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Beliefs, Attitudesand Uses
UnderpinningFreedomofExpressionandPrivacy
                    Online:
         A ComparativePerspective
                  William Dutton
            Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford
Global Values Project: http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/projects/?id=65

     Presentation for Freedom of Expression on the Internet, UNESCO, with the
        Moroccan Internet Society, Marrakesh, Morocco, 16 February 2013
The Global Values Project

 Focus: Global User Perspectives on Freedom of Expression
 Researchers: William Dutton, Principal Investigator; SoumitraDutta,
    Co-Principal Investigator; Ginette Law, Research Associate, Gillian
    Bolsover, Research Assistant, Isabella Litke, Research Assistant
Based at the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, in
   collaboration with the Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of
   Management, Cornell University.
 Surveys conducted in collaboration with the World Economic Forum
    (WEF) and comScore with support from ictQatar
 Administrative support through ISIS Innovation, University of Oxford
 Online field research conducted by Toluna and comScore
The Global Values Project:
           The New Internet World

1. New online nations are
   dominant in the New World;
2. Users developing a global
   Internet culture: sharing
   similar values and attitudes;
3. Newly adopting countries are
   as liberal, if not more
   so, such as in support for
   freedom of expression;
4. Users in the newly adopting
   nations are more innovative
   in some patterns of
   use, e.g., social networking.
ResearchQuestions

• Where does MENA sit in the ‘New Internet
  World’?
• Are there patterns of beliefs, attitudes or use
  constraining freedom of expression or privacy
  online in the MENA region?
Methodology
• Online survey of Internet users in selected nations of
  the Middle East and North Africa conducted in two
  phases, from July through September 2012, fielded
  by Toluna.*
• Merged with online survey of Internet users in
  selected nations world-wide from July through
  September 2012, fielded by comScore.
• Contextualized by review of related research and
  literature, including other survey data available to the
  project investigators.

*The survey was suspended during Ramadan.
The Survey Sample

Composition:
 • 11,225 respondents in over 58 countries
       MENA    AFRICA    LATIN    ASIA    EUROPE   OCEANIA     NORTH TOTAL
      REGION            AMERICA                     /AUS      AMERICA
(N)   2,803     595      1,825    2,156    2,025     509        1,312      11,225




                                    (N) = 2,309              (N) = 9,166
MENA REGION             GCC           NORTH AFRICA

Algeria      229     Bahrain           11   Algeria          229
Bahrain       11     Kuwait           197   Egypt            529
Egypt        529     Oman             141   Morocco          270
Iran           3     Qatar            156   Tunisia          108
Iraq           1     Saudi Arabia     511
Israel        10     UAE              245
Jordan       243
Kuwait       197
Morocco      270
Oman         141
Qatar        156
Saudi
Arabia       511
Tunisia      108
UAE          245
Yemen        149
TOTAL       2803                     1261                   1136
Languages Used by Respondents

                                     3%                                                Survey Languages- MENA Region
                               3%
                       3%
                3%                                                                                  3%

           3%
                                                                                            14%
      3%
                                                                                                                               Arabic
                                                                                                                               English
 5%
                                                                                                                               French

                                                             46%
                                                                                                            84%


11%




                               21%




                     English    Arabic    LatAm Span.   Chinese    French   German   Japanese     Spanish   Italian   Korean
Number and Proportion of Internet Users by Region
                      90%                                                                                                                                          1200


                                  79%
                      80%
                                                                                                                                1017
                                                                                                                                                                   1000

                      70%                            68%

                                                                        61%




                                                                                                                                                                          Total number of Internet users (Mil.)
                      60%                                                                                                                                          800
% of Internet users




                      50%

                                                                                                                                                                   600
                                                                                          40%                                   45%
                      40%                                               501
                                                                                                             36%


                      30%                                                                                                       26%                                400

                                  273
                      20%                                               22%                236
                                                                                                                                                   14%
                                                                                                                                                                   200
                                                                                                                                                   139
                      10%         12%
                                                                                          10%                 77
                                                     24                                                                                            6%
                                                     1%                                                       3%
                      0%                                                                                                                                           0
                             North America    Oceania/Australia       Europe             Latin           Middle East            Asia              Africa
                                                                                     America/Carib.

                            Percentage of global Internet population             Number of Internet Users (mio.)            Internet penetration within region
                      Source: Internet World Stats- www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm. Penetration rates are based on a world population of 6,930,055,154 and
                      2,267,233,742 estimated Internet users for December 31, 2011.
Number and Proportion of Internet Users in MENA Region
                       80%                                                                                                                                       40,000

                                                                                 36,500
                             70%      69%
                       70%                    67%                                                                                                                35,000



                       60%                            58%     57%                                                                                                30,000




                                                                                                                                                                          Total numbers of Internet users (thou.)
                                                                         49%
                       50%                                                        47%                                                                            25,000
% of Internet ursers




                                                                                           44%
                                                                                                   42%                      21,692

                       40%                                                                                                                                       20,000
                                                                                                           36%

                                                                        15,656    36%                               31%
                       30%                                                                                                                                       15,000
                                                                                                                             26%
                                                                                          11,400

                       20%                                                                                                   21%                                 10,000

                                                                                                                                      13%
                             5,263                                       15%                                                                   11%
                                                                                                                                     4,700
                       10%            3,555                                                                3,857                                                 5,000
                                                                                           11%                                                          4%
                                                                                                                                              2,610
                                                      1,741                                                         1,987
                                              564             694                                  1,100                                               1,304
                              5%       4%     1%       2%     1%                                    1%      4%       2%                5%       3%      1%
                       0%                                                                                                                                        0
                             Israel   UAE     Qatar   Oman Bahrain Morocco        Iran    Saudi Kuwait Tunisia Jordan        Egypt   Algeria Yemen      Iraq
                                                                                          Arabia

                               Percentage of MENA Internet population            Number of Internet Users (thou.)           Internet penetration within country (%)

            Source: Internet World Stats- www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm. Penetration rates are based on a regional population of 349,469,811 and
            112,623,669 estimated Internet users for December 31, 2011.
Number and Proportion of Internet Users: North Africa
                      60%                                                                                                                               25,000



                                                                                                      21,692
                                        49%
                      50%
                                                                                                                                                        20,000
                                                                                                       47%




                                                                                                                                                                 Total number of Internet users (thou.)
                      40%
                                       15,656
                                                                         36%
                                                                                                                                                        15,000
% of Internet users




                                        34%
                      30%
                                                                                                       26%

                                                                                                                                                        10,000

                      20%


                                                                                                                                   13%
                                                                                                                                  4,700                 5,000
                                                                         3,857
                      10%
                                                                                                                                   10%
                                                                          8%



                       0%                                                                                                                               0
                                      Morocco                           Tunisia                        Egypt                     Algeria

                             Percentage of North African Internet population      Number of Internet Users (thou.)   Internet penetration within country (%)
                      Source: Internet World Stats- www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm. Penetration rates are based on a regional
                      population of 164,097,529 and 45,904,952 estimated Internet users for December 31, 2011.
Patterns of Use
  •MENA users rely more on the Internet for information &
      communication than users in North America/Europe.
  • The Internet is a greater source of entertainment, such as
      music, in the MENA region.
  • MENA users more involved in content production than old
      Internet countries.
  • However, less reliance on the Internet for work/school and
      business and commerce in MENA.




Image courtesy of uak_rock8/Flickr.com                     Image courtesy of jannoon028/FreeDigitalPhotos.net
"The Internet is making things better for people like
                                    me."
60%




50%                                                                                               49%49%
                                                                                                           48%




40%                                                                                                           39%




                                                                                                                    MENA (n=2727)
30%
                                                                                                                    North Africa (n=1102)
                                                                                                                    GCC ( (n=1227)
                                                                                            21%                     World Average (n=10811)
20%
                                                                                        17%
                                                                              16%
                                                                                    15%
                                                                                      13%
                                                                      12% 12%
                                                                11%     11%
        10%                                                   10%
10%                                                      9% 9%
      8%
           7%
                5%                          5%
                          4%           4%        4% 4%
                     3%        3% 3%

0%
       1 Totally           2                 3               4            5             6         Totally agree 7
       disagree
Online Content Production




Images courtesy of digitalart and graurrazvanionut/FreeDigitalPhotos.net
“How often do you use the Internet for the following purposes?”
                                  (mean)
                                                                                    2.48

                                     Write a (Web)blog



                                                                                               3.2

            Use a distribution list for sending an e-mail



                                                                                                         3.71

            Post a message on a social media platform                                                                         MENA
                                                                                                                              Africa
                                                                                                                              Latin America & Caribbean
                                                                                               3.17
                                                                                                                              Asia
Post messages on discussion forums or message boards
                                                                                                                              Europe
                                                                                                                              Oceania/Aus
                                                                                                  3.37                        North America

                                Post pictures or photos



                                                                                                3.28

  Update or create a profile on a social networking site



                                                            1              2               3               4              5
                                                            1= Never 2= Less than monthly 3= Monthly 4= Weekly 5= Daily
“How often do you use the Internet for the following purposes?”
                                 (mean)
                                                                             2.84

Express an opinion about politics online




                                                             2.1

                 Sign an online petition



                                                                                                                 MENA
                                                                    2.35
                                                                                                                 Africa
                           Post a video                                                                          Latin America & Caribbean
                                                                                                                 Asia
                                                                                                                 Europe
                                                             2.12
                                                                                                                 Oceania/Aus

                        Post a podcast                                                                           North America




                                                                           2.69

           Maintain a personal website




                                           1             2                        3           4              5
                                               1= Never 2= Less than monthly 3= Monthly 4= Weekly 5= Daily
Global Values: Freedom of
                               Expression, Privacy, Trust, …




Image scourtesy of maya picture and digitalart/FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Perceptions of Media Freedom in the MENA Region
                                                           90%



                                                           80%
% of respondents who believe that the media has freedom




                                                           70%



                                                           60%



                                                           50%



                                                           40%



                                                           30%



                                                           20%



                                                           10%



                                                            0%
                                                                  Radio      Print      TV        Internet
                                  MENA (n=2803)                   45%        49%        47%        70%
                                  Global Average (n=11225)        66%        65%        65%        82%
Perceptions of Media Freedom in North Africa and
                                                                                 the GCC Region
% of respondents who believe that the medi a has freedom



                                                           90%


                                                           80%


                                                           70%


                                                           60%


                                                           50%


                                                           40%


                                                           30%


                                                           20%


                                                           10%


                                                           0%
                                                                      Radio        Print        TV          Internet
                                North Africa (n=1136)                 47%          54%          47%          78%
                                GCC (n=1261)                          44%          46%          47%          63%
"Access to the Internet should be a fundamental right
                             for all people."
70%



60%                                                                                           59%

                                                                                        54%

50%                                                                                             47% 46%



40%
                                                                                                          MENA (n=2694)
                                                                                                          North Africa (n=1092)
30%                                                                                                       GCC ( (n=1203)
                                                                                                          World Average (n=10794)

20%                                                                               18%
                                                                    14%
                                                      12%   12%           12% 13%
                                                10% 11%       10%           10%
10%                                                9%
       5%                         5%       5%
                  3%   3% 4% 2%

0%
      1 Totally          2             3            4           5             6         Totally agree 7
      disagree
"People should be able to say what they feel about
                             their government on the Internet."
60%




50%                                                                                           48%


                                                                                           42%
                                                                                                       41%
40%

                                                                                                 33%
                                                                                                             MENA (n=2639)
30%
                                                                                                             North Africa (n=1078)
                                                                                                             GCC ( (n=1163)
                                                                                                             World Average (n=10754)
20%                                                                                  19%
                                                                     16%         16%
                                                     15%     15%
                                                               14%         14%
                                                       13%
                                                 12%
                                                   11%                       11%
10%         9%
      7%                               7%
           6%                     6%
                        5%
                 4%                         5%
                             3%

0%
       1 Totally         2             3             4           5               6         Totally agree 7
       disagree
"I can express myself freely online."
45%



40%                                                                                                           39%



35%

                                                                                                           31%
30%
                                                                                                                     27%

25%
                                                                                                                 23%         MENA (n=2700)
                                                                                                     22%
                                                                                       21%
                                                                                                                             North Africa (n=1097)
20%                                                                19%             19%
                                                                             18%                 18%                         GCC ( (n=1204)
                                                                                             17%
                                                             16%       16%     16%             16%                           World Average (n=10831)
15%
                                                               13%


10%
                                         8%        8%
           7%                                 7%        7%
      6%                       6%
                     5%
5%              4%        4%        4%



0%
      1 Totally            2                   3                   4               5             6         Totally agree 7
      disagree
“I can express myself freely online” Proportions Who ‘Totally Disagree’ (MENA)
                               Gender                                                                    Skills**
                                                                            29%

                                                                                        17%
                                      Male, 6%
            Female, 8%                                                                                          10%
                                                                                                    7%                    7%                   6%
                                                                                                                                    4%


                                                                           1 Poor        2          3            4        5          6         7
                                 Age**                                                                                                      Excellent

   8%                                            8%                                                Time of use**
              7%                                          7%
                          6%                                                  11%
                                     5%
                                                                                               8%
                                                                                                                6%             5%            5%


                                                                   0%

 Under 18    18-24       25-34      35-44    45-54       55-64    65+
                                                                          0-5 hrs/week          6-10            11-15       16-20        >20 hrs/week
                                                                                             hrs/week         hrs/week    hrs/week

    15%                   Experience**                                            15%
                                                                                                        Education**
                                                                                              8%         9%
                                                                                                                                     7%        6%
                                                                                                                     5%    5%
                9%                          9%
                               7%                      7%
                                                                  5%




 <6 months 6 mo-<1yr 1 yr-<2 yrs 2 yrs-<5 yrs         5-7 yrs    >7 yrs
"I feel free to say things online that others might not
45%
                                      agree with."           42%

40%
                                                                                                        37%

35%
                                                                                                              32%

                                                                                                                          MENA (n=2682)
30%
                                                                                                                    27%
                                                                                                                          North Africa (n=1093)
25%
                                                                                                                          GCC ( (n=1194)


20%                                                                                                                       World Average
                                                                                17%               17%                     (n=10735)
                                                                16%
                                                                                            15%
15%                                                       14%         14%
                                                    13%                               13%
      11%     11%                                     11%                               11%
            10% 10%
10%
                                            8% 8%
                                        7%
                                6% 6%     6%
                           5% 5%
5%



0%
      1 Totally disagree        2           3               4               5                 6         Totally agree 7
“The Internet is a safe place to express my opinions."
25%


                                                                                       22%
                                                                  21%
                                                      20%                           20%
20%                                         19%
                                                  18%       18%
                                                                                          17%

                                                                              15%            15%
15%

                                                                                                                 MENA (n=2803)
                                                                        12%
         11%                        11%                                                                          North Africa (n=1136)
      10%                             10%                                                                        GCC ( (n=1261)
10%                              9%                                                                              World Average (n=11225)
             8%        8%          8%
                  7%        7%
                                                                                                         6%
                                                                                                    5%
5%                                                                                                         4%




0%
      1 Totally        2            3             4          5            6         Totally agree 7 Don't know
      disagree
"There are times when people should be able to be
                         anonymous on the Internet."
35%

                                                                                                      31%
                                                                                                    30%
30%
                                                                                                          28%
                                                                                                                27%

25%



20%
                                                                                18%                                   MENA (n=2665)
                                                                                              17%
                                                                16%   16%                                             North Africa (n=1064)
        15%                                                   15%
15%                                                                     14%                                           GCC (n=1185)
      13%                                                 13%                         13% 13%
            12%                                             12%                         12%                           World Average (n=10701)
              10%
10%                                        9%
                                      8%        8%
                         7% 7%                       7%
                    6%           6%
5%



0%
       1 Totally          2                 3                 4             5             6         Totally agree 7
       disagree
"Government authorities should not censor political
                         content on the Internet."
30%
                                                                                   28%
                                                                                            27%


25%                                                                                      24%


                                                                                      21%

20%
       18%

      16%                                           16%
                                                  15%          15%                                                 MENA (n=2803)
15%         14%                                              14%             14%
                                            13%                                                                    North Africa (n=1136)
                                                          12%                                                      GCC ( (n=1261)
             11%                                            11%          11%
                                                                     10%                                           World Average (n=11225)
10%                                                                     9%                               9%
                                  8%
                             7%        7%                                                           7%
                   6%                                                                                         6%
                        5%
5%




0%
       1 Totally    2             3               4           5          6         Totally agree 7 Don't Know
       disagree
“It is OK for people to express their ideas on the
                           Internet, even if they are extreme.”
30%

                                                                                                27%


25%                                                                                          24%
                                                                                                       23%


          20%
20%
      18%                                              18%             18%             18%         18%
        17%                                              17%
                                                 16%               16%
                                                               15%                                             MENA (n=2652)
15%                                                              14%
                                                   13%                                                         North Africa (n=1079)
                                                                                   12%                         GCC ( (n=1180)
                                                                             11%
              10%                     10%                                                                      World Average (n=10761)
10%                       9%        9%      9%
                     8%                  8%
                               7%


5%




0%
       1 Totally          2             3              4           5               6         Totally agree 7
       disagree
Privacy and Data Protection
        • Users are divided over the conditions under which
        governments should have any role in monitoring online
        behavior.
        • Users express guarded support for monitoring use, but not
        tracking their own online activity.
        • Users exhibit uncertainty over who is collecting what
        personal information about them online.
        • Many users are worried about putting personal information
        online.




Imagesscourtesy of Salvatore Vuono and adamr/FreeDigitalPhotos.net
"Government authorities should monitor content
                             posted on the Internet."
30%


                                                                                            26%

25%



        20%
20%                                                 19%                                           19%
      18%
                                              17%                   17%

              15%                                               15%                                       MENA (n=2649)
15%                                                       14%
                                                                                  13%                     North Africa (n=1084)
                                                            12%                 12%                       GCC ( (n=1176)
                                                                          11%
                                                                                                          World Average (n=10763)
10%                                      9%                                 9%
                     8%        8%   8%
                          7%


5%




0%
       1 Totally          2          3          4               5               6       Totally agree 7
       disagree
"Government authorities should track my online
                                     activity."
45%


40%     39%
      38%

            35%
35%      34%



30%


25%                                                                                                  MENA (n=2803)
                                                                                                     North Africa (n=1136)
20%                                                                                                  GCC ( (n=1261)
                                                                                                     World Average (n=11225)

15%                                          14%                                                     Series6
                                           13%
                                         12%                              12%
                        11%                        11% 11%                  11%
                     10%                             10%
10%                                                                            9%
                                    8%
                              7%                                   7%
                               6%                            6%                         6%
                                                              5%
5%                                                                                           4%



0%
        1 Totally       2           3        4         5           6    Totally agree 7 Don't Know
        disagree
30%
                   "The government monitors what people do on the
                                    Internet."      26%
                                                                                      25%
25%


        22%                                                                              22%


                                                                                                                     MENA (n=2803)
20%                                                                                               19%
                                                                                                                     North Africa (n=1136)

                                                                                                                     GCC ( (n=1261)
      16%
                                                                                                        15%          World Average (n=11225)
15%           14%                                 14%             14%                                         14%
                                                                                13%
            12%                                         12%                                                         12%
                                            11%                              11%
                                         10%              10%           10%
10%                                                                        9%
                                    8%
                      7% 7%
                    6% 6%     6% 6%
                                5%
5%




0%
       1 Totally       2        3            4                5             6         Totally agree 7   Don't Know
       disagree
"Government authorities should know with whom I
                           communicate online."
35%
        33%
      32%

30%           29%



25%                                                                                              24%
                                                                                               23%
                                                                                                   22%

20%
                                                                                                                 MENA (n=2659)
                                                                                                         17%
                                                                                                                 North Africa (n=1079)
                                                        15%
15%                                                                                                              GCC ( (n=1185)
                                                13% 13%
                                                  12%                   12%                                      World Average (n=10815)
                                                              11%
                           10%                                                           10%
10%                      9%
                    8%                     8%                                           8%
                                      7%                                      7%
                                 6%                                                6%
5%



0%
       1 Totally         2            3             4               5               6          Totally agree 7
       disagree
Over-Arching Themes


 The MENA Region Reflects the New Internet World
    - Innovative Uses of the Internet and Social Media
    - Support for the Internet for Information, Entertainment, Expression, …
    - Support for Core Internet Values: Freedom of Expression, Privacy, …
    - But More Sensitive Areas of Expression
 Concerns over Privacy, Trust, Security, …
 Spectrum of Regional Opinions between Two Poles:
    Traditional versus Next Generation Users
    (education, age, and experience online)
 Differences with MENA Region
                                                  Image courtesy of uak_rock8/Flickr.com
Implications for Discussion


 Interventions in Support of More Inclusive Access:
    - Take-up
    - Skills
    - Digital Literacy
 Encourage Greater Use in Business, Government and Commerce
 Foster Dialogue Across the Spectrum of Opinions
 Address Uncertainties and Anxieties

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Beliefs, Attitudes and Users Shaping Freedom of Expression on the Internet in a Comparative Perspective

  • 1. Beliefs, Attitudesand Uses UnderpinningFreedomofExpressionandPrivacy Online: A ComparativePerspective William Dutton Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford Global Values Project: http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/projects/?id=65 Presentation for Freedom of Expression on the Internet, UNESCO, with the Moroccan Internet Society, Marrakesh, Morocco, 16 February 2013
  • 2. The Global Values Project  Focus: Global User Perspectives on Freedom of Expression  Researchers: William Dutton, Principal Investigator; SoumitraDutta, Co-Principal Investigator; Ginette Law, Research Associate, Gillian Bolsover, Research Assistant, Isabella Litke, Research Assistant Based at the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, in collaboration with the Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University.  Surveys conducted in collaboration with the World Economic Forum (WEF) and comScore with support from ictQatar  Administrative support through ISIS Innovation, University of Oxford  Online field research conducted by Toluna and comScore
  • 3. The Global Values Project: The New Internet World 1. New online nations are dominant in the New World; 2. Users developing a global Internet culture: sharing similar values and attitudes; 3. Newly adopting countries are as liberal, if not more so, such as in support for freedom of expression; 4. Users in the newly adopting nations are more innovative in some patterns of use, e.g., social networking.
  • 4. ResearchQuestions • Where does MENA sit in the ‘New Internet World’? • Are there patterns of beliefs, attitudes or use constraining freedom of expression or privacy online in the MENA region?
  • 5. Methodology • Online survey of Internet users in selected nations of the Middle East and North Africa conducted in two phases, from July through September 2012, fielded by Toluna.* • Merged with online survey of Internet users in selected nations world-wide from July through September 2012, fielded by comScore. • Contextualized by review of related research and literature, including other survey data available to the project investigators. *The survey was suspended during Ramadan.
  • 6. The Survey Sample Composition: • 11,225 respondents in over 58 countries MENA AFRICA LATIN ASIA EUROPE OCEANIA NORTH TOTAL REGION AMERICA /AUS AMERICA (N) 2,803 595 1,825 2,156 2,025 509 1,312 11,225 (N) = 2,309 (N) = 9,166
  • 7. MENA REGION GCC NORTH AFRICA Algeria 229 Bahrain 11 Algeria 229 Bahrain 11 Kuwait 197 Egypt 529 Egypt 529 Oman 141 Morocco 270 Iran 3 Qatar 156 Tunisia 108 Iraq 1 Saudi Arabia 511 Israel 10 UAE 245 Jordan 243 Kuwait 197 Morocco 270 Oman 141 Qatar 156 Saudi Arabia 511 Tunisia 108 UAE 245 Yemen 149 TOTAL 2803 1261 1136
  • 8. Languages Used by Respondents 3% Survey Languages- MENA Region 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 14% 3% Arabic English 5% French 46% 84% 11% 21% English Arabic LatAm Span. Chinese French German Japanese Spanish Italian Korean
  • 9. Number and Proportion of Internet Users by Region 90% 1200 79% 80% 1017 1000 70% 68% 61% Total number of Internet users (Mil.) 60% 800 % of Internet users 50% 600 40% 45% 40% 501 36% 30% 26% 400 273 20% 22% 236 14% 200 139 10% 12% 10% 77 24 6% 1% 3% 0% 0 North America Oceania/Australia Europe Latin Middle East Asia Africa America/Carib. Percentage of global Internet population Number of Internet Users (mio.) Internet penetration within region Source: Internet World Stats- www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm. Penetration rates are based on a world population of 6,930,055,154 and 2,267,233,742 estimated Internet users for December 31, 2011.
  • 10. Number and Proportion of Internet Users in MENA Region 80% 40,000 36,500 70% 69% 70% 67% 35,000 60% 58% 57% 30,000 Total numbers of Internet users (thou.) 49% 50% 47% 25,000 % of Internet ursers 44% 42% 21,692 40% 20,000 36% 15,656 36% 31% 30% 15,000 26% 11,400 20% 21% 10,000 13% 5,263 15% 11% 4,700 10% 3,555 3,857 5,000 11% 4% 2,610 1,741 1,987 564 694 1,100 1,304 5% 4% 1% 2% 1% 1% 4% 2% 5% 3% 1% 0% 0 Israel UAE Qatar Oman Bahrain Morocco Iran Saudi Kuwait Tunisia Jordan Egypt Algeria Yemen Iraq Arabia Percentage of MENA Internet population Number of Internet Users (thou.) Internet penetration within country (%) Source: Internet World Stats- www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm. Penetration rates are based on a regional population of 349,469,811 and 112,623,669 estimated Internet users for December 31, 2011.
  • 11. Number and Proportion of Internet Users: North Africa 60% 25,000 21,692 49% 50% 20,000 47% Total number of Internet users (thou.) 40% 15,656 36% 15,000 % of Internet users 34% 30% 26% 10,000 20% 13% 4,700 5,000 3,857 10% 10% 8% 0% 0 Morocco Tunisia Egypt Algeria Percentage of North African Internet population Number of Internet Users (thou.) Internet penetration within country (%) Source: Internet World Stats- www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm. Penetration rates are based on a regional population of 164,097,529 and 45,904,952 estimated Internet users for December 31, 2011.
  • 12. Patterns of Use •MENA users rely more on the Internet for information & communication than users in North America/Europe. • The Internet is a greater source of entertainment, such as music, in the MENA region. • MENA users more involved in content production than old Internet countries. • However, less reliance on the Internet for work/school and business and commerce in MENA. Image courtesy of uak_rock8/Flickr.com Image courtesy of jannoon028/FreeDigitalPhotos.net
  • 13. "The Internet is making things better for people like me." 60% 50% 49%49% 48% 40% 39% MENA (n=2727) 30% North Africa (n=1102) GCC ( (n=1227) 21% World Average (n=10811) 20% 17% 16% 15% 13% 12% 12% 11% 11% 10% 10% 10% 9% 9% 8% 7% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 0% 1 Totally 2 3 4 5 6 Totally agree 7 disagree
  • 14. Online Content Production Images courtesy of digitalart and graurrazvanionut/FreeDigitalPhotos.net
  • 15. “How often do you use the Internet for the following purposes?” (mean) 2.48 Write a (Web)blog 3.2 Use a distribution list for sending an e-mail 3.71 Post a message on a social media platform MENA Africa Latin America & Caribbean 3.17 Asia Post messages on discussion forums or message boards Europe Oceania/Aus 3.37 North America Post pictures or photos 3.28 Update or create a profile on a social networking site 1 2 3 4 5 1= Never 2= Less than monthly 3= Monthly 4= Weekly 5= Daily
  • 16. “How often do you use the Internet for the following purposes?” (mean) 2.84 Express an opinion about politics online 2.1 Sign an online petition MENA 2.35 Africa Post a video Latin America & Caribbean Asia Europe 2.12 Oceania/Aus Post a podcast North America 2.69 Maintain a personal website 1 2 3 4 5 1= Never 2= Less than monthly 3= Monthly 4= Weekly 5= Daily
  • 17. Global Values: Freedom of Expression, Privacy, Trust, … Image scourtesy of maya picture and digitalart/FreeDigitalPhotos.net
  • 18. Perceptions of Media Freedom in the MENA Region 90% 80% % of respondents who believe that the media has freedom 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Radio Print TV Internet MENA (n=2803) 45% 49% 47% 70% Global Average (n=11225) 66% 65% 65% 82%
  • 19. Perceptions of Media Freedom in North Africa and the GCC Region % of respondents who believe that the medi a has freedom 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Radio Print TV Internet North Africa (n=1136) 47% 54% 47% 78% GCC (n=1261) 44% 46% 47% 63%
  • 20. "Access to the Internet should be a fundamental right for all people." 70% 60% 59% 54% 50% 47% 46% 40% MENA (n=2694) North Africa (n=1092) 30% GCC ( (n=1203) World Average (n=10794) 20% 18% 14% 12% 12% 12% 13% 10% 11% 10% 10% 10% 9% 5% 5% 5% 3% 3% 4% 2% 0% 1 Totally 2 3 4 5 6 Totally agree 7 disagree
  • 21. "People should be able to say what they feel about their government on the Internet." 60% 50% 48% 42% 41% 40% 33% MENA (n=2639) 30% North Africa (n=1078) GCC ( (n=1163) World Average (n=10754) 20% 19% 16% 16% 15% 15% 14% 14% 13% 12% 11% 11% 10% 9% 7% 7% 6% 6% 5% 4% 5% 3% 0% 1 Totally 2 3 4 5 6 Totally agree 7 disagree
  • 22. "I can express myself freely online." 45% 40% 39% 35% 31% 30% 27% 25% 23% MENA (n=2700) 22% 21% North Africa (n=1097) 20% 19% 19% 18% 18% GCC ( (n=1204) 17% 16% 16% 16% 16% World Average (n=10831) 15% 13% 10% 8% 8% 7% 7% 7% 6% 6% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% 0% 1 Totally 2 3 4 5 6 Totally agree 7 disagree
  • 23. “I can express myself freely online” Proportions Who ‘Totally Disagree’ (MENA) Gender Skills** 29% 17% Male, 6% Female, 8% 10% 7% 7% 6% 4% 1 Poor 2 3 4 5 6 7 Age** Excellent 8% 8% Time of use** 7% 7% 6% 11% 5% 8% 6% 5% 5% 0% Under 18 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ 0-5 hrs/week 6-10 11-15 16-20 >20 hrs/week hrs/week hrs/week hrs/week 15% Experience** 15% Education** 8% 9% 7% 6% 5% 5% 9% 9% 7% 7% 5% <6 months 6 mo-<1yr 1 yr-<2 yrs 2 yrs-<5 yrs 5-7 yrs >7 yrs
  • 24. "I feel free to say things online that others might not 45% agree with." 42% 40% 37% 35% 32% MENA (n=2682) 30% 27% North Africa (n=1093) 25% GCC ( (n=1194) 20% World Average 17% 17% (n=10735) 16% 15% 15% 14% 14% 13% 13% 11% 11% 11% 11% 10% 10% 10% 8% 8% 7% 6% 6% 6% 5% 5% 5% 0% 1 Totally disagree 2 3 4 5 6 Totally agree 7
  • 25. “The Internet is a safe place to express my opinions." 25% 22% 21% 20% 20% 20% 19% 18% 18% 17% 15% 15% 15% MENA (n=2803) 12% 11% 11% North Africa (n=1136) 10% 10% GCC ( (n=1261) 10% 9% World Average (n=11225) 8% 8% 8% 7% 7% 6% 5% 5% 4% 0% 1 Totally 2 3 4 5 6 Totally agree 7 Don't know disagree
  • 26. "There are times when people should be able to be anonymous on the Internet." 35% 31% 30% 30% 28% 27% 25% 20% 18% MENA (n=2665) 17% 16% 16% North Africa (n=1064) 15% 15% 15% 14% GCC (n=1185) 13% 13% 13% 13% 12% 12% 12% World Average (n=10701) 10% 10% 9% 8% 8% 7% 7% 7% 6% 6% 5% 0% 1 Totally 2 3 4 5 6 Totally agree 7 disagree
  • 27. "Government authorities should not censor political content on the Internet." 30% 28% 27% 25% 24% 21% 20% 18% 16% 16% 15% 15% MENA (n=2803) 15% 14% 14% 14% 13% North Africa (n=1136) 12% GCC ( (n=1261) 11% 11% 11% 10% World Average (n=11225) 10% 9% 9% 8% 7% 7% 7% 6% 6% 5% 5% 0% 1 Totally 2 3 4 5 6 Totally agree 7 Don't Know disagree
  • 28. “It is OK for people to express their ideas on the Internet, even if they are extreme.” 30% 27% 25% 24% 23% 20% 20% 18% 18% 18% 18% 18% 17% 17% 16% 16% 15% MENA (n=2652) 15% 14% 13% North Africa (n=1079) 12% GCC ( (n=1180) 11% 10% 10% World Average (n=10761) 10% 9% 9% 9% 8% 8% 7% 5% 0% 1 Totally 2 3 4 5 6 Totally agree 7 disagree
  • 29. Privacy and Data Protection • Users are divided over the conditions under which governments should have any role in monitoring online behavior. • Users express guarded support for monitoring use, but not tracking their own online activity. • Users exhibit uncertainty over who is collecting what personal information about them online. • Many users are worried about putting personal information online. Imagesscourtesy of Salvatore Vuono and adamr/FreeDigitalPhotos.net
  • 30. "Government authorities should monitor content posted on the Internet." 30% 26% 25% 20% 20% 19% 19% 18% 17% 17% 15% 15% MENA (n=2649) 15% 14% 13% North Africa (n=1084) 12% 12% GCC ( (n=1176) 11% World Average (n=10763) 10% 9% 9% 8% 8% 8% 7% 5% 0% 1 Totally 2 3 4 5 6 Totally agree 7 disagree
  • 31. "Government authorities should track my online activity." 45% 40% 39% 38% 35% 35% 34% 30% 25% MENA (n=2803) North Africa (n=1136) 20% GCC ( (n=1261) World Average (n=11225) 15% 14% Series6 13% 12% 12% 11% 11% 11% 11% 10% 10% 10% 9% 8% 7% 7% 6% 6% 6% 5% 5% 4% 0% 1 Totally 2 3 4 5 6 Totally agree 7 Don't Know disagree
  • 32. 30% "The government monitors what people do on the Internet." 26% 25% 25% 22% 22% MENA (n=2803) 20% 19% North Africa (n=1136) GCC ( (n=1261) 16% 15% World Average (n=11225) 15% 14% 14% 14% 14% 13% 12% 12% 12% 11% 11% 10% 10% 10% 10% 9% 8% 7% 7% 6% 6% 6% 6% 5% 5% 0% 1 Totally 2 3 4 5 6 Totally agree 7 Don't Know disagree
  • 33. "Government authorities should know with whom I communicate online." 35% 33% 32% 30% 29% 25% 24% 23% 22% 20% MENA (n=2659) 17% North Africa (n=1079) 15% 15% GCC ( (n=1185) 13% 13% 12% 12% World Average (n=10815) 11% 10% 10% 10% 9% 8% 8% 8% 7% 7% 6% 6% 5% 0% 1 Totally 2 3 4 5 6 Totally agree 7 disagree
  • 34. Over-Arching Themes  The MENA Region Reflects the New Internet World - Innovative Uses of the Internet and Social Media - Support for the Internet for Information, Entertainment, Expression, … - Support for Core Internet Values: Freedom of Expression, Privacy, … - But More Sensitive Areas of Expression  Concerns over Privacy, Trust, Security, …  Spectrum of Regional Opinions between Two Poles: Traditional versus Next Generation Users (education, age, and experience online)  Differences with MENA Region Image courtesy of uak_rock8/Flickr.com
  • 35. Implications for Discussion  Interventions in Support of More Inclusive Access: - Take-up - Skills - Digital Literacy  Encourage Greater Use in Business, Government and Commerce  Foster Dialogue Across the Spectrum of Opinions  Address Uncertainties and Anxieties

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. -including respondents from Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen
  2. -
  3. Users in the MENA countries are more involved in content production than those in North America and Western Europe– old Internet countries.
  4. Interpersonal benefitsGeneral information seekingDistractionEconomical purposes
  5. (This is the sum of answers 5,6,7)****
  6. -This is the sum of answers 5,6,7***
  7. (Slide 55)Correlations (Pearson): Age(.073** ) Gender (-0.015)Experience (.142**)Skills(.109**)Time of use(.105**) Education(.058**)
  8. -