1. The value of measuring the health of our rivers
Prof Stuart Bunn 斯图亚特·巴恩 教授
Director, Australian Rivers Institute 澳大利亚河流学会 会长
Griffith University 格里菲斯大学

2. Outline 概述
What is river ecosystem ‘health’?
什么是河流的’健康’?
Threats to rivers – two perspectives:
河流面临的威胁主要来自两方面：
• humans and nature
• 人类与自然
Why monitor?
需要监测的原因 ?
Guiding principles
指导准则

3. What is river ecosystem ‘health’?
什么是河流的’健康’?
• Often describe rivers as being “healthy”
– similar to describing people as being in good health
• 经常形容河流“健康的” – 类似于形容人身体很健康


4. Analogies with human health

与人体健康的类比
• or “unhealthy”
或者‘不健康的“
Depends on people’s
values
取决于人们的价值观念

5. Threats to river ecosystems
河流生态系统面临的威胁
Point and diffuse source pollution
电源污染与面源污染

6. Threats to river ecosystems
河流生态系统面临的威胁
Loss of
floodplains
and wetlands
泛洪平原和湿
地的消失
Dams and weirs
– barriers, altered flows水库大坝的修阻
隔了河流的流通建改变了河流的形态

7. Global threats to river ecosystems
全球河流生态系统面临的威胁

8. Mapping global threats 全球水资源威胁隐患图示
Adjusted threat to
human water security
3.4 b people in
developing countries
live in areas with
the highest adjusted
threat category发展中
国家34亿人口处于高隐
患区
No similar investment
for biodiversity
protection

9. Trends in biodiversity: 生物多样性趋势1970-2000
Population declines in
freshwater are twice that of
terrestrial and marine systems
淡水生物多样性的减少是陆地
和海洋生物多样性减少的两倍
• 10,000-20,000 freshwater
species are extinct or
imperiled 一万到两万种淡
水生物已经灭绝或濒临灭绝
• In intensively developed
regions, more than one-
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005
third of the species in some
freshwater taxa are
threatened 在发展程度比
较高的地区，超过1/3的淡
水生物受到威胁

10. Freshwater biodiversity 淡水生物多样性
Mekong catfish
“Goddess of the Yangtze” (Baiji )
Spiny crayfish
Platypus
BC Sturgeon
Qld Lungfish
Pig-nose turtle
~10% of all described animal species; ~40% of
Aquatic invertebrates
fish diversity and 30% vertebrate diversity

11. Why monitor? 需要监测的原因 ?
• To ensure that important environmental ‘assets’ and
‘values’ are protected
保证重要的环境“资产”及“价值”得到保护
Ecosystem goods and services
生态系统的产品和服务
Clean, fresh drinking water is an
example of an ecosystem service that
healthy rivers provide … (for free)
洁净、新鲜的饮用水是是健康河流“免
费”提供的生态产品的一个例证

12. Other examples of ‘assets’ 其它例证
Recreation
娱乐
Fishing - protein 捕鱼 - 蛋白质 Freshwater biodiversity
淡水生物多样性
Aesthetics 美的享受

13. Guiding principles 指导准则
1 Identify the objectives of the program 确定项目目标
2 Identify suitable measures (indicators) of drivers, stressors and response
确认合适的驱使因素，压力源和反应的指标
3 Develop conceptual models linking range of drivers to potential impacts
联系驱使因素和潜在影响开发概念模型
4 River Classification to identify homogenous ‘river types’
河流分类从而确认相同的河流类型
5 Trial sampling program and refinement of indicators 采样试验，完善指标
6 Selection of suitable benchmarks for ecological indicators
选取合适的生态指标的基准
7 Reporting & Communication 报告和交流
8 Implement management actions to address priority areas/threats
执行管理行动，明确地区/威胁的优先顺序

14. Identify the objectives of the program
确定项目目标
Important to set clear goals and objectives and be able to present a
vision for the future: 设置明确目标及对未来愿景的阐述非常重要
For example, your vision might simply be “Healthy River”
例如，你的愿景可能非常简单：“健康的河流”
What would a healthy river look like? 健康的河流应该是怎样的 ？
• Is it safe to drink? 河水是否可以安全饮用 ？
• Will it have more fish? 是否拥有更多的鱼类 ？
• Will it be safe to eat the fish? 河流中的鱼类是否可以安全食用？
With a clear vision, it is possible to identify the values that reflect that
vision, and the water quality and ecosystem health objectives that
protect those values.
有了清晰的愿景我们才能够确定反映该愿景的价值，才能确定保护这些
价值的水质及环境系统健康的指标

15. Selection of indicators 选择评估指标
Important to select a few indicators that are meaningful.
选择有意义的指标非常重要
• Ones that respond to things that threaten the values we
identify
这些指标可以直接响应我们确定的河流既定价值
• Guide management actions
为实施管理提供指导方针
Design of the monitoring program and selection of
indicators are very important.
监测项目的设计及评估指标的选择非常重要

16. Testing indicators 测试指标

17. River Classification 河流分类
Different types of rivers:
不同的河流将

18. Classifying rivers into different types
将河流进行系统分类
It is important to recognise the differences in river types when
developing a monitoring program because: 认识河流形态的不同对开展
监测项目而言尤为重要，其原因如下：
• Different types of rivers (and other freshwaters) will not look and
behave the same even when they are healthy. 即便在健康状态下，
不同类型的河流（及其他淡水水域）其外观及运行也有所不同；
• The types of indicators that might be appropriate in one type of river
may not be appropriate for another.某些适用于某个地区的评估指标
无法在其他地方适用；
• The methods used to sample in one type may not be possible or
relevant in another. 同样的，在某个地区采用的采样方法可能无法在
其他地方进行；
• Even where the same indicator can be used in different river types,
the thresholds or targets are likely to differ. 即便某些评估指标可使用
于不同形态的河流，其阈值的选取也将因地而异

19. Reference or benchmark for indicators
指标基准参考
What is ‘healthy’ and what is not?
何为“健康”与“不健康”
 

20. Report card – communication tool
评估报告卡——沟通工具
www.ehmp.org

21. Report card 估报告卡

22. Why monitor? 需要监测的原因 ?
Targeted management actions 目标管理行为
Sewage Treatment
Plant upgrades
污水处理工厂升级改造
Riparian Rehabilitation 河岸生态系统恢复
Environmental flows for rivers
河流的环境流量

23. Summary 总结
Stream ecosystem health monitoring and reporting need
to be developed in the context of an adaptive process
生态系统健康监控报告需要逐步的被适应并采纳
• clearly linked to identified
values and objectives, 该系统
与被认可的价值与目标挂钩
• is informed by rigorous science,
已被科学数据严格论证
• guides management actions
and 为实施管理提供指导方针
• is responsive to changing
perceptions and values of
stakeholders. 响应相关利益者
价值观的改变

24. Thankyou 谢谢
Science for rivers, coasts and catchments www.rivers.edu.au