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3.1 the use of fish as ecological indicators cn
1.
鱼类作为生态指标
2.
为何使用鱼类作为生物指标? 1. 对于提供生态系统的“商品和服务”很重要,如渔业 2. 将更广时空尺度的生态系统健康整合在一起(包括通过
食物链) 3. 可能对于某些形式的干扰更敏感,如: – 水文改变 – 纵向障碍 – 栖息地改变 4. 通常人们对鱼类的生物和生理耐受力有很好的理解 – 有利于度量发展和解读
3.
将鱼类作为指标的挑战 • 与大型无脊椎动物和藻类相比,取样更难,成本更高 –
在短时期内很难采集某一点上所有或“大多数”的鱼类物种 – 单独的调查很少捕获大多数鱼类物种 • 难以在不同地理区域之间应用 – 与热带地区相比,高纬度和高海拔地区通常多样性很低 – 与大型无脊椎动物/藻类相比,相关鱼类物种之间的耐受力/取食 /生命史存在很大差别 – 例如,鲤科鱼类非常多 • 这些问题造成设置“参照状况”或“目标”时面临很大 困难
4.
两个实例 • 鱼类-IBI (生物完整性指数)
– 美国和欧洲广泛采用 • 可持续河流审计 (鱼类主题) – 用来报告澳大利亚墨累达令流域的鱼类健康 – 从IBI类型的方法中衍生出来 – 对不同的调查技术和活动进行了大量分析 • 这两个方法都结合了3个组成层次的信息: – 鱼类群落组成 – 鱼群数目状况 – 个体健康情况
5.
鱼类-IBI • 起源于美国中西部的
多尺度指数 (如 Karr, 1986)。 • 在美国得到广泛使 用,修改后用于欧 洲。 • 根据每个州/地区的 实际情况,对IBI方 法的应用做了因地制 宜的处理 Source: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/monitoring/rsl/bioassessment/ch08b.cfm
6.
鱼类-IBI度量的地理变化
Source: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/monitoring/rsl/bioassessment/ch08b.cfm
7.
两种方法都依赖于参照状况 • 参照状况:在没有显著的人类干扰的情况下,所估计的状
况。 – 对于人类干扰很普遍或有很长历史的情况下,难以确定。 – 在这些方法最初发展的地方,很多时候存在良好的“参照”位置, 但后来应用的地方却不是如此 – 对于很多地区来说是难以应用的,包括澳大利亚和中国
8.
墨累达令流域可持续河流审计的报告 • 墨累达令流域 –
106 万 km2 – 18 个子流域 – 每个子流域(海拔)有4个 区域进行报告 – 从沙漠到湿润性温带到高 山环境 – 鱼类多样性低:约30-40个 种类
9.
设定可持续河流审计(SRA) 鱼类的“参照”状况 1. 结合专家意见、之前的研究、博物馆的收藏和历史数据,得出
参照状况 2. 来自每一州的科学家参加到专家委员会,来审议流域内鱼类分 布数据,幵参加到每一州的研究中,最后对参照状况下每一子 流域和每一区域内每一鱼类物种的分布情况进行了预测。 3. 参照状况的估计基于记载信息,可以随着未来知识的改善重新 进行修订和分析。 • 是一个漫长且困难的过程! From Davies et al. 2008
10.
SRA 鱼类指标 报告度量 指标组
度量 预期性 每一区域和子流域内观测的/预期的 鱼类物种丰富度 本土性 本地物种的比例 本地物种的丰富度 本地物种丰富度的比例
11.
SRA鱼类指标 诊断度量 指标
描述 底栖鱼类的丰富度 浮游鱼类的丰富度 大型食肉鱼类的比例 捕食对象体长<15mm 巨型食肉鱼类的比例 捕食对象体长 >15mm 总丰富度 一个区域内的平均丰富度 (与“良好” 站点的情况相比较) Diagnostic metrics 异常性 将可见的异常与平均得分结合起来 ( 器官损害/寄生虫/瘤/伤口等等) 耐受力不强的物种的丰富度 与预测数目相比,不耐受干扰(如水 质较差,泥沙,冷水污染,洄游障碍 等)的本地和外来物种的数目。
12.
报告 • 每3年报告一次 • 在子流域尺度上整合结
果 – 有详细的子流域尺度的报 告 • 其他主题包括大型无脊 椎动物,水鸟,水文和 物理形态
13.
总结 • IBI类型的鱼类指标是可行的 • 依赖于大量的关于鱼类分布情况和耐受力的背景信息 •
对区域在数据可获得性和“参照”鱼群状况方面的差异 敏感 • 最好通过一个协调的取样计划来帮助确定指标,以便为 每一个度量提供必要的数据
14.
一些背景 • 大型无脊椎动物是最广泛应用的河流健康生物指标 –
在评价水质方面表现不错,特别是重金属、有机污染物 – 取样效率高 – “四海为家” – 类似的种类在世界的不同地方 都存在 • 但是: – 对于水文和物理量形态(地貌)的变化不很敏感 – 无法量化环境“商品和服务”,如渔业产量
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