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5.1 sampling issues in river health assessment cn
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5.1 sampling issues in river health assessment cn
1.
河流健康评估的采样问题 澳大利亚 C h
ris G ip p e l 博士 中澳河湖健康评估研讨会 水利部 201 2 年 2 月 22 日
2.
低
对于变化的敏感性 高 尺度 100 – 1,000,000 km2 10 – 1000 km2 100 – 10,000 m 1 – 100 m 0.1 – 1.0 m 流域 功能过程区 河段 站点 微型栖息地 报告站点的综合得分 报告站点的单项得分
3.
Border Rivers Fish
Macroinvertebrates
4.
5.
6.
多少站点 ? •
莫雷 - 达令流域 – 1, 061, 469 km 2 – 506 个鱼类站点 ; 773 个大型无脊椎动物站点 • 鱼类:每 2100 km 2 1 个站点 • 大型无脊椎动物:每 1370 km 2 1 个站点 • 维多利亚州 – 227, 416 km 2 – 1 ,040 河段 / 站点 • 每 219 km 2 1 个站点 • 东南昆士兰州 – 22, 420 km 2 – 1 35 个站点 • 每 166 km 2 1 个站点
7.
多少站点 ? •
预算 • 目标 – 确认已知的问题 ( 如废水造成的污染 ) • 在问题的所在地设点 – 长期监测流域健康变化 • 需具有足够的统计数据来发现变化
8.
空间变化
时间变化 低 低 很少 低 高 发现变化所需的站点数目 高 低 高 高 很多
9.
多久进行一次采样 ? •
预算 • 目标 – 季节变化是重要的 ( 取决于河系 ) – 每年 2 次 – 纳入年度报告时间表中 – 每年 1 次或 2 次 – 长期变化是主要的优先议题 – 每 2 – 5年 – 缓慢变化的参数 ( 如植被,物理形态 ) – 每 2 – 5年
10.
将站点放在何处 ? •
预算 • 目标 • 随机 – 成本最高 – 统计上最好 – 固定和移动站点相结合 • 分层 – 具有在一个特定区域选择适宜站点的灵活性 • 不随机 – “ 寻找数据” – 寻找已经问题的证据 – 避免处于不良健康状况的站点 – 只选择大型河流或者受关注程度高的站点 – 存在系统偏见的风险 ( 如所有站点都靠近道路或桥 )
11.
在选定站点的取样 •
如果是因为容易进入而选择该站点,那么避免不寻常的活动 : – 汽车穿越河流 ; – 废物处置 ; – 娱乐钓鱼 ; – 采砂 ; – 采木 ; – 洗衣服和洗菜 • 遵循标准规程
12.
13.
14.
总结 •
采样战略取决于 : – 预算 – 目标 – 数据的预期变异性 – 报告的尺度 需要在设点前确定这些事项 • 监测计划的采样战略应该由统计专家设计 – 作为最低要求,报告采样战略 • 在取样现场遵循标准规程
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