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鱼类作为生态指标
为何使用鱼类作为生物指标?
1. 对于提供生态系统的“商品和服务”很重要,如渔业
2. 将更广时空尺度的生态系统健康整合在一起(包括通过
   食物链)
3. 可能对于某些形式的干扰更敏感,如:
 – 水文改变
 – 纵向障碍
 – 栖息地改变
4. 通常人们对鱼类的生物和生理耐受力有很好的理解
 – 有利于度量发展和解读
将鱼类作为指标的挑战
• 与大型无脊椎动物和藻类相比,取样更难,成本更高
 – 在短时期内很难采集某一点上所有或“大多数”的鱼类物种
 – 单独的调查很少捕获大多数鱼类物种
• 难以在不同地理区域之间应用
 – 与热带地区相比,高纬度和高海拔地区通常多样性很低
 – 与大型无脊椎动物/藻类相比,相关鱼类物种之间的耐受力/取食
   /生命史存在很大差别
 – 例如,鲤科鱼类非常多
• 这些问题造成设置“参照状况”或“目标”时面临很大
  困难
两个实例
• 鱼类-IBI (生物完整性指数)
 – 美国和欧洲广泛采用

• 可持续河流审计 (鱼类主题)
 – 用来报告澳大利亚墨累达令流域的鱼类健康
 – 从IBI类型的方法中衍生出来
 – 对不同的调查技术和活动进行了大量分析

• 这两个方法都结合了3个组成层次的信息:
 – 鱼类群落组成
 – 鱼群数目状况
 – 个体健康情况
鱼类-IBI
• 起源于美国中西部的
  多尺度指数 (如
  Karr, 1986)。
• 在美国得到广泛使
  用,修改后用于欧
  洲。
• 根据每个州/地区的
  实际情况,对IBI方
  法的应用做了因地制
  宜的处理

             Source: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/monitoring/rsl/bioassessment/ch08b.cfm
鱼类-IBI度量的地理变化




         Source: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/monitoring/rsl/bioassessment/ch08b.cfm
两种方法都依赖于参照状况

• 参照状况:在没有显著的人类干扰的情况下,所估计的状
  况。
 – 对于人类干扰很普遍或有很长历史的情况下,难以确定。
 – 在这些方法最初发展的地方,很多时候存在良好的“参照”位置,
   但后来应用的地方却不是如此

 – 对于很多地区来说是难以应用的,包括澳大利亚和中国
墨累达令流域可持续河流审计的报告
• 墨累达令流域
 – 106 万 km2
 – 18 个子流域
 – 每个子流域(海拔)有4个
   区域进行报告

 – 从沙漠到湿润性温带到高
   山环境

 – 鱼类多样性低:约30-40个
   种类
设定可持续河流审计(SRA)
鱼类的“参照”状况
 1. 结合专家意见、之前的研究、博物馆的收藏和历史数据,得出
    参照状况
 2. 来自每一州的科学家参加到专家委员会,来审议流域内鱼类分
    布数据,幵参加到每一州的研究中,最后对参照状况下每一子
    流域和每一区域内每一鱼类物种的分布情况进行了预测。
 3. 参照状况的估计基于记载信息,可以随着未来知识的改善重新
    进行修订和分析。
• 是一个漫长且困难的过程!




                       From Davies et al. 2008
SRA 鱼类指标
报告度量
指标组        度量
预期性        每一区域和子流域内观测的/预期的
           鱼类物种丰富度
本土性        本地物种的比例
           本地物种的丰富度
           本地物种丰富度的比例
SRA鱼类指标
诊断度量
指标                   描述
底栖鱼类的丰富度
浮游鱼类的丰富度
大型食肉鱼类的比例            捕食对象体长<15mm
巨型食肉鱼类的比例            捕食对象体长 >15mm
总丰富度                 一个区域内的平均丰富度 (与“良好”
                     站点的情况相比较)
Diagnostic metrics
异常性                  将可见的异常与平均得分结合起来 (
                     器官损害/寄生虫/瘤/伤口等等)
耐受力不强的物种的丰富度         与预测数目相比,不耐受干扰(如水
                     质较差,泥沙,冷水污染,洄游障碍
                     等)的本地和外来物种的数目。
报告
• 每3年报告一次

• 在子流域尺度上整合结
  果
 – 有详细的子流域尺度的报
   告
• 其他主题包括大型无脊
  椎动物,水鸟,水文和
  物理形态
总结
• IBI类型的鱼类指标是可行的

• 依赖于大量的关于鱼类分布情况和耐受力的背景信息

• 对区域在数据可获得性和“参照”鱼群状况方面的差异
  敏感

• 最好通过一个协调的取样计划来帮助确定指标,以便为
  每一个度量提供必要的数据
一些背景
• 大型无脊椎动物是最广泛应用的河流健康生物指标
 – 在评价水质方面表现不错,特别是重金属、有机污染物
 – 取样效率高
 – “四海为家” – 类似的种类在世界的不同地方 都存在

• 但是:
 – 对于水文和物理量形态(地貌)的变化不很敏感
 – 无法量化环境“商品和服务”,如渔业产量

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3.1 the use of fish as ecological indicators cn