1. River health assessment: 河流健康评估:
South East Queensland Healthy Waterways Case study
Prof Stuart Bunn 斯图亚特·巴恩 教授
Director, Australian Rivers Institute 澳大利亚河流学会 会长
Griffith University 格里菲斯大学
2. Background to the study region
研究区域的背景情况
15 major catchments
15个流域 22,353 km2
3. Importance of the region’s waterways
该地区水域的重要性
High conservation significance (Ramsar) 意义重大的湿地保护区（Ramsar）
Major commercial and recreational fisheries 主要的商业及休闲渔场
Water supply (urban and rural) 水资源供应（覆盖城市及农村）
Recreation & transport 娱乐与交通
4. Threats to ecosystem health and freshwater
biodiversity 生态系健康和淡水生物多样性威胁
• 20% of original vegetation remains - less adjacent
to the streams
剩下20%的原始植被-与河流较少关连
• Altered hydrology - dams & weirs
水文状况受影响-大坝和
• Declining water quality (nutrients & sediment)
水质恶化(营养物和底泥)
• Declines in aquatic diversity
水生物多样性恶化
1881 1947 1991
<30
30-250
Persons km-2
5. Having a common vision:相同的展望
“South-east Queensland‟s catchments and
waterways will, by 2020, be healthy living
ecosystems supporting the livelihoods and
lifestyles of people in South-east Queensland
and will be managed in collaboration between
community, government and industry.”
到2020年东南昆士兰州的流域面积和河流将拥有
健康活跃的生态系统,将支撑起东南昆士兰州人
民的生存和生活,并且通过社区,政府和行业的合
作进行管理.
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6. Achieving the vision
Set values that reflect the vision
• numerous workshops with stakeholders
Measurable water quality or ecosystem health
objectives that protect the values
• underpinned by sound science
Management actions to achieve these objectives
• working with policy makers
7. Adaptive management framework
- ongoing knowledge
acquisition
- continuous improvement
in identification and
implementation of
management.
- effective communication
of knowledge for
policy/planning
- critical role of monitoring
8. Important steps 项目发展的重要步骤
1 Identify the objectives of the program 确定项目目标
2 Identify suitable measures (indicators) of drivers, stressors and response
确认合适的驱使因素，压力源和反应的指标
3 Develop conceptual models linking range of drivers to potential impacts
联系驱使因素和潜在影响开发概念模型
4 River Classification to identify homogenous „river types‟
河流分类从而确认相同的河流类型
5 Trial sampling program and refinement of indicators 采样试验，完善指标
6 Selection of suitable benchmarks for ecological indicators
选取合适的生态指标的基准
7 Reporting & Communication 报告和交流
8 Implement management actions to address priority areas/threats
执行管理行动，明确地区/威胁的优先顺序
9. Important steps 项目发展的重要步骤
1 Identify the objectives of the program 确定项目目标
2 Identify suitable measures (indicators) of drivers, stressors and
response 确认合适的驱使因素，压力源和反应的指标
3 Develop conceptual models linking range of drivers to potential impacts
联系驱使因素和潜在影响开发概念模型
4 River Classification to identify homogenous „river types‟
河流分类从而确认相同的河流类型
5 Trial sampling program and refinement of indicators 采样试验，完善指标
6 Selection of suitable benchmarks for ecological indicators
选取合适的生态指标的基准
7 Reporting & Communication 报告和交流
8 Implement management actions to address priority areas/threats
执行管理行动，明确地区/威胁的优先顺序
10. No shortage of potential indicators
确保每个潜在指示不遗漏
Everyone has their
own „pet‟ indicators
每个人都会采用自己喜
欢的指示方法
11. List of potential indicators
ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES BIOLOGICAL PATTERNS
生态系统过程 生物规律
1 Amino acids in algae 28 Genetic structure of population
2 Benthic metabolism 29 Structure and function of fish communities
3 Tracking sewage Nitrogen using d15N 30 Structure and function of in-stream habitat
4 Tracking catchment disturbance using d15N 31 Structure and function of macrophyte communities
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5 Tracking Carbon using C 32 Structure and function of riparian vegetation
6 Food web structure 33 Structure and function of invertebrate communities
7 Nitrogen cycling - denitrification 34 Structure of benthic microbial community
8 Filamentous algae – nutrient or shade limitation 35 Structure and function of benthic algal community
9 Filamentous algae – using tiles as substrate 36 Structure and function of diatom community
10 Chlorophyll a - as measure of productivity 37 Structure and function of frog community
11 Measures of resilience 38 Blue-green algae – presence/absence
12 Microbial processing in sediments 39 Macrophyte condition
13 Depth of biological activity in sediments 40 Fish condition / Fish kills
14 Macrophyte biomass measure of productivity 41 Recreational fish catch & extent of fish stocking
HUMAN HEALTH 人类健康 42 Health and presence of “megafauna” (eg. platypus)
15 Coliform counts 43 Presence of exotic species
16 Chryptosporidium counts 44 Asymmetry / high rates of deformities
17 Giardia counts 45 Bio-accumulation
DISTURBANCE 直接导致干扰的措施 WATER QUALITY 水的物理化学
46 Nutrient concentrations
18 Riparian canopy – Hemiphot assessment
47 Nutrient flux from sediments
19 Extraction: un/licenced
48 Colour
20 Weirs: presence and effects
49 Salinity/conductivity
21 Hydrological deviation
50 Temperature
22 Extent of flow regulation
51 Dissolved oxygen – snapshot measures
23 Assessments of channel integrity
52 Dissolved oxygen – diel measures
24 Pins for measuring erosion
53 Turbidity
25 Floodplain area
54 Pesticides – snapshot measures
26 Presence of rubbish in urban drains
55 Pesticides – integrative measures
27 Encroachment of terrestrial vegetation
56 Alkalinity - ionic composition
12. Selection of indicators
Important to select a few indicators that are meaningful.
选择有意义的指标非常重要
•Ones that respond to things that threaten the values we
identify 这些指标可以直接响应我们确定的河流既定价值
•Guide management actions 为实施管理提供指导方针
Design of the monitoring program and selection of
indicators are very important.
监测项目的设计及评估指标的选择非常重要
13. Important steps 项目发展的重要步骤
1 Identify the objectives of the program 确定项目目标
2 Identify suitable measures (indicators) of drivers, stressors and response
确认合适的驱使因素，压力源和反应的指标
3 Develop conceptual models linking range of drivers to potential
impacts 联系驱使因素和潜在影响开发概念模型
4 River Classification to identify homogenous „river types‟
河流分类从而确认相同的河流类型
5 Trial sampling program and refinement of indicators 采样试验，完善指标
6 Selection of suitable benchmarks for ecological indicators
选取合适的生态指标的基准
7 Reporting & Communication 报告和交流
8 Implement management actions to address priority areas/threats
执行管理行动，明确地区/威胁的优先顺序
14. What factors influence important
environmental assets? Minimally Impacted Site 受影响较小的地域
影响重要环境资产的因素
• Show how healthy ecosystems function Nutrients GPP R24 Sediment
展示健康的生态系统如何运作
• Show how important assets are affected
by human disturbance 展示重要的环境 SEQRWQMS 2001
资产如何受人为活动影响 Highly Impacted Site 受影响较大的地域
• Indicate critical components in the
ecosystem to target for monitoring 显示
生态系统中必须检测的关键因素
N and P GPP R24
• Highlight appropriate management Sediment
actions for rehabilitation 着重强调如何
从利用管理手段复原健康生态系统
SEQRWQMS 2001
15. Important steps 项目发展的重要步骤
1 Identify the objectives of the program 确定项目目标
2 Identify suitable measures (indicators) of drivers, stressors and response
确认合适的驱使因素，压力源和反应的指标
3 Develop conceptual models linking range of drivers to potential impacts
联系驱使因素和潜在影响开发概念模型
4 River Classification to identify homogenous ‘river types’
河流分类从而确认相同的河流类型
5 Trial sampling program and refinement of indicators 采样试验，完善指标
6 Selection of suitable benchmarks for ecological indicators
选取合适的生态指标的基准
7 Reporting & Communication 报告和交流
8 Implement management actions to address priority areas/threats
执行管理行动，明确地区/威胁的优先顺序
17. Classification of SE Queensland streams
Based on 4 variables
– rainfall
– altitude
– slope
– stream size
4 groups
– Upland (red)
– Lowland (blue)
– South Coastal (green)
– North Coastal (light blue)
18. Important steps 项目发展的重要步骤
1 Identify the objectives of the program 确定项目目标
2 Identify suitable measures (indicators) of drivers, stressors and response
确认合适的驱使因素，压力源和反应的指标
3 Develop conceptual models linking range of drivers to potential impacts
联系驱使因素和潜在影响开发概念模型
4 River Classification to identify homogenous „river types‟
河流分类从而确认相同的河流类型
5 Trial sampling program and refinement of indicators
采样试验，完善指标
6 Selection of suitable benchmarks for ecological indicators
选取合适的生态指标的基准
7 Reporting & Communication 报告和交流
8 Implement management actions to address priority areas/threats
执行管理行动，明确地区/威胁的优先顺序
19. Testing indicators 测试指标
Literature survey – examples from
previous studies 文献综述——文
献研究中的案例
Disturbance gradient approach to
detecting impacts
应用干扰变化方法发现影响
• Define a disturbance gradient
定义干扰变化
• Objective comparisons - at same sites & times
目标比较-在相同试点和时间
20. Testing indicators against a disturbance
gradient 测试指标与干扰变化
Ecological health indicator
生态健康参数指标
Low低 High高
Disturbance gradient 干扰变化
21. Final EHMP Program 生态健康监控项目
Implemented 2002
• 120 freshwater sites
(sampled 2x / yr)
Final EHMP:
• 5 indicators; 5种指示
• 16 indices; 16个参数
22. Important steps 项目发展的重要步骤
1 Identify the objectives of the program 确定项目目标
2 Identify suitable measures (indicators) of drivers, stressors and response
确认合适的驱使因素，压力源和反应的指标
3 Develop conceptual models linking range of drivers to potential impacts
联系驱使因素和潜在影响开发概念模型
4 River Classification to identify homogenous „river types‟
河流分类从而确认相同的河流类型
5 Trial sampling program and refinement of indicators 采样试验，完善指标
6 Selection of suitable benchmarks for ecological indicators
选取合适的生态指标的基准
7 Reporting & Communication 报告和交流
8 Implement management actions to address priority areas/threats
执行管理行动，明确地区/威胁的优先顺序
23. Reference or benchmark for indicators
指标基准参考
What is ‘healthy’ and what is not?
何为“健康”与“不健康”
X
24. Reference or benchmark for indicators
指标基准参考
Need to define a reference point for indicators
需要定义指标的参考点
– What should we expect at a site?我们对试点应该期待些什么？
Logical reference point is:逻辑参考点是：
– Expected condition if undisturbed by human activity (Biological
Integrity)无人为影响的期待的条件（生物完整性）
In practice 实践中：
– Such sites will not exist for many stream types
该试点不广泛存在在很多河流类型
– Common as a concept, rare in practice
概念里比较普遍，但实践中很少
25. Important steps 项目发展的重要步骤
1 Identify the objectives of the program 确定项目目标
2 Identify suitable measures (indicators) of drivers, stressors and response
确认合适的驱使因素，压力源和反应的指标
3 Develop conceptual models linking range of drivers to potential impacts
联系驱使因素和潜在影响开发概念模型
4 River Classification to identify homogenous „river types‟
河流分类从而确认相同的河流类型
5 Trial sampling program and refinement of indicators 采样试验，完善指标
6 Selection of suitable benchmarks for ecological indicators
选取合适的生态指标的基准
7 Reporting & Communication 报告和交流
8 Implement management actions to address priority areas/threats
执行管理行动，明确地区/威胁的优先顺序
27. Important steps 项目发展的重要步骤
1 Identify the objectives of the program 确定项目目标
2 Identify suitable measures (indicators) of drivers, stressors and response
确认合适的驱使因素，压力源和反应的指标
3 Develop conceptual models linking range of drivers to potential impacts
联系驱使因素和潜在影响开发概念模型
4 River Classification to identify homogenous „river types‟
河流分类从而确认相同的河流类型
5 Trial sampling program and refinement of indicators 采样试验，完善指标
6 Selection of suitable benchmarks for ecological indicators
选取合适的生态指标的基准
7 Reporting & Communication 报告和交流
8 Implement management actions to address priority areas/threats
执行管理行动，明确地区/威胁的优先顺序
28. Links to policy
Strong link between science and policy makers
30. Effectiveness of management actions
~$400M
commitment by local
government to
reduce wastewater
d15N Sewage
Plume 1998
(summer)
d15N Sewage Plume
2001 2005
2008 (summer)
31. Identifying sources of sediment
Modelling - 70% sediment in
Bay comes from <30%
catchment area
Tracer study confirms
that most sediment
comes from these soils
Caitcheon & Howes (2005)
32. Setting priority targets for restoration
The 10 highest yielding (red) = ~10% of
the total catchment area but supply 60% of
the sediment load.
The next ranked 10 (yellow) = 13% of the
total catchment area and supply a further
22% of the load.
34. Summary 总结
Stream ecosystem health monitoring and reporting need to be
developed in the context of an adaptive process
生态系统健康监控报告需要逐步的被适应并采纳
• clearly linked to identified
values and objectives, 该系统
与被认可的价值与目标挂钩
• is informed by rigorous science,
已被科学数据严格论证
• guides management actions
and 为实施管理提供指导方针
• is responsive to changing
perceptions and values of
stakeholders. 响应相关利益者
价值观的改变
