PPTs vir ECON322 module. Leereenheid 2 oor meting van groei en ontwikkeling

1. ECON322
Ontwikkelingsekonomie
Development Economics
Meting van groei en ontwikkeling
Measuring growth and development

2. The key questions
• How do we measure development?
• What are the important features of
developing countries?
• How do conditions in today's developing
countries differ from the early stages of
development?
• How has inequality changed?

3. Wie is die ontwikkelende wêreld?
• Volgens BNI is daar:
o Lae-inkomste, lae middel-inkomste, hoë middel-
inkomste en hoë inkomste lande.
Daar is ook ander
klassifikasies…

4. Indicators of development
• GDP and GNI should be compared at PPP.
o See table 2.2
• Indicators of health and education.
• The Human Development Index.
o Note the differences between and within
countries.
• The new HDI.

5. Eienskappe van die ontwikkelende
wêreld
• Laer lewenstandaard en produktiwiteit.
• Minder mense-kapitaal.
• Hoër vlakke van ongelykheid en absolute armoede.
• Hoër bevolkingsgroeikoerse.
• Meer sosiale "fractionalisation".
• 'n Groter landelike bevolking, maar vinnige verstedeliking.
• Laer vlakke van nywerheidsontwikkeling en vervaardigde
uitvoerprodukte.
• Onder-ontwikkelde markte.
• Geografiese uitdagings.
• 'n Nalatenskap van kolonialisme en ongelyke internasionale
verhoudinge.

6. How do low-income countries today differ from
developed countries in their early stages?
• Physical and human resources.
• Relative levels of income.
• Climatic differences.
• Population size, distribution and growth.
• International migration.
• International trade benefits.
• Basic science, technology and R&D.
• Efficacy of domestic institutions.

7. Is daar konvergensie?
• Is daar "catch-up growth"?
• Beweeg die lewensstandaarde van
ontwikkelende lande en ontwikkelde lande
nader na mekaar?
• Is daar 'n middel-inkomste lokval?