A facade is generally the exterior front of a building. The word comes from the French meaning "frontage" or "face". A facade can include the front, sides, and rear of a building. Glazing refers to glass used in walls, windows, and doors, and is installed by glaziers. Common types of glazing include curtain walls, structural glazing, skylights, and doors. Facade design considers factors like the building height, location, and span of glass panels.

1. What is façade ?
A facade or façade is generally one side of the exterior of a building, especially
the front, but also sometimes the sides and rear.
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The word comes from the French language, literally meaning "frontage" or
"face".

2. Type of Facade
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Curtain Walling
Point Support Glazing
Spider Glazing
Bolted Glazing
Glazing on Tension Truss
Glazing on Cable Truss
Atrium
Skylight , Canopies , Dome
Shop Front / Display
Doors & Windows
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Glazing
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Cladding
Aluminium Composite Panel
Metal Cladding
Zinc Panel Cladding
Stone Cladding
Clay tile Cladding
Wooden Panel Cladding
Polycarbonate Panel
GFRC Cladding
FRP Cladding

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GLAZING
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Glazing, which derives from the Middle
English for 'glass', is a part of a wall, made
of glass. Glazing also describes the work
done by a professional "glazier"

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Curtain Wall
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Structural Glazing
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Glazing
Spider Glazing on Tension Rod
System
Sky Light
Sliding Door
Aluminium door

5. What is a curtain wall?
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In this system the vertical mullions
and horizontal transoms are installed
on MS/SS/Aluminium brackets which
are anchored to the columns/slabs.
Cut to size glass is fixed on the grid
work with pressure plates.(The glass is
held Mechanically) Cover cap is snap
fit on the pressure plates for aesthetic
look.
In the above system 90% of the work
can be done at site.
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Conventional Stick System
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Types of Curtain Wall
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Conventional Stick System (Capped System)
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Structural silicone glazing ( SSG)
Ø Semi unitized system
Ø Unitized System
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Curtain Wall is a form of a vertical building enclosure which supports no load other than its
own weight and the environmental forces which act upon it.

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Unitized system
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In this system the vertical mullions and
horizontal transoms are installed on
MS/SS/Aluminium brackets which are
anchored to the columns/slabs. Cut to size
glass is structurally glazed to the Aluminium
sub frame by structural sealant. The sub frame
with the glass is installed on the Grid work.
In the above system 50% of the work is done
at site.
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Semi unitized system
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In this system MS/SS/Aluminium brackets are
anchored to the columns/slabs after detailed site
survey. The complete unit spanning floor height
fully fabricated at the factory is installed on the
brackets.
In the above system 10% of the work is done at
site.

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ISOMETRIC VIEW OF UNITIZED GLAZING SYSTEM

8. Spider Glazing -
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v Laminated safety glass ( tempered laminated
glass ) is preferable to be used in single glazing
or as the outer sheet of the insulating glass
units.
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v Spider System is a system for point-supported
vertical glazing in which thermally toughened (
Tempered ) glass sheets are used, in single
glazing or in insulated glass.
v The space between the glass sheets are filled
with whether seal.
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v The support elements that hold the fitting can
be space frame, glass fin or tension cables.
v The inherent characteristics of each type of
glass product define the type of articulated
fitting which it will require.

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v The rectangular glass sheets have 4 or 6
countersunk drilled holes into which
countersunk stainless steel bolts acting as
point-fixings.
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v This system consists of a number of
accessories with metal arms. At the end of
each arm, a sheet of glass is fixed by the
corners with a special screw. The vacuum
between these sheets is filled up with
isolators to overcome mechanical pressure
and weather conditions.

10. Point Fixing Bolts:
v These are also known as Routels, Articulated Bolts,
Swivel bolts etc.
v Point Fixing Bolts are of two types: Fixed and Swivel.
v These can be used for fixing single glazing and/or
double glazing of various thicknesses.
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Spider:
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v Different shapes, dimensions for a wide variety of
specifications are available.
v Center to center dimensions vary according to the
wind load and stress requirements.
v Different types of fixing arrangements like fin type,
structure fixing types are also possible.
Tension Rod/Cable System:
v This is used along with tension rods and tension
cables and is the main element for the tension rod or
tension cable structure.
v Tension cables structures are also known as Wire
Rope structures.
v Tension Rod and tension cable structures are used for
giving a very light weight look to the glass Façade.

11. ü
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Modern architecture
Most possible transparency
Large and fully smooth glazed area
Doors and windows can be inserted in a
spider glass façade
Excellent adaptation to local
requirements.
Full daylight on all sides.
Double and single glazing.
Good thermal insulation with 16mm
airspace in double glazing.
A solution to more and more structural
needs.
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Applications of Spider System
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Huge building and shop facades
Lobbies, passageways and glasshouses
Skylights and domes
Walls, interior partitions and internal
staircases
ü Stands and furniture
ü Interior designs
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Features of the spider system

12. Ø The factors that play an important role in glass façade design
Height of the building
Distance between slabs
Location of the building
Span of each panel
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Curtain wall system
Glass
Location & Height of the building
Finish on the aluminium profiles
Accessories
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Ø Factors affecting the price of the glazing
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Ø Important factors for glazing
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q System Design – pressure equalized system
q Barrier against water & air leakages – 3 barrier – Minimum
q Thermally efficient system for better performance of the building, as no
heat will be transmitted inside by the aluminum

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CLADDING
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Cladding is the covering of one material with another

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CLAY TILE
ZINC PANEL
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ACP
METAL
STONE
GFRC

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Glass
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Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid
material. Glasses are typically brittle and
optically transparent.

16. Ordinary glass – called Annealed or Float glass
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Safety Glass – This can be either Toughened, Laminated, Safety Wired Glass or Annealed
glass with safety film applied to it.
Safety glazing is mandatory for new installations within 800mm of the floor in windows
and partitions, and within 1500mm of the floor in doors and side panels. Glazing is
marked in the corner with BS6206.
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Security Glass- Laminated glass or Annealed glass with film applied to it.
When security glass is installed you must ensure there is an emergency escape route in
case of fire.
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Low Emissivity glass or Low E glass- The glass must be used in a double glazed window
so that the special reflective coating, which is always placed inside the cavity, is
protected from any damage
Decorative glass - This can be Opaque, patterned, Stained, Sandblasted or Etched

17. Type of Architectural Glass
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Annealed Glass
Toughened Glass
Heat Strengthen Glass
Laminated Glass
Fire Rated Glass
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Insulated Glass Unit with Air Gap
Insulated Glass Unit with Gas Filled
Laminated Insulated Glass Unit
LOW-E Glass
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Appearance
Clear Glass
Tinted Glass (Blue,Green,Bronze)
Colour Glass
Frosted Glass
Ceramic Fritted
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ü
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Strength / Safety
Performance
Safety / Sound / Heat

18. HEAT TREATED GLASS
v Toughened Glass
v Heat Strengthen Glass
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Heat Treated Glass is produced by heating the glass to a plastic state at around 650ºC,
and then by computer control, the glass is moved into the quench area where it is
rapidly cooled by a series of high pressure air nozzles.
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This rapid cooling or quenching induces high compression stress in the glass surface,
while the center remains in tension.
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Although the physical characteristics remain unchanged, the additional stresses created
within the glass increases its thermal and mechanical strength.
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Heat Strengthened glass is twice as strong as the annealed glass while Tempered glass
is up to five times stronger than ordinary annealed glass of the same thickness.
Tempered glass is much harder to break than annealed float or laminated glass. If
broken it will not provide security, however the noise due to breakage is often a
deterrent.

19. Reflective glasses are the most widely used glass for structural glazing and curtain walling for reasons
such as better light transmission, reduced heat transfer etc.
v Types of reflective glass
Ø Hard coated glass
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ü Hard coated glass or pyrolytic coated glass
ü Soft coated glass or vacuum sputtered coated glass
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o Better photometric properties than the tinted glass and are low-performance glass.
o Imported in sheet sizes and various processes like tempering / DGU can be done
locally.
o This is cheaper glass as the processes can be done locally saving customs duty
o This glass can be used as single glass in vision as well as spandrel glass.

20. Ø Soft coated glass
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Ø High Performance glass
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o Medium performance glass
o Superior glass than the hard coated glass in terms of photometric properties.
o Heat strengthening will have to be done at the source of supply (abroad) and
DGU can be made locally.
o This glass can be used as single glass in vision as well as spandrel glass.
o Note: these glasses are costlier than the hard coated glass, but the initial
investments can be recovered by lower AC loads & lower operating costs.
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o Most superior type of glass in terms of photometric properties.
o Can never be used as single glass and the whole unit with DGU has to be
imported from abroad.
o Note: these glasses are costlier than the hard coated glass, but the initial
investments can be recovered by lower AC loads & lower operating costs.

21. Pre Tempered Coating
Coated first and then Tempered
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Tempered First and then Coated
Post Tempered Coatings
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Since the base glass is tempered first (which
can be either Tinted or Clear), the Distortion
on the final product is much less as compared
to the Post tempered Product
Distortion is more as the Coated glass is tempered
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All the preprocessing (Cutting, Grinding, All the preprocessing is done after the coating.
Tempering) is done before Coating. Hence Hence coating is exposed to these processes which
Coating is not exposed to these processes and might result in damage of coating if not handled
chances of damage to the coating is less
properly.
It is manufactured after the reciept of sizes, These are make in stock sizes and are packed in
hence immediately after the coating the glass Crates before making the DGU. These have to be
is processed for making DGU
properly packed and has a shelf life.

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v CVD - CVD, or Chemical Vapor Deposition, is one of two main technologies
used to manufacture Low Emissivity glass. In the CVD process, vapor directed
to the hot glass surface reacts to form a ceramic coating. The resulting Low E
product is often referred to as "hard coat". Also known as pyrolytic coating.
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v Emissivity - Emissivity refers to the ability of a surface to absorb or reflect
heat. An energy efficient glazing technology, Low Emissivity glass is a poor
absorber of heat!
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v Hard Coat - Also known as "pyrolytic", hard coat refers to Low E glass
manufactured via the CVD process. Because the coating is covalently bonded
to the glass, hard coat Low E is extremely durable.

23. MSVD - MSVD, or Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Deposition (also known
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as "sputtering"), is one of two main technologies used to manufacture
Low Emissivity glass.
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In MSVD, a metal or ceramic target bombarded with ions releases atoms
to form a thin coating on a sheet of glass. The resulting Low E product is
often called "soft coat" or "sputtered".
Soft Coat - Also know as "sputtered", soft coat refers to Low E glass
manufactured via the MSVD process.
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Less durable than its hard coat counterpart, soft coat Low E requires
special storage and handling to prevent damage to the coating.

24. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
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v The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (or SHGC) refers to a window's ability to
transmit solar radiation.
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v The SHGC ranges from 0-1. A value of 0 indicates that the window
functions like a wall, essentially preventing any solar energy from entering
the building.
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v A value of 1 indicates that the window functions like an opening, allowing
all solar energy in.
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v In cold climates, a high SHGC can lower heating costs by using passive solar
heating.
v In warm climates, a low SHGC is desired to keep unwanted heat out and
reduce cooling costs.

25. Shading Coefficient
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Shading coefficient is the ratio of solar heat gain through a specific type of glass
that is relative to the solar heat gain through a 1/8" (3 mm) ply of clear glass
under identical conditions (see Figure 8). As the shading coefficient number
decreases, heat gain is reduced, which means a better performing product.

26. Solar Selective Low E
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Specifically designed to enhance comfort in warm climates, solar selective
Low E is a Low E glass with a low solar heat gain coefficient.
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U-Value
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Also known as the K-value, the U-value is a measure of a window's ability
to transfer heat (usually given in W/m2K or Btu/hr ft2 oF).
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Windows with a low U-value, like Low Emissivity windows, are efficient
insulators against heat loss.

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CONDUCTION
RADIATION
CONVECTION
AIR LEAKAGE
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1.
2.
3.
4.

28. Visible Light Transmittance
The percentage of visible light (380 - 780 nm) that is transmitted through the
glass.
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Solar Transmittance
The percentage of ultraviolet, visible and near infrared energy (300 - 3000 nm)
that is transmitted through the glass.
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Visible Light Reflectance
The percentage of light that is reflected from the glass surface(s).
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Solar Reflectance
The percentage of solar energy that is reflected from the glass surface(s).
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NFRC U-Value
A measure of heat gain or heat loss through glass due to the differences between
indoor and outdoor temperatures. These are center pane values based on NFRC
standard winter nighttime and summer daytime conditions.
U-values are given in BTU/(hr*ft2*°F) for the English system. Metric U-values are
given in W/(m2*°K). To convert from English to metric, multiply the English Uvalue by 5.6783.

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Relative Heat Gain (RHG)
The amount of heat gained through glass taking into consideration U-value and
shading coefficient. Using the
NFRC standard, relative heat gain is calculated as follows:
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Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
The portion of directly transmitted and absorbed solar energy that enters into the
building's interior. The higher the SHGC, the higher the heat gain.
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Light to Solar Gain Ratio (LSG)
The ratio is equal to the Visible Light Transmittance divided by the Solar Heat
Gain Coefficient. The Department of Energy's Federal Technology Alert
publication of the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) views an LSG of
1.25 or greater to be Green Glazing/Spectrally Selective Glazing.

30. GLASS TYPE CONFIGURATION
Monolithic Glazing - 6mm clear Float Glass
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Laminated Glass with normal PVB - 6.38 mm PVB Laminate 3mm/0.38mm/3mm
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Laminated Glass with Acoustic PVB - 6.38 mm Acoustic PVB Laminate 3mm/0.38mm pvb/3mm
Normal Double Glazing - 4mm Float – 12mm air gap – 4mm Float 4 – 12 – 4mm
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Asymmetrical Double Glazing - 6mm Float – 12mm air gap – 4mm Float 6 – 12 – 4mm
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Double glazing with one pane laminated - 6mm Float – 12mm air gap – 8.38mm Float 6 – 12 –
8.38mm
Double glazing with one pane acoustic PVB laminated -6mm Float – 12mm air gap – 8.38mm Float 6
– 12 – 8.38mm
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Double glazing with two pane acoustic PVB laminated - 8.38mmFloat – 2mm air gap–10.38mm Float
8.38 – 12 – 10.38mm

31. OFF SITE /FACTORY WORKING
GLASS
PERFORM
ANCE
TEST
MATERIAL
PROCURE
MENT
FABRICATI
ON OF
ALUMINIU
M FRAME
GLAZING
& CURING
PACKING
&
DISPATCH
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DESING &
DRAWING
MATERIAL
SELECTIO
N&
APPROVAL
INSTALL
ATION
OF
PANEL
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BRACKET
FIXING &
ALIGNMENT
FIXING OF
SUBFRAME
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FIXING
OF CAST
IN
CHANEL
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SITE
SURVEY
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ON SITE WORKING
SMOKE
SEAL
FLASHINGS
CLEANING &
HANDING OVER

32. LIST OF MATERIAL
CAST IN CHANEL
ALUMINIUM
EXTRUDED PROFILE
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ALUMINIUM BRACKET
ANCHOR FASTNERS
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ROCKWOOL
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NUT BOLTS
SILICON
GI/ALUMINIUM
FLASHINGS
SPACER TAPE
EPDM GASKET

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VISUAL MOCKUP AT SITE

34. What is glass Façade testing?
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v To identify & rectify:
ü Improper design
ü Improper fabrication
ü Improper installation
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Why Testing?
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Glass façade testing is a process wherein the façade is tested for its designed performance
for Structural stability & leakage’s against air & water infiltration.
Assurances of performance of the glass façade as per design requirement
Peace of mind on the functionality of the system
Saving in time & money as few rectification on site after installation
Leak proof building
Increased life of the building
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Advantages of testing
Importance of testing
These tests are a must & should be performed on every project as no two projects are
similar & this helps the Project Manager to act proactively, thus save Valuable material in the
form of modification, Valuable time & Valuable Money.

35. Laboratory Testing
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Air Infiltration Test ASTM E 283
Water Penetration Test ( Static ) ASTM E 331
Water Penetration Test (Dynamic) AAMA 501.1
Structural Test ( Wind load serviceability) - ASTM E 330
Seismic Racking Test ( Floor Displacement ) –
AAMA 501.4
Structural Proof Load Test ( 150% ) ASTM E 330
Seismic Proof Test (150-200%) ASTM 501.4
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v
v

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Double glass unit

37. INSULATING GLASS UNIT PROCESS
• First and foremost the right glass combination is
selected according the clients requirement.
STEP - 1
STEP-3
• Then, P.I.B(poly isobutyl) is applied to the spacer
bar as the primary seal
STEP-4
• Glass is then put through the washer and arrives
on to the quality control check point.
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STEP -2
• All spacer bars are cut to size, and are then filled
with a desiccant for moisture absorption.
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• Quality control must then inspect to ensure the
glass is clean and flawless
STEP-5
• the pre-prepared spacer bar is then applied. The
glass with the spacer bar attached is then sent to
STEP-6
the holding point

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STEP-7
• The second piece of glass is then also put through
the washer and inspected all the same, and then let
through to the holding point, in which case the
machine automatically aligns the two sheets of glass.
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STEP - 8
• The two sheets are then pressed in the large glass
press, and the automatically released out the other
end. Then the Insulated Glass Unit is transported using
the glass lift and is then ready for the application of
the secondary seal
STEP-10
• Once the secondary seal process is complete, the
unit is left to dry, which brings us to the end of the
manufacturing process.
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STEP -9
• The secondary seal is applied all around the unit,
in either butyl or silicon depending on the size and
what the purpose of the unit is.

39. What are the benefits of having Double Glazed Units?
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v Heat loss through single glazing will be at least halved with double glazed
units
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v Rooms will be COLDER/WARMER with double glazed units
v Outside NOICE can be reduced with double glazed units
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v Condensation can be reduced with double glazed units
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v Increases the saleability of the property with double glazed units
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v Savings on fuel bills with double glazed units.

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Design base report
Wind pressure
Total area
Cost per Sft
Extra Item
Budget Projection
Visuals
Challenges
BMU
Openable Panel
Girder Beam
Maintenance

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Shattering Pattern of Toughened Glass

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GLASS FOR CW1 STACKED IN GLASS WALL FACTORY
QTY – 3000.00 SQM

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THANK YOU