Opportunistic routing is being investigated to enable the proliferation of low-cost wireless applications. A recent trend is looking at social structures, inferred from the social nature of human mobility, to bring messages close to a destination. To have a better picture of social structures, social-based opportunistic routing solutions should consider the dynamism of users’ behavior resulting from their daily routines. We address this challenge by presenting dLife, a routing algorithm able to capture thedynamics of the network represented by time-evolving social ties between pair of nodes. Experimental results based on synthetic mobility models and real human traces show that dLife has better delivery probability, latency, and cost than proposals based on social structures. This presentation was given in the 6th IEEE WoWMoM Workshop on Autonomic and Opportunistic Communications (AOC 2012), on June 25th, 2012 in San Francisco, USA.

1. Opportunistic Routing Based on Daily Routines
Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, and Susana Sargento
waldir.junior@ulusofona.pt
June 25th, 2012
6th IEEE WoWMoM Workshop on Autonomic and Opportunistic Communications (AOC 2012)
San Francisco, USA

2. Agenda
• Introduction
• Motivation
• Our Proposal: dLife
• Evaluation
• Results
• Conclusions and Future Work
2

3. Introduction
• Powerful devices
• Spontaneous networks
• Opportunistic contacts
- Intermittent connectivity
3

4. Motivation
• Many routing solutions
- epidemic, encounter history, social
aspects ...
• Instability of the created proximity graphs
• Dynamism of users’ behavior
• Daily life routines
4

5. Our Proposal: dLife
• To capture the dynamics of the network
represented by time-evolving social ties
between pair of nodes
• Two utility functions
- Time-Evolving Contact Duration (TECD)
- TECD Importance (TECDi)
5

6. Our Proposal: dLife
6

7. Our Proposal: dLife
(1) A
w(B,x)
B
If Mx Buffer(B) and w(B,x) > w(A,x)
(2) Mx
A B
Otherwise
I(B)
(3) A B
If I(B) > I(A)
Mx
(4) A B
7

8. Our Proposal: dLifeComm
(1) A
w(B,x)
B
If Mx Buffer(B) and B.sameComm(x) and w(B,x) > w(A,x)
(2) Mx
A B
Otherwise
I(B)
(3) A B
If I(B) > I(A)
Mx
(4) A B
8

9. Evaluation
Parameters Values
Simulator Opportunistic Network Environment (ONE)
Routing Proposals Bubble Rap, dLife and dLifeComm
Scenarios Heterogeneous Mobility Trace Cambridge (CRAWDAD)
Simulation Time 1036800 sec 1000000 sec
# of Nodes 150 (people/vehicles) 36 (people)
Mobility Models Working Day, Bus, Shortest Path Map Based Human
Node Interface Wi-Fi (Rate: 11 Mbps / Range: 100 m) Bluetooth
Node Buffer 2 MB
Message TTL 1, 2, 4 days, 1 and 3 weeks
Message Size 1 – 100 kB
Generated Messages 6000
K-Clique, k 5 (Bubble Rap and dLifeComm)
K-Clique, familiarThreshold 700 sec (Bubble Rap and dLifeComm)
Daily Samples 24 (dLife and dLifeComm)
9

10. Results
Heterogenous scenario Cambridge traces
- dLife up to 39.5% - dLife up to 31.5%
- dLifeComm up to 31.2% - dLifeComm up to 31.3%
- Bubble Rap (Global centrality) - Network dynamics (daily routines)
- Few nodes (~17%) high centrality - Local centrality
10

11. Results
Heterogenous scenario Cambridge traces
- dLife up to 78% less - dLife up to 55% less
- dLifeComm up to 68% less - dLifeComm up to 50.5% less
- High social strength/importance - Variable patterns of contacts
- Bubble rap further replicates - Forwarders not often available
11

12. Results
Heterogenous scenario Cambridge traces
- dLife up to 48.3% less - dLife up to 83.7% less
- dLifeComm up to 46.1% less - dLifeComm up to 84.7% less
- Smarter forwarding decisions - Smaller, well connected groups
- Bubble Rap (weak ties to destin.) - Bubble Rap (Centrality not real)
12

13. Conclusions and
Future Work
• Dynamism of users’ social daily behavior
=> wiser forwarding decisions
• Centrality presented higher impact
=> does not capture reality
• Next steps
Internet-Draft
Information-Centric
DTNRG Meeting
version of dLife
Vancouver, July 2012
13

14. Acknowledgements
To FCT for financial support via PhD grant
(SFRH/BD/62761/2009) and UCR project
(PTDC/EEA-TEL/103637/2008)
14

15. Opportunistic Routing Based on Daily Routines
Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, and Susana Sargento
waldir.junior@ulusofona.pt
June 25th, 2012
6th IEEE WoWMoM Workshop on Autonomic and Opportunistic Communications (AOC 2012)
San Francisco, USA