceptance stage
Formal, legal standards, adopted by
Proprietary Non proprietary some authorized standardization
or closed Or open body.(Eg .V.32,V.34)
International standardization
authorities are divided as established
by:
Voluntary,
Treaty among national
Nontreaty
governments
organisations

23. Difference between Proprietary
& non proprietary standards
• Proprietary standards : originally
invented by commercial organisations
to operate its products
• Non proprietary standards : originally
developed by various groups that have
been introduced for the benefits of the
public

24. Network Architecture
Hardware
Software
Protocols

25. Standards
Advantages
Buying hardware & software from any
vendor
Promotes competition & helps in reducing
the prices
Easy development of hardware & software
Early updation

26. Classification of Standards
Specification Stage
Identification of Choices Stage
Acceptance Stage

27. STANDARDS ORGANISATIONS
Telecommunication International
Standards world Standards world
Network
Standardisation
Internet
Standards
world

28. ISO
• ANSI (in USA)
• NIST (National Institute of Standards &
Technology of the US Dept. of Commerce
• IEEE (Institute of Electric & Electronic
Engineers)
• Electronic Industry Association (EIA)

29. Telecommunication Standards
COMMUNICATIONS
Mail
Telegraph
Telephone
Radio
Television

30. Three main sectors of ITU
Radio communication sector (ITU-R)
Telecommunication standardisation sector (ITU-T)
Development sector (ITU-D)

31. ITU-T Standards
• V series (V.32, V.33, V.42) for data
communication over phone lines
• X series (X. 25, X.400, X.500) for
transmission over public digital networks
• E-mail & directory services
• ISDN (Integrated services digital networks)

32. Communication standards
• SNA (System network
architecture)
• Internet relay chat
• Newbies & FAQS
• Video conferencing
• Internet Telephone Services

33. OSI
Data communication tasks -A
SEVEN LAYERS
1. Physical (handles voltages, electrical
pulses, connectors & switches for
transmission over network media)
1. Data Link (controls grouping data into
blocks & transferring blocks from one
point in the network to another)

34. OSI
Data communication tasks -B
3 Network (controls routing of data &
messages)
4 Transport (controls data transfer from
sending point to receiving point)
5 Session (Establishes & terminates
communication links between
computers)

35. OSI
Data communication tasks - C
6 Presentation (Acts data transfer
between different systems)
7 Application ( provides network
services to users & user applications
including file transfer. Provides user
interfaces with the systems)

36. ISO
Prominent Members
• ANSI (American National Standard
Institute)
• BSI (British Standard Institute)
• AFNOR ( France)
• DIN ( Germany)

37. ISO
Assistance
• International exchange of goods & services
• Facilitates by providing good models for
compatibility, best quality goods, higher
productivity & reduced prices)
• Developing cooperation in scientific,
technological and economic fields
• Field of Information technology in the
creation of OSI model

38. Areas of ANSI
• Internet work planning &
engineering
• ISDN services
• Signalling & architecture
• Optical hierarchy (SONET)

39. IEEE
• Largest professional organisation in the
world
• 802 for LAN is the key standard
• Develops standards for
computing,communication, electrical
engineering & electronics
• Aims at advance theory, creativity &
product quality

40. Internet
crucial policy issues
• Who will pay for Internet
transmission lines?
• How crime & rude behaviour can
be curbed?
• How to accelerate speed

41. EIA
Activities
• Standards development
• Public awareness education
• Physical connection interfaces ( in
IT)
• Electronic signalling specifications
(for data communication)

42. Legal Standards
• Federal wire tap statute (1968) protects
voice communication from interception
• Electronic communications Piracy Act
(1986) against interception & tampering
• Computer Fraud & Abuse Act (1987) gives
total control of data encryptism standard
(DES) to NIST
• Computer virus eradication Act (1988) to
fight the spread of computer viruses

43. Internet Standards World
• Internet Activities Board (IAB)
• IRTF & IETF (Internet
Research Task Force & Internet
Engineering Task Force)
• Internet Society

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